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We compared the effect of intercropping on oviposition and emigration behavior of two related specialist moth species. The effect of height of the intercrop species (red clover) on oviposition was studied in field cages, using the leek moth, a specialist on Allium species, and the diamondback moth, a specialist on Brassica species. The moths were a...
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... Moth. When the experiment was concluded after 48 h there were no differences in proportion emigrated moths between the treatments (Table 2). The shape of the curves revealed no differences between treat- ments, (both sexes: Wilks lambda value 0.14; F 1.05; df 30, 33; P 0.44 and females: Wilks lambda value 0.28; F 0.82; df 24, 35; P 0.70). ...
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... did not differ between the treatments at the end of the Þrst active period (Table 2). The shape of the curves from the Þrst period revealed no differ- ences between treatments (both sexes: Wilks lambda value 0.56; F 0.91; df 12, 45; P 0.54 and females: Wilks lambda value 0.64; F 0.66; df 12, 43; P 0.78). ...
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... shape of the curves from the Þrst period revealed no differ- ences between treatments (both sexes: Wilks lambda value 0.56; F 0.91; df 12, 45; P 0.54 and females: Wilks lambda value 0.64; F 0.66; df 12, 43; P 0.78). When only regarding the second active period, the emigration did not differ between the treatments ( Table 2). The shape of the curves from the second active period (tested by repeated measures analyses) were not different between treatments (Wilks lambda value 0.54; F 0.98; df 12, 45; P 0.48). ...
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... Moth. The experiment on the effect of noncontact stimuli on emigration revealed differences between treatments (Table 2). After 48 h a larger proportion of diamondback moths had left the treat- ment with only bare soil than any of the other treat- ments (P 0.05). ...
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... rate of leaving of diamondback moth was much higher in all treatments compared with the Þrst ex- periment and at the end of the Þrst active period emigration differed between the treatments. A larger proportion of moths had left the treatment with bare soil than any of the other treatments (P 0.05, Table 2). The shape of the curves from the Þrst active period revealed no differences between treatments (both sexes: Wilks lambda value 0.44; F 1.37; df 12, 45; P 0.21 and females: Wilks lambda value 0.47; F 1.23; df 12, 45; P 0.29). ...
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Monitoring of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L) population on cabbage and Chinese cabbage over the past eight years has indicated that heavy rains from June to September limit the population of the insect. Therefore, during the dry period when diamond-back moth is a serious pest, water was applied by sprinkler system placed 1.5 m over the ca...
Plutella xylostella, is the main pest infesting Brassica crops, and products based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are frequently used in strategies for its biocontrol. The present study aimed to evaluate whether a Bt-based bioinsecticide affects the predation behavior of Ceraeochrysa cincta when preying on P. xylostella. Three larval instars of the...
Citations
... We found that strip cropping cabbage can reduce herbivore pressure in general and P. xylostella in particular. The results align with previous studies that report positive effects of intercropping on pest suppression (Tonhasca and Byrne, 1994;Finch and Kienegger, 1997;Åsman et al., 2001;Hambäck et al., 2009) and specifically on suppressing P. xylostella in Brassicaceae crops (Åsman et al., 2001;Bukovinszky et al., 2004;Tajmiri et al., 2017). Reduced P. xylostella abundance in cabbage strips combined with wheat strips can be explained by at least two ecological mechanisms. ...
... We found that strip cropping cabbage can reduce herbivore pressure in general and P. xylostella in particular. The results align with previous studies that report positive effects of intercropping on pest suppression (Tonhasca and Byrne, 1994;Finch and Kienegger, 1997;Åsman et al., 2001;Hambäck et al., 2009) and specifically on suppressing P. xylostella in Brassicaceae crops (Åsman et al., 2001;Bukovinszky et al., 2004;Tajmiri et al., 2017). Reduced P. xylostella abundance in cabbage strips combined with wheat strips can be explained by at least two ecological mechanisms. ...
... Reduced P. xylostella abundance in cabbage strips combined with wheat strips can be explained by at least two ecological mechanisms. First, strip cropping may have disrupted the host plant finding by P. xylostella, leading to lower oviposition and P. xylostella abundance in strip cropped cabbage fields (Andow, 1991;Finch and Collier, 2000;Åsman et al., 2001). Our findings on the apparent suppression of cabbage specialist P. xylostella by strip cropping are in line with findings of Juventia et al. (2021) who reported a negative association between crop diversity and feeding injury in organically managed (strip) crop systems, and a meta-analysis showing that specialist herbivores respond negatively to plant diversity, particularly at small spatial scales (Dassou and Tixier, 2016). ...
