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![Effect of proanthocyanidins on mRNA and activity of antioxidant enzymes [(A) glutathione reductase (GR), (B) glutathione peroxidase (GPx), (C) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and (D) catalase (CAT)] in the hippocampal tissue following pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) injection. Biochemical results are figured as mean ± SD (n = 7); P < 0.05 was considered significant. a represents a significant change against the control mice; b represents a significant change against the PTZ-injected mice](publication/362042303/figure/fig3/AS:11431281097415916@1668568312236/Effect-of-proanthocyanidins-on-mRNA-and-activity-of-antioxidant-enzymes-A-glutathione.png)
Effect of proanthocyanidins on mRNA and activity of antioxidant enzymes [(A) glutathione reductase (GR), (B) glutathione peroxidase (GPx), (C) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and (D) catalase (CAT)] in the hippocampal tissue following pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) injection. Biochemical results are figured as mean ± SD (n = 7); P < 0.05 was considered significant. a represents a significant change against the control mice; b represents a significant change against the PTZ-injected mice
Source publication
The role of oxidative stress in the initiation and progress of epilepsy is well established. Proanthocyanidins (PACs), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, have been reported to possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological and therapeutic properties against oxidative stress. However, the protective effects of proanthocyanidins against epilep...
Citations
... Proanthocyanidins are polyflavans having a saturated C-ring and 15 subclasses. Studies have reported the antioxidant potential of proanthocyanidins through both free radical scavenging and metal chelation activity (Alyami et al., 2022). In addition, recent studies have also demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of proanthocyanidins (Unusan, 2020;Zhang et al., 2020). ...
... The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effect of polyphenol p-coumaric acid is well known. However, recent studies have also demonstrated its anti-necrotic, anti-cholestatic and anti-amoebic activities in animal models (Alyami et al., 2022;Hu et al., 2020). Similarly, grape pomace treated with Tinea versicolor yielded o-coumaric acid (33.36 ± 0.37 µg/g) and epicatechin gallate (519.13 ± 5.20 µg/g). ...
... Proanthocyanidins, a group of polyphenol compounds that are widely distributed in the bark, fruit core and various plants [11], have been reported to possess wide-ranging biological functions, especially antioxidant capacity and anti-in ammatory [12,13]. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) is a avonoid polyphenolic compounds and numerous studies have reported the GSPE had the ability to protect the myocardium from damage, prevent diabetes [14,15], alleviate oxidative stress damage and prevent obesity and in ammatory reaction [13,16,17]. ...
... Proanthocyanidins, a group of polyphenol compounds that are widely distributed in the bark, fruit core and various plants [11], have been reported to possess wide-ranging biological functions, especially antioxidant capacity and anti-in ammatory [12,13]. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) is a avonoid polyphenolic compounds and numerous studies have reported the GSPE had the ability to protect the myocardium from damage, prevent diabetes [14,15], alleviate oxidative stress damage and prevent obesity and in ammatory reaction [13,16,17]. However, to our knowledge, the effect of dietary supplementation of GSPE on the cholesterol metabolism in nishing pigs has not been reported until now. ...
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) is a natural polyphenolic compound, which plays an important role in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of GSPE supplementation on the cholesterol metabolism and antioxidant status of finishing pigs. In longissimus dorse (LD) muscle, the data showed that GSPE significantly decreased the contents of total cholesterol (T-CHO) and triglyceride (TG), and decreased the mRNA expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase ( HMG-CoAR ), cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase ( CTP7A1 ) and Fatty acid synthase ( FAS ), while increased the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1b ( CPT1b ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors ( PPARα ) and p eroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α ( PGC-1α ). Dietary GSPE supplementation increased the serum catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), serum and liver total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, while reduced serum and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level in finishing pigs. In the liver, Superoxide Dismutase 1 ( SOD1 ), catalase ( CAT ), glutathione peroxidase 1 ( GPX1 ), Nuclear Factor erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 ( NRF2 ) mRNA levels were increased by GSPE. In conclusion, this study showed that GSPE might be an effective dietary supplement for improving cholesterol metabolism and antioxidant status in finishing pigs.
... This effect may be due to the antioxidant effect of Proanthcyanidin by variance the antioxidant enzymes activity and increasing MDA production in the cells. These results are consistent with (Alyami et al., 2022) that suggested that Proanthocyanidin scan ameliorate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway in PTZ induced seizures in mice. Superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide are directly converted to less harmful species by the enzyme protection molecule SOD. ...
