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Effect of nutrient managements and crop residue incorporation on soil bulk density (mg m -3 ) after 5 years.
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A 5-year cotton - wheat rotation field experiment was conducted on two alkaline-calcareous soils to investigate the impact of integrated nutrient-management and crop-residue incorporation on soil physical and hydrological properties. The nutrient treatments were: T1 - farmers' fertilizer use; T2 - balanced nutrient management (recommended N, P, Zn....
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Context 1
... incorporation across a period of five years significantly lowered bulk density of the surface 0-15 cm soil (Table 2). Bulk density was significantly less for balanced nutrient management treatment than for the farmers' fertilizer use treatment in both the soils. ...
Context 2
... results have been reported by Zeleke et al. (2004); Ghuman and Sur (2001) in Ethiopia and by Singh et al. (2007) in Punjab, India; the latter observed significant decreases in bulk density after 3-5 years of crop-residue incorporation. The lowest bulk density of 1.25 mg m -3 of Shahpur soil and 1.28 mg m -3 of Awagat soil was observed following INM treatment in combination with crop-residue incorporation (Table 2). Our results reveal that FFU in combination with crop-residue incorporation had an effect on bulk density improvement (1.33 and 1.31 mg m -3 in Awagat and Shahpur soils, respectively) comparable to that of INM treatment alone (1.34 and 1.30 mg m -3 in Awagat and Shahpur soils, respectively). ...
Context 3
... effect of crop-residue incorporation on infiltration was consistent with the greater macro-and meso-porosities ( Figure 3) and lesser bulk density (Table 2) in both the soils. However, overall impact of crop-residue incorporation was more pronounced (41% increase over crop residue removal) in the Awagat soil than in the Shahpur soil (38% increases over crop-residue removal). ...
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Citations
... The adoption of different cotton planting systems affects the spatiotemporal changes and consumption characteristics of soil water, which may be closely related to the development of roots and reproductive organs (Wu et al., 2022a(Wu et al., , 2022b. In addition, the competition for soil water during wheat growth (Mahmood-ul-Hassan et al., 2013) in the wheat-cotton symbiosis period (generally in the period from cotton sowing to seedling emergence) and the influence of crop residues after wheat harvest on water evaporation (Lascano et al., 1994) are important factors that affect the use of water resources by cotton plants. If we extend the understanding of the relationships between SWM and SWC and crop growth and yield under cotton monocropping and wheat-cotton intercropping, this approach could aid in precision irrigation, further improve the water utilization efficiency of crop production in the wheat-cotton double cropping system and ensure crop yield while reducing water waste (Zhang et al., 2017;Tang et al., 2010). ...
By quantifying the soil water movement (SWM) in crop planting systems, we can better understand the soil water consumption (SWC) and crop yield relationship; this finding is significant for determining the field water cycle and reducing agricultural water waste. In this paper, a case study was conducted on cotton production. Soil moisture sensors were set at depths of 10-110 cm under three cotton cropping systems (monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/delayed intercropped cotton (WIC), and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (WDC)) based on spatial grid methods; a geostatistical grid calculus was used to calculate SWM; and the crop and meteorological influence mechanisms on cotton lint yield were comprehensively analyzed. At the squaring stage, SWC and vertical SWM were significantly correlated with light, temperature and water conditions. At the flowering and boll development stage, SWC and vertical SWM were collectively affected by meteorological conditions and crops, and they were positively correlated with lint yield. The aboveground and belowground biomass accumulation at the flowering and boll development stage positively affected vertical SWM in and between cotton rows. Vertical SWM in cotton rows increased SWC in cotton rows. SWC in cotton rows and aboveground biomass positively impacted lint yield formation; SWC between rows negatively impacted lint yield. The SWC and vertical SWM between rows in the MC seedling stage exceeded those in cotton rows, and more precise irrigation at the seedling stage reduced water waste. The WIC horizontal SWC at the squaring and flowering and boll opening stages was relatively high, moving from the row midline to cotton row. A better SWC distribution in and between cotton rows promoted water utilization in the cotton rows; this method was feasible for improving cotton yield in diverse planting systems. The results could optimize precision irrigation management at different cotton growth stages and provide a theoretical reference for promoting sustainable agricultural production and climate adaptation.