Loss of arthropod biodiversity can impair the provision of ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. Crop diversification strategies offer the possibility to support arthropod communities without putting aside agricultural land as conservation areas. Within-field crop diversification measures, such as strip cropping and crop mixtures, may provide arthropods with continuity and diversity in food, shelter and habitat at fine spatial and temporal resolutions. However, it is unclear how strip cropping and plant species diversity within strips influences aerial arthropod and weed communities in commercially sized arable fields. In this 2-year study we tested the effects of crop heterogeneity on aerial arthropod and plant communities in organically managed strip fields. We tested effects of configurational crop heterogeneity by comparing sole cropping (MONO) with strip cropping (STRIP), and compositional crop heterogeneity by comparing STRIP with flower-legume-grain crop mixtures grown in strips (STRIPMIX). Aerial arthropod communities were assessed in 138 sweep net transects and plant communities in 124 vegetation plots in cabbage, wheat, sugar beet and barley. Higher configurational crop heterogeneity by strip cropping reduced herbivore abundances and increased natural enemy species richness in organic cabbage strips. Cabbage in MONO had a significantly higher herbivore abundance (+11%) and a lower natural enemy species richness (− 57%) than cabbage in STRIP. Higher compositional crop heterogeneity by sowing additional plant species in strips (STRIPMIX) significantly increased plant abundance (+33%), plant species richness (+21%), total aerial arthropod abundance (+45%), and total aerial arthropod species richness (+21%) compared to STRIP. Our work shows that both configuration of crop areas (MONO vs. STRIP) and plant species diversity within strips (STRIP vs. STRIPMIX) can support arthropod biodiversity and natural pest suppression , but that arthropod responses differ between diversification strategies and crop combinations. Further optimization of design and management of within-field crop diversification strategies holds potential to attain biodiversity-based cropping systems which deliver multiple ecosystem services and have a reduced dependency on pesticides.
... Hind wings were slightly lighter in color. No prominent difference in body length of both sexes (Asman et al., 2001). ...
Pakistan is an agricultural Country having diverse types of soil and irrigation system. Punjab being the most productive province contributes 69% of total land area for agriculture. Faisalabad is one of the most productive regions of Punjab sharing 3985 hectares for cropland usage. Agriculture sector besides providing food and employment also provides a shelter for insect fauna. Lepidoptera, which includes butterflies, moths and skippers, is the second largest order of insects having more than 180 thousand species. Diversity of lepidopteran fauna is largely influenced by availability and type of floral diversity. These lepidopterans act as pest and pollinators at same time. During present study diversity, relative abundance, richness and temporal distribution of lepidopteran fauna (larvae + adult) was explored from four selected crops namely wheat, sugarcane, fodder and vegetables by using quadrat and sweep net and pitfall methods from May 2019 to April 2020. Specimens were collected and identified by using different identification keys at Department of Agri-Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Results showed that Noctuidae family was abundantly distributed (43.27%). Most abundant species was Pieris brassicae with 10.97% relative abundance. Quadrat method was proved to be good method for collection of lepidoptera with 76.79% relative abundance. Autumn season was found most favorable in regards for species distribution and abundance (43.98%). Significant results (p-value < 0.05) were found from all selected crops and seasons. Species richness (H’) was highest in fodder (2.6396) during autumn (2.73). Inshort, lepidoptera diversity, occurrence, richness and relative abundance depends upon cropland ecosystem and environmental conditions.
... Similarly, Shankar et al. (2007) noticed the least incidence of DBM when marigold was intercropped with cauliflower. Asman et al. (2001), found that onion creates confusion by producing olfactory and visual cues to diamondback moth from the non-host plants which lead to disruption in mating and decline in larval numbers. Similarly, Said and Itulya (2003) indicated that the odour from onion repels P. xylostella from resting on cabbage when intercropped with onion or garlic. ...
The present experiment was conducted at horticulture farm of Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan, during two winter (rabi) seasons 2019–20 and 2020–21. The treatments include, cabbage + marigold, cabbage + onion, cabbage + garlic, cabbage + marigold + insecticides spray, cabbage + onion + insecticides spray, cabbage + garlic + insecticides spray, cabbage + insecticides spray and cabbage sole without insecticide spray as untreated control. The insecticidal treatments scheduled with two sprays, viz. first spray of chlorfenapyr 10% sc @200 g a.i./ ha and spinosad 45% sc @45 g a.i./ha. During both years, cabbage intercropped with marigold + insecticides spray proved to be the best treatment with the lowest mean DBM larval population (0.73 and 0.47 larvae/plant) and highest benefit-cost ratio (6.69 and 6.88). Additionally, the intercrops treatments, viz. cabbage + marigold, cabbage + onion and cabbage + garlic also significantly reduced the number of DBM larvae per plant as compared to the untreated sole cabbage. The different intercrops combinations evaluated had a positive effect on the cabbage crop in reducing the pest and can be taken to manage DBM in a sustainable way.