... Kindling seizures due to PTZ injection were reported to impair oxidative defense mechanisms in the brain by raising TBARS and also diminished brain GSH as well as SOD content [31]. PTZ-treated mice have been reported to induce oxidative damage, inflammation and neuronal apoptosis via downregulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway in mice with seizures [32]. It was also reported to raise brain AChE levels in the brain and impair cognitive ability [31]. ...
... Aqueous fractions of Morinda citrifolia have the ability to rebuild cellular antioxidants, increase expression of catalase, SOD, and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) level as well as decline apoptosis via obstructing the mitochondrial pathway in neuronal cells [5]. Increased Nrf2 signaling pathway in mice was well reported to offer neuroprotection against oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in PTZ-provoked seizures in mice [32]. Oligosaccharides of Morinda citrifolia have lessened depressive behaviors in the forced swim test and exert neuroprotective effects via modulating brain-derived neurotropic factors (BDNF) [35]. ...
Introduction:
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by seizures. Kindling, a chronic epileptic mouse model, was used to explore the epileptogenic mechanism and seek new anti-epileptics. In kindling, sub-convulsive (chemical/ electrical) stimuli were delivered repeatedly and erratically, eventually causing massive convulsions. Moreover, Morinda citrifolia (Noni) extracts are used as a remedy in ayurvedic preparations for many ailments. Noni has recently been shown to protect mice from amyloid beta-induced memory loss.
Objective:
This study was used to investigate the neuroprotective potential of Morinda citrifolia in mice over pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced kindling seizure.
Methods:
Kindling was provoked by subsequent (one-day-gap) injections of PTZ (subconvulsive; 35 mg/kg; s.c.) for 29 days in mice. Following PTZ injection, convulsive behaviours were noted for 30 minutes. Open-field-test (locomotor activity), forced swimming test (depressive behaviors), elevated plus-maze, and passive avoidance tests were employed to evaluate cognition. Brain homogenate was used to estimate oxidative stress (glutathione, superoxide-dismutase, lipid-peroxidation) and acetylcholinesterase activity.
Results:
PTZ-provoked kindled mice displayed depressive behaviors, impaired locomotion, cognitive dysfunctions and various biochemical changes. However, treatment with Morinda citrifolia extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o) and valproic acid (200 mg/kg, p.o) before 60 min of each PTZ injection diminished kindling scores and restored behavioural, and biochemical changes.
Conclusion:
Our findings suggest Morinda citrifolia offered neuroprotective effects against PTZinduced kindling seizures in mice, which were established by behavioural and biochemical paradigms.
... Assays reported an increased lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, and decreased level of antioxidants. Following developed seizures, neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis were also recorded in a research paper aimed to evaluate the protective effect of proanthocyanidins against epilepsy (Alyami et al. 2022). Rat hippocampus slices, cultures of cortical neurons, and intact hippocampi with commissural connections constitute an in vitro model of epilepsy. ...
Antibiotics have been used for decades to treat various bacterial infections. Apart from bactericidal activities, their potential side effects have not been much studied or evaluated. Neurotoxicity is a major concern in the case of β-lactam and fluoroquinolone families, which can result in convulsions or seizures. Here, we proposed a hypothesis to check whether antibiotic treatment can conclusively enhance anxiety-like behaviours and how seizure behavioural profile gets modulated in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-treated zebrafish. Zebrafish were treated with selected antibiotics such as 25 mg/L Penicillin G (PG) and Ciprofloxacin (CPFX), for 7 days and thereafter exposed to PTZ (7.5 mM) for 20 min. The data indicate that PG and CPFX-treated groups exhibited anxiety-like or stressed behavioural phenotypes in the novel tank test (6 min), and also, they were found to promote hyperactivity. Early onset of PTZ-induced seizure-like behavioural scores, the heightened intensity of seizure and reduced latency in different scores were found in PG and CPFX-administered groups. This study substantiates that PG and CPFX as potential seizure modulators in zebrafish. The zebrafish is a well-established and still expanding model organism in many fields. Here, we again reinforce zebrafish as a prominent model to investigate seizure-like neuro-behavioural entities and confirm that chronic antibiotic use has negative consequences that can exacerbate the circumstances of vertebrate species exhibiting seizure-related reactions.
... The anti-epileptic activity of IVM was investigated using the intravenous (i.v.) Infusion of the PTZ model of generating clonic seizures [50], and the mechanism of action in IVM was determined by looking at its interactions with opioidergic and nitrergic pathways. This model is a seizure animal model that is extremely sensitive to changes in seizure susceptibility [51][52][53][54]. ...