... BD under control and straw burnt plot were statistically at par, but straw incorporation had resulted in lowering of soil BD over burning and control mainly because of increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. While studying the long-term effect of CR incorporation on two different soil types, "reference [22]" reported lower BD with CR incorporation in both soil types. However, the magnitude of decrease was highest in Shahpur soil (coarse silty in texture and low SOM) as compared to Awagat soil (fine loam texture). ...
... Initial IR was maximum (7.0 mm hr -1 ) where residue of both crops incorporated, after five hours, it varied from 2.0 mm hr -1 under less intensive tillage without CR to 4.0 mm hr -1 where residue of both crop where incorporated. In another study, "reference [22]" reported the favourable effect of residue incorporation on infiltration because of presence of greater proportion of macro and mesopores and lowered soil BD in both Awagat and Shahpur soil. While studying the effect of different tillage treatments, "reference [47]" reported that sorptivity of straw retained treatment was significantly lower than straw burnt treatment at lower potential (-40 mm). ...
... In long-term research, "reference [53]" showed that the SOC content of soils was significantly increased with the application of rice straw at the rate of 12 t ha -1 and wheat straw at the rate of 6 t ha -1 . Similarly, in the cotton wheat system, "reference [22]" reported a significant increase in SOM with straw incorporation as compared with straw removal. This effect was more pronounced in coarse silty soil as compared to fine loamy soil. ...
Natural resources such as crop residues can be recycled to improve soil's physical,
chemical, and biological properties. Most people consider crop residues a waste, but these can significantly improve soil conditions when appropriately used. For crop residue management, several on-field options are available to farmers, such as removal off the field, on-field burning, surface placement /retention, mulching, and incorporation into the soil. Farmers usually burn residue to avoid interference with machinery when planting their subsequent crops. Contrarily, studies indicate that incorporation and surface retention of crop residues has great potential for improving soil health. As crop residues decompose, it releases certain gluing products that promote soil aggregation, improving its physical properties, nutrient availability, and associated biological activities. Further, the presence of crop residue
on/beneath the soil surface helps regulate the temperature fluctuations and enhance the moisture availability near the rooting zone of the crop, enhancing root and microbial activity and nutrient transformation. All of these results in improved soil health, thus helping to achieve sustainable agricultural production. The present
chapter mainly focuses on the different on-field residue management options and their effect on soil properties and crop productivity through an array of published literature.
... It indicates the nutrient turnover at higher carbon expenses met through added organic carbon. These results confirm the findings of Mishra et al. (2008) and Mahmood-Ul-Hassan, Rafique, and Rashid (2013). The 100% RDF treatments recorded comparatively lower MBC and a lower rate of respiration, indicating poor soil biological quality. ...
Soil potassium (K) content in the swell-shrink soils of Central India has been decreasing in recent decades due to higher inputs of N and P fertilizers concomitant with lower or no inputs of K fertilizers. Therefore, nutrient management to mitigate the negative K budget is urgently required. Therefore, we aimed to exploit the abundance of K in gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) to substitute the fertilizer K requirement to improve soil quality and sustain cotton productivity. Results indicated a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in soil physical properties and organic carbon under treatment 100% NP + 10 kg K (inorganic) + 20 kg K (gliricidia) (T4). The same treatment had 18.2 and 11.4, 36.22 and 4.7, and 17.8 and 9% higher content of available N, P, and K compared to the control and 100% RDF, respectively. Available micronutrients and biological properties were significantly higher under treatment T4 and 100% NP + 15 kg K (inorganic) + 15 kg K (gliricidia) (T3). Hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon were identified as key SQ indicators for the experimental soil. The treatments T3 and T4 had about 105 and 122% more seed cotton yield compared to the control and 17 and 27% more than 100% RDF treatment (T2). We conclude that gliricidia can be efficiently utilized in the nutrient management packages to partially substitute the fertilizer K requirement of rainfed cotton. This will further address the K depletion and nutrient imbalances and help to restore the soil K in shrink-swell soils of Central India
... Pearl millet Chouhan et al. (2018) observed no significant difference in 100% NPK + FYM and 100% NPK treatment on larger size WSA but highly significant with control. These findings were also supported by the research conducted by various researchers on long-term nutrient management and its effect on physical properties of soil (Datta et al. 2018a;Datta et al. 2018b;Gathala et al. 2007;Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Rafique, and Rashid 2013;Singh Brar et al. 2015). ...