... Phytophagous insects are thus more likely to find, and remain on, host plants growing in dense, nearly pure stands because a second plant species disrupts the ability of insects to efficiently attack their intended host (Asman et al. 2001). This is particularly true for aerial pests since, from an aboveground perspective, the more non-host plants that are removed from a crop area the greater the chance that an insect will locate a host plant. ...
... In one study, the survival of DBM was significantly lower in a Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis)/garlic (Allium sativum)/lettuce (Lactuca sativa) intercrop than in Chinese cabbage alone (Cai et al., 2011). Intercropping cabbage with tomato, garlic, dill, pepper and clover reduces the density of DBM in comparison with cabbage monocultures (Dover, 1986;Talekar and Griggs, 1986;Asman et al., 2001;Mohammed et al., 2010). Furthermore, many wild flowering plants and noncruciferous crops such as legumes support natural enemies by providing nectar and pollen and can be more attractive to natural enemies due to a variety of odours ( Suso et al., 2016). ...
... According to many studies, they found that Lepidopterous pests cannot fly across high barrier, so plastic barrier was an appropriate method to reduce its population (Hok et al., 2015) and could perhaps reduce the spread of Plutella xylostella (Asman et al., 2001). ...
Intensive Agriculture is the popular practice to fulfill the need of food through the intensive use of fertilizers and insecticides. Insecticides are intended to kill insect pests, but the overdose and misuse of them lead to pesticide resistance, long-term health, and environmental problem. Hence, an environmental justice is becoming an essential and hot topic in the world. Meanwhile, environmentally friendly management such as IPM has been promoted by many different international organizations includes WHO, FAO as well as USDA in order to minimize the overload of pesticides application, increase biodiversity in the region, balance agro-ecosystem and maximize the use of more environmental and benign practice that could increase crop productivity. This study aimed to identify the main lepidopterous pests on cauliflower, evaluate the efficiency of each management method on the growth of crop and population dynamics of pests, and to understand the contribution of IPM method on human health, environmental protection, the economy as well as food security and safety. The experiment is an on-farm experiment, which was carried out during the dry season from November 2015 to February 2016 in Kien Svay district, Kandal province, Cambodia. The trial was conducted on a land size of 230-meter squares that has three treatments with four replicates. Molasses, plastic barrier, and conventional practice were used as treatments. Insect samples were counted and collected weekly by manual collection method. When the population of lepidopterous larvae reached the ETL (Economic Threshold Level), insecticides were applied as the rotation between Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), Buprofezin, Imidacloprid and Spinosad/Spinetoram. The result showed that six pest species were identified representing four families of Lepidoptera order. Among those identified lepidopterous pests, Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) was the highest abundance and destruction in the area. As compare between three treatments, a plastic barrier was the most effective method in controlling DBM and armyworm.
... Several attributes of agroecosystems may affect parasitoids' abundance, some improving and others reducing their effectiveness, and this information can be used for the development of control strategies. For instance, larval parasitoids of the genus Apanteles Förster and Diadegma are positively affected by intercropping (Asman et al., 2001;. Also, studies have demonstrated the importance of natural enemies' interaction with landscape, showing that both diversity and abundance of parasitoids can be linked with landscape complexity (Thies and Tscharntke, 1999;Tscharntke et al., 2007). ...
The serious economic loss caused Plutella xylostella L., 1758 in several regions of the world has prompted a demand for alternative management strategies. In this context, understanding the key factors governing the population dynamics of the pest is important for development of management strategies. This study aimed to identify the larval parasitoids associated with P. xylostella and investigate the biotic (crop subspecies, plant age and parasitism) and abiotic factors (minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, relative humidity and planting season) affecting the population dynamics of the pest in organic crops located in Southern Paraná State, Brazil. Despite the continuous and abundant availability of host plants throughout the year, P. xylostella occurred between June and November, and the largest peaks of abundance were observed between August and September, when low temperatures and rainfall were recorded. According to the stepwise regression analysis, P. xylostella was more abundant in broccoli during winter. Neither temperature, nor rainfall significantly influenced pest abundance. Four species of larval parasitoids were identified associated with the pest, of which Diadegma leontiniae (Brèthes) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Apanteles piceotrichosus Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Siphona sp. Meigen (Diptera: Tachinidae) were abundant, while Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was rarely found. Parasitism was the major factor influencing population dynamics of P. xylostella, contributing to 48% of the variation in pest abundance. These results show the importance of larval parasitoids complex in regulating P. xylostella population and that the temperature and rainfall recorded during field experiments did not influenced pest abundance.