Ivermectin (IVM) is an antiparasitic drug that primarily works by the activation of GABAA receptors. The potential pharmacological pathways behind the anti-convulsant effect of IVM haven’t yet been identified. In this study, intravenous injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced clonic seizure in mice was investigated in order to assess the possible influence of IVM on clonic seizure threshold (CST). We also look at the function of the Opioidergic and nitrergic pathways in IVM anticonvulsant action on clonic seizure threshold. IVM (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) raised the PTZ-induced CST, according to our findings. Furthermore, the ineffective dose of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (L-NAME 10 mg/kg, i.p.), and (7-NI 30 mg/kg, i.p.) or opioidergic system agonist (morphine 0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) were able to amplify the anticonvulsive action of IVM (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.). Moreover, the anticonvulsant effect of IVM was reversed by an opioid receptor antagonist (naltrexone 1 mg/kg, i.p.). Furthermore, the combination of the ineffective dose of morphine as an opioid receptor agonist with either L-NAME (2 mg/kg, i.p.) or 7-NI (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and with an ineffective dose of IVM (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) had a significant anticonvulsant effect. Taken together, IVM has anticonvulsant activity against PTZ-induced clonic seizures in mice, which may be mediated at least in part through the interaction of the opioidergic system and the nitric oxide pathway.
... In animal models of anxiety, sedation, and convulsions, a number of flavonoids may act as benzodiazepine-like molecules and affect GABA-mediated chloride channels. In the PTZ experimental seizure model, some terpenoids and steroids are said to have anticonvulsant action [32,33]. ...
Echinops spinosus (ES) is a medicinal plant with a wide range of pharmacological and biological effects. It is a medicinal herb having a variety of therapeutic characteristics, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial capabilities. The primary goal of this research is to investigate the neuroprotective and anticonvulsant characteristics of E. spinosa extract (ESE) against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced acute seizures. Negative control rats, ESE treatment rats, PTZ acute seizure model rats, ESE + PTZ rats, and Diazepam + PTZ rats were used in the study. The rats were given a 7-day treatment. ESE pretreatment elevated the latency to seizure onset and lowered seizure duration after PTZ injection. By reducing Bax levels and enhancing antiapoptotic Bcl-2 production, ESE prevented the release of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cyclooxygenase-2, as well as preventing hippocampal cell death after PTZ injection. ESE corrected the PTZ-induced imbalance in gamma-aminobutyric acid levels and increased the enzyme activity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase. Echinops spinosus is a potent neuromodulatory, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic plant that could be employed as a natural anticonvulsant in the future.
This study mainly examined the protective effect of gentiopicrin on on experimental epileptic young rats. Seventy-two Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were used in this study. Twelve rats were randomly selected as the normal group, and the remaining 60 rats were injected with lithium chloride-pilocarpine intra-peritoneally to establish an epileptic model, and were randomly divided into five groups of 12 rats each. The positive control group was given topiramate 5.9 mg/kg in normal saline, and the low, middle, and high dose groups were given gen-tiopicrin liquid, with the mass of gentiopicroside being 1.28 g/kg, 2.56 g/kg, and 5.12 g/kg respectively. The model and normal groups were given the same dose of normal saline daily for four weeks. Compared with the model group, the damage of neurons in the CA3 area of the hippocampus in the positive control group, low, medium, and high dose groups of gentiopicrine was reduced. The number of Tunel positive cells, malondialdehyde (MDA), P2X7R, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1 protein, and mRNA in the model group were significantly higher than those in the control group and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). The number of Tunel positive cells, MDA content, P2X7R, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1 protein, and mRNA in the positive control group, low, medium, and high dosage groups of gentiopicroside were significantly lower than those in the model group, and the SOD activity was significantly higher than that in the model group (p<0.05). Gentiopicroside may improve the behavior of young epileptic rats.
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder involving spontaneous and recurring seizures that affects 50 million individuals globally. Because approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy do not respond to drug therapy, the development of new therapeutic strategies against epilepsy could be beneficial. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are frequently observed in epilepsy. Additionally, neuroinflammation is increasingly understood to contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also recognized for its contributions to neuronal excitability and apoptosis, which can lead to neuronal loss in epilepsy. This review focuses on the roles of oxida-tive damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, NAPDH oxidase, the blood-brain barrier, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation in the development of epilepsy. We also review the therapies used to treat epilepsy and prevent seizures, including anti-seizure medications, anti-epileptic drugs, anti-inflammatory therapies, and antioxidant therapies. In addition, we review the use of neuromodulation and surgery in the treatment of epilepsy. Finally, we present the role of dietary and nutritional strategies in the management of epilepsy, including the ketogenic diet and the intake of vitamins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. By reviewing available interventions and research on the pathophysiology of epilepsy, this review points to areas of further development for therapies that can manage epilepsy.