Sustainability of cereal-based cropping system is important for the livelihood
and food security in semi-arid regions. The present study explores the impact
of long-term organic and inorganic nutrients and integrated fertilization
practices of soil test crop response (STCR) approach of inductive-cum targeted yield model on soil physical properties and its correlation with soil organic carbon (OC) under pearl millet–wheat in sandy-loam soils of semiarid north-west regions of India. Results showed that OC in the soils significantly increased in farm yard manure (FYM) and integrated treatments up to a maximum of 135% and 148%, respectively, in a period of 8 years over the control in surface soils (0–15 cm). The increase in OC significantly increased the infiltration rate (IR), hydraulic conductivity (HC), soil water retention at all suctions, water stable aggregates (WSA) (> 0.25 mm) and mean weight diameter of the soil aggregates, while decreased the bulk density (BD) and penetration resistance (PR) both at surface and subsurface soil layers. Soil OC also showed a negative correlation with BD (r = −0.955) and PR (r = −0.820). The hydraulic properties of the soil, viz., soil water retention, showed a high positive correlation with field capacity (r = 0.973), 0.922 for permanent
wilting point (r = 0.922), HC (r = 0.938), IR (r = 0.973), and WSA (r = 0.979)
with OC. Thus, long-term application of organic material in conjunction with NP improved soil physical health, provided better environment to grow crops through improved nutrient concentration and its translocation that ultimately helps to achieve yield target through STCR (Soil Test Crop Response) approach of inductive-cum-targeted yield model.
... Some mobile shredders mix the shredded stalks into the soil. Cotton residues after mixing with the soil improve the soil physical and hydraulic properties, generate soil structure, and increase soil nutrients and soil organic matter content [35]. However, it takes more time for decomposition of cotton residues after incorporation into soil. ...
The cultivation of cotton produces about 2–3 tonne of residues per hectare after harvesting. Uprooting and disposal of such a huge amount of cotton residues have become a serious problem. In this review, different technologies developed for clearing standing cotton stalks from the field, performances of available technologies, limitations, and technological gap for future work are discussed. Unlike other crop residues, cotton residue has fiber properties similar to most hardwood species. Hence, it is more suitable for various industrial applications like production of particle board, hardboard, pulp, paper, and corrugated boxes. It is also a cleaner fuel as compared to coal due to lower carbon and ash content based on ultimate analysis. Therefore, it can be used as fuel for power plant and as bio-energy. The potential of the use of cotton stalks for composting, briquetting, biochar, bio-oil, and bioethanol production, etc. is also discussed in the paper. It was observed that, the cotton waste was available in abundance; however, efficient machinery to remove the cotton stalks from field and simultaneously convert it into storable or directly usable form as a raw material for various applications was needed. The use of cotton stalks is techno-economically feasible for various applications but still more work is required in bio-ethanol production from cotton stalks to improve the yield of ethanol and for making the process more economical.
... Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-cotton double cropping systems and monoculture cotton cropping patterns are the main cropping systems used in Yellow River Basin cotton planting in China . Previous related studies have usually focused on the effects of different cotton planting systems on the hydraulic properties of soil (Mahmood-ul-Hassan et al., 2013;Hulugalle et al., 2013), crop water productivity (Jalota et al., 2006), water use efficiency (WUE) and yield (Choudhary et al., 2016). However, the interactive effects of soil moisture dynamics and crop growth and development dynamics under different cropping patterns has seldom been reported (Bordovsky et al., 1994;Baumhardt and Lascano, 1999). ...
... This study used a novel grid method based on sensor networks to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture in three cotton cropping systems. Soil moisture conditions affect soil physical and hydraulic properties (Mahmood-ul-Hassan et al., 2013), improve the water balance in the root zone of crops (Han et al., 2015b), and alter the growth of the root system (Taylor et al., 1974), thereby affecting the productivity of cotton crops. The distribution of soil moisture is affected by the combined effects of rainfall, irrigation, and root distribution (Li et al., 2015;Vories et al., 2020). ...
... This phenomenon occurred because the water used by cotton in the WIC system during the wheat-cotton symbiosis period was mainly for seed germination and seedling emergence, while wheat had already formed a complete root system to maintain the water balance in the root zone (Han et al., 2015b). In addition, crop residues remaining after wheat harvesting still affect the physical and hydraulic properties of the soil (Mahmood-ul-Hassan et al., 2013), thereby affecting the Fig. 8. Relationship between water consumption and cotton aboveground and underground organs biomass. A logistic growth model was used for fitting. ...
Approximately 70% of global cotton production is under the threat of drought. Changing cropping systems is an agronomic measure that potentially coordinates production and ecology. However, little evidence is available on the characteristics of changes in the soil moisture under different cropping systems and their relationships with cotton production. This study assessed the temporal and spatial variation in the soil moisture and analyzed the relationships between the soil water content (SWC) and the biomass, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in three cropping systems (monoculture cotton (MC), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/delayed intercropped cotton (WIC), and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (WDC)). The spatiotemporal heterogeneity and autocorrelation of the soil moisture were affected by cropping systems and whether the soil was dry or wet. Compared with the values in 2016 (moist), the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the SWC variation at a 10–110 cm depth in the three planting systems increased, and the autocorrelation decreased in 2017 (drought). This phenomenon was more pronounced in WIC than in MC and WDC. Compared with MC, the double-cropping system increased the SWC between cotton rows. In the double-cropping system, the cotton yield of WIC was significantly higher than that of WDC. The order of WUE from high to low was WDC>MC>WIC in 2016 and MC>WIC>WDC in 2017, and no significant difference was observed between MC and WIC in both years. Yield limitation in the double-cropping system was due to weak water absorption of roots. The growth curves of cotton roots with increasing SWC in WIC were similar to those in MC, while WDC showed faster root growth but a smaller maximum value. The roots in WDC stopped growing when the water consumption reached 150 mm. WDC with a small root system was suitable for humid regions, while WIC with a strong root system should be promoted in both humid and arid regions. The methods and results can be used to obtain a deeper understanding of the effects of different planting systems on soil moisture and cotton production and to determine their interrelationship to guide dryland cotton production and precision agriculture.
... However, approximately 16% of the factors influencing cotton biomass were not explained by the model. The effects of different planting patterns on soil hydraulic properties and the water and heat resource utilization of crops was one of the factors contributing to model errors Mahmood-ul-Hassan, 2013;Myers and Wagger, 1996). At the same time, other important driving factors for cotton biomass formation exist, such as light and nutrients. ...