... Synthetic chemical pesticides which are also very expensive are the main control strategy (Kibata, 1996; Horowitz and Ishaaya, 1996). In addition to chemical control, other techniques such as biological control (Sarfraz and Keddie, 2005), cultural practices (Asman et al., 2001), the use of resistant cultivars of cabbages and sex pheromone (Reddy and Urs, 1997) are suggested for DBM control. However, the use of synthetic chemicals is not safe due to environmental hazards and other human health threats. ...
The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) is a major pest of cabbage in Senegal. Chemical control is the most commonly used control method despite its environmental and health issues. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Neem-based products are considered as relevant alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the alternation of Bt and Neem (Azadirachta indica) on P. xylostella and its effect on parasitoids compared to sole applications of Bt, Neem and Dimethoate. Plants treated with Dimethoate recorded three times more P. xylostella compared to applications of Bt, Bt/Neem and Neem. Results showed that although there were no significant differences between Bt, Bt/Neem and Neem, populations of P. xylostella were considerably reduced in these treatments as compared to Dimethoate and control. Four parasitoid species were recorded of which two species Oomyzus sokolowskii and Apanteles litae were important both in terms of abundance and parasitism. The parasitism rate was higher in the Neem treatment. The correlation between abundance of P. xylostella and parasitism rate was observed in all the treatments except that of Dimethoate and was much stronger in Bt/Neem and Neem. This study suggests that in the absence of chemical insecticides, parasitoids contribute significantly in DBM population control. Also the use of only four alternated applications of Bt and neem is as effective as sole treatments in the control of P. xylostella. This approach which is more environmentally friendly seems to be also more cost effective to farmers.
... Vegetation diversity, including intercropping, can result in significant reductions in pest densities (Risch et al. 1983, Andow 1991, Landis et al. 2000. Intercropping cabbage with tomatoes, garlic, dill, or clover has been shown to reduce the density of P. xylostella (Buranday and Raros 1975, Dover 1986, Talekar et al. 1986, Asman et al. 2001. However, large-scale experiments to test the repellency of these plants in the field have yielded inconsistent results Irwin 1979, Ivey andJohnson 1998). ...
Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), has become the most destructive insect pest of cruciferous vegetables (Brassica oleracea) worldwide, and is a continuing problem especially in the southern United States. Because of inconsistencies in individual control methods, inefficiencies and time demands of scouting, and the lack of clear thresholds, current management practices emphasize the prophylactic use of insecticides. Numerous other methods are available for the management of P. xylostella including host plant resistance, biological controls, cultural controls, behavioral management, and judicious use of insecticides. Past experience has shown that alone, none of these strategies will work sufficiently and insecticide misuse and resistance issues will likely continue. However, when used together, these tactics can complement each other and lead to a more sustainable system. Recent research focused on the molecular genetics and genomics of P. xylostella has dramatically increased our understanding of specific mechanisms controlling P. xylostella physiology and its interactions with plants. This has the potential to revolutionize the way we manage this pest. Here we summarize the natural history and ecology of diamondback moth and present options for its sampling and management. Additionally, we highlight recent research that may lead to a more integrated approach to managing this pest and the suite of other insect pests of Brassica crops.
... For example, the structural complexity of habitats and the architectural traits of single plants influence the movement ability of herbivores as well as their host-finding process (Goodwin & Fahrig, 2002;Randlkofer et al., 2009). Tall and dense vegetation in the neighborhood of host plants may either visually mask the target plant or may impede access to the target plant (Perrin, 1977;Asman et al., 2001). Several examples illustrate that foraging success is linked to the movement ability of insects, and that vegetation properties change the movement pattern. ...
Increasing land use intensity and human influence are leading to a reduction in plant and animal species diversity. However, little is known about how these changes may affect higher trophic levels, apart from simply reducing species numbers. Here we investigated, over 3 years, the influence of different land practices on a tritrophic system in grassland habitats. The system consisted of the host plant Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae), two monophagous weevils, Mecinus labilis Herbst and Mecinus pascuorum Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and their parasitoid Mesopolobus incultus Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). At over 70 sites across three geographic regions in Germany, we measured plant species diversity and vegetation structure, as well as abundance of P. lanceolata, the two weevils, and the parasitoid. Land use intensity (fertilization) and type (mowing vs. grazing) negatively affected not only plant species richness but also the occurrence of the two specialized herbivores and their parasitoid. In contrast, land use had a mostly positive effect on host plant size, vegetation structure, and parasitization rate. This study reveals that intensification of land use influences higher trophic organisms even without affecting the availability of the host plant. The observed relationships between land use, vegetation complexity, and the tritrophic system are not restricted locally; rather they are measureable along a broad range of environmental conditions and years throughout Germany. Our findings may have important implications for the conservation of insect species of nutrient-poor grasslands.