In the context of intensified climate change, approximately 70% of global cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production is in arid or high temperature environments. Improving cultivation practices is an effective measure to promote the adaptation of cotton production to the climate. To comprehensively study the characteristics of the hydrothermal microclimate in cotton fields and their relationship with cotton biomass and yield formation, a grid sampling method based on sensors with high spatiotemporal resolution was used in this study to monitor the soil temperature and soil moisture under three cropping patterns (monoculture cotton (MC), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/delayed intercropped cotton (WIC), and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (WDC)). The cropping patterns substantially changed the cotton hydrothermal resource utilization. WDC was the pattern with low cotton yield and low hydrothermal resource use efficiency, while MC and WIC were the patterns with high cotton yield and high accumulated temperature production efficiency. Cotton yield exhibited a very significant positive correlation with the accumulated temperature production efficiency of air and soil, and these relationships were less affected by different planting patterns. The climate in 2016 was relatively humid, and the water consumption (WC) of MC was mainly concentrated within a soil depth of 70 cm, WIC was 50 cm, and WDC was 30 cm. The climate in 2017 was relatively dry, and the main soil depth ranges of WC in MC, WIC, and WDC were 50, 30, and 20 cm, respectively. WC was the most important factor affecting cotton biomass, especially reproductive organ biomass, followed by the effective accumulated air temperature. The WC of cotton was most affected by changes in soil moisture at a depth of 30 cm. This study strengthens the application of smart agricultural technology in sustainable cotton production and highlights the complexity of crop responses to cultivation practices and multiple environmental factors.
... Direct impact of rain drops on soil surface clogs the pores and induces surface sealing, which reduce the infiltration and increase water erosion (R. Singh et al., 2018). Soil with better aggregation can resist its breakdown and hence minimize surface sealing and erosion loss (Abid & Lal, 2009;Mahmood-ul-Hassan et al., 2013). Y. Zhang et al. (2012) andKumari et al. (2018) reported that retention of crop residues reduces soil ρb and improves pore space and WHC. ...
Depleting soil properties, low diversification and productivity are the major issues for keeping large area as fallow after rainy season rice (Oryza sativa L) in south-east Asia. Long duration rice cultivars along with conventional till farming and lack of irrigation facility limits the chances of growing succeeding crop like pulses in rice fallow. Therefore, a field study was conducted to test the hypothesis that cultivating short duration rice and lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) cultivars along with residue retention through mulching or standing rice stubble under a no-till (NT) farming for lentil can enhance productivity in rice fallow areas and economic returns from the cropping system by conserving of soil moisture, improving soil properties, and carbon stocks. Two rice cultivars (viz., Shahsarang-1: high yielding & medium duration and Mendri: Local, low yielding & long duration variety), two high biomass lentil varieties (DPL-81: early duration and IPL-406: medium duration) and three rice residue management practices (viz., residue removal, 20 cm standing stubble and mulching @ 5 Mg ha⁻¹ in lentil) were tested in rice-lentil system. After harvest of rainy season rice, lentil was sown under NT using a manually operated furrow opener. Results of 3-year study revealed that rice residue retention as mulch at 5 Mg ha⁻¹ and 20 cm standing stubbles (~2 Mg ha⁻¹) conserved residual soil moisture and recorded significantly lower bulk density (1.10 & 1.09 Mg m⁻³), increased water holding capacity (57.05 & 55.14%), and improved water infiltration rate (3.47 & 3.30 cm h⁻¹) compared to residue removal. Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase enzyme activity, available nitrogen and phosphorus contents at 0-15 cm soil depth were significantly higher by 7.2-11.1, 3.9-6.8, 4.1-6.7, 2.7-6.4 and 2.7-8.0%, respectively, under standing rice stubbles/mulching than residue removal. The SOC stock under mulching (25.3 Mg ha⁻¹) was significantly higher than that recorded under residue removal at 0-15 cm (23.4 Mg ha⁻¹) and remained non-significant at 15-30 cm depth. Significantly higher mean seed yield of lentil was obtained under mulching (1.68 Mg ha⁻¹) and standing stubbles (1.49 Mg ha⁻¹) than removal (1.27 Mg ha⁻¹). Average productivity of lentil (1.53 Mg ha⁻¹) after medium duration rice variety Shahsarang-1 was greater than that grown after local long duration rice variety Mendri (1.43 Mg ha⁻¹). The mean seed yield of early lentil variety DPL 81 grown after medium duration rice was significantly higher (1.60 Mg ha⁻¹) than medium duration lentil variety IPL 406 (1.36 Mg ha⁻¹). Thus, cultivating medium duration rice (Shahsarang-1) followed by early duration lentil variety (DPL 81) and rice residue retention either through mulching or standing rice stubble is recommended for improving soil properties, carbon stock and productivity of lentil in rice fallow areas of eastern Himalayan region of India and similar other agro-ecosystems.
... Pearl millet Chouhan et al. (2018) observed no significant difference in 100% NPK + FYM and 100% NPK treatment on larger size WSA but highly significant with control. These findings were also supported by the research conducted by various researchers on long-term nutrient management and its effect on physical properties of soil (Datta et al. 2018a;Datta et al. 2018b;Gathala et al. 2007;Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Rafique, and Rashid 2013;Singh Brar et al. 2015). ...
Sustainability of cereal-based cropping system is important for the livelihood and food security in semi-arid regions. The present study explores the impact of long-term organic and inorganic nutrients and integrated fertilization practices of soil test crop response (STCR) approach of inductive-cum-targeted yield model on soil physical properties and its correlation with soil organic carbon (OC) under pearl millet–wheat in sandy-loam soils of semiarid north-west regions of India. Results showed that OC in the soils significantly increased in farm yard manure (FYM) and integrated treatments up to a maximum of 135% and 148%, respectively, in a period of 8 years over the control in surface soils (0–15 cm). The increase in OC significantly increased the infiltration rate (IR), hydraulic conductivity (HC), soil water retention at all suctions, water stable aggregates (WSA) (> 0.25 mm) and mean weight diameter of the soil aggregates, while decreased the bulk density (BD) and penetration resistance (PR) both at surface and subsurface soil layers. Soil OC also showed a negative correlation with BD (r = −0.955) and PR (r = −0.820). The hydraulic properties of the soil, viz., soil water retention, showed a high positive correlation with field capacity (r = 0.973), 0.922 for permanent wilting point (r = 0.922), HC (r = 0.938), IR (r = 0.973), and WSA (r = 0.979) with OC. Thus, long-term application of organic material in conjunction with NP improved soil physical health, provided better environment to grow crops through improved nutrient concentration and its translocation that ultimately helps to achieve yield target through STCR (Soil Test Crop Response) approach of inductive-cum-targeted yield model.
... It might be due to cementing behaviour of organic carbon which promotes the size of soil aggregates. The findings are in good agreement of those reported by Gathala et al., (2007) and Mahmood-ul-Hassan et al., (2013). They were found higher fraction of water stable aggregates under integrated nutrient management as compared to imbalanced use of chemical fertilizer treatments in the wheat crop. ...
The field experiment was conducted during rabi season during 2017-18 and 2018-19 at the AICRP-LTFE project of Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, India chosen for this study. The impact of continuous application of fertilizer and organic manure on physical properties of a Vertisol. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with ten treatments in four replications. The treatments viz., 50% NPK, 100% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NPK+Hand weeding, 100% NPK+Zn, 100% NP, 100% N, 100% NPK+FYM, 100% NPK-S and Control. The response of various treatment on physical properties of soil at harvest of wheat crop were studied. The representative soil samples were collected at crop harvest from surface soil (0-15 cm) depth and analysed for soil bulk density, soil moisture content (0.33 and 15 bar), mean weight diameter and water stable aggregates. The results revealed that, the soil water retention at 0.33 and 15bar, MWD and WSA were significantly influenced under combined application of balanced fertilizer (100% NPK) and FYM. However, the soil bulk density did not show any significant change in surface soil. The study indicates that sole application of balanced fertilizers in combination with farm yard manure improve the soil physical properties of a Vertisol. Similarly, the application of balanced application of fertilizer showed higher moisture content, MWD and WSA as compared to imbalanced nutrition.
