Figure 7 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Effect of linalool against Forl on tomato plants. (a) Symptoms of Fusarium wilt and root rot in aboveground and belowground parts were analyzed and photographed 15 days after inoculation (dpi). (b) Plot showing percentage of tomato plants with disease symptom severity represented by the four classes, as shown in the lower panels. (c) Disease index of tomato plants. Transcription patterns of the SA-related genes PR1, NPR1, and WRKY1 (d), JA response genes PIN2, and LOX (e), and ET inducible gene Pti4 (f) were detected 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post Forl inoculation. Different letters indicate significant differences.
Source publication
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Forl) is a destructive soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR) of tomato, leading to considerable field yield losses. In this study, we explored the antifungal capability of linalool, a natural plant volatile organic component, against Forl and its role in contr...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... infected plants exhibited yellow leaves, wilting, stunting, root rot, and death 15 days after inoculation. In contrast, the tomato plants treated with linalool showed remarkably reduced FCRR symptoms and appeared healthy with more subdued symptoms, as revealed by the appearance of FCRR symptoms (Figure 7a) and evaluated as the disease incidence percentage (%, the number of diseased plants in relation to the total number of tested plants) (Figure 7b,c). The presence of disease symptoms index 3 in the Forl + linalool-treated plants decreased from 61.9% to 23.8% compared to Forl-inoculated plants. ...
Context 2
... infected plants exhibited yellow leaves, wilting, stunting, root rot, and death 15 days after inoculation. In contrast, the tomato plants treated with linalool showed remarkably reduced FCRR symptoms and appeared healthy with more subdued symptoms, as revealed by the appearance of FCRR symptoms (Figure 7a) and evaluated as the disease incidence percentage (%, the number of diseased plants in relation to the total number of tested plants) (Figure 7b,c). The presence of disease symptoms index 3 in the Forl + linalool-treated plants decreased from 61.9% to 23.8% compared to Forl-inoculated plants. ...
Context 3
... presence of disease symptoms index 3 in the Forl + linalool-treated plants decreased from 61.9% to 23.8% compared to Forl-inoculated plants. Approximately 24% of the healthy plants (index 0) were observed among the Forl + linalool-treated plants, but this did not occur in the Forl-treated plants (Figure 7b,c). These observations indicate that linalool controlled the Forl infection in tomato plants and could have potential in Fusarium wilt disease management. ...
Context 4
... defense responses to Forl include the activation of pathways dependent on SA, JA, and ethylene (ET) signaling molecules [45]. To confirm the molecular mechanism of linalool-mediated disease resistance, we employed an RT-qPCR to assess the expression patterns of defense-related genes from tomato leaves 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post pathogen inoculation (Figure 7d-f). The expression of the SA response genes PR1 (pathogenesis-related gene 1), NPR1 (nonexpresser of PR gene 1), and WRKY1 [45,46], and the JA response gene PIN2 (proteinase inhibitor II) [47] in linalool-treated plants was robustly induced compared to those of the uninfected control (Figure 7d,e). ...
Context 5
... confirm the molecular mechanism of linalool-mediated disease resistance, we employed an RT-qPCR to assess the expression patterns of defense-related genes from tomato leaves 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post pathogen inoculation (Figure 7d-f). The expression of the SA response genes PR1 (pathogenesis-related gene 1), NPR1 (nonexpresser of PR gene 1), and WRKY1 [45,46], and the JA response gene PIN2 (proteinase inhibitor II) [47] in linalool-treated plants was robustly induced compared to those of the uninfected control (Figure 7d,e). The ET inducible gene, PTI4 (ethyleneresponsive factor) [48], was slightly induced after the linalool treatment, when compared with the uninfected control (Figure 7f). ...
Context 6
... expression of the SA response genes PR1 (pathogenesis-related gene 1), NPR1 (nonexpresser of PR gene 1), and WRKY1 [45,46], and the JA response gene PIN2 (proteinase inhibitor II) [47] in linalool-treated plants was robustly induced compared to those of the uninfected control (Figure 7d,e). The ET inducible gene, PTI4 (ethyleneresponsive factor) [48], was slightly induced after the linalool treatment, when compared with the uninfected control (Figure 7f). Plants treated with Forl+linalool developed a higher expression of LOX (lipoxygenase, JA synthesis-related gene) [49], PR1, NPR1, and PTI4 transcripts than those treated with linalool, Forl, and the uninfected control 6 h post inoculation (Figure 7d-f). ...
Context 7
... ET inducible gene, PTI4 (ethyleneresponsive factor) [48], was slightly induced after the linalool treatment, when compared with the uninfected control (Figure 7f). Plants treated with Forl+linalool developed a higher expression of LOX (lipoxygenase, JA synthesis-related gene) [49], PR1, NPR1, and PTI4 transcripts than those treated with linalool, Forl, and the uninfected control 6 h post inoculation (Figure 7d-f). PR1 and NPR1 expression was 16.9 and 4.8-fold higher than that of the uninfected control 6 h after the Forl+linalool treatment, respectively (Figure 7d). ...
Context 8
... treated with Forl+linalool developed a higher expression of LOX (lipoxygenase, JA synthesis-related gene) [49], PR1, NPR1, and PTI4 transcripts than those treated with linalool, Forl, and the uninfected control 6 h post inoculation (Figure 7d-f). PR1 and NPR1 expression was 16.9 and 4.8-fold higher than that of the uninfected control 6 h after the Forl+linalool treatment, respectively (Figure 7d). The PIN2 expression level in response to the Forl+linalool treatment was approximately 7.4-, and 40-fold higher 24 h and 48 h after inoculation, respectively, relative to the non-infected control (Figure 7e). ...
Context 9
... and NPR1 expression was 16.9 and 4.8-fold higher than that of the uninfected control 6 h after the Forl+linalool treatment, respectively (Figure 7d). The PIN2 expression level in response to the Forl+linalool treatment was approximately 7.4-, and 40-fold higher 24 h and 48 h after inoculation, respectively, relative to the non-infected control (Figure 7e). These results suggest that linalool activates the SA and JA-dependent resistance pathways after inoculation with Forl. ...
Context 10
... results suggest that linalool activates the SA and JA-dependent resistance pathways after inoculation with Forl. Collectively, we demonstrated that linalool effectively inhibited Forl disease development in tomato plants by inhibiting growth, virulence factors, and pathogenicity (Figures 1 and 6 and Table 1), as well as increasing the plants' defense responses through activation of the SA and JA signaling pathways (Figure 7d,e). This dual function of linalool in pathogen control has also recently been reported in root knot of tomato. ...
Context 11
... the molecular mechanisms of linalool production and complex genetic regulation under pathogen attack also remain largely unknown. (Figure 7a) and evaluated as the disease incidence percentage (%, the number of diseased plants in relation to the total number of tested plants) (Figure 7b,c). The presence of disease symptoms index 3 in the Forl+linalool-treated plants decreased from 61.9% to 23.8% compared to Forl-inoculated plants. ...
Context 12
... the molecular mechanisms of linalool production and complex genetic regulation under pathogen attack also remain largely unknown. (Figure 7a) and evaluated as the disease incidence percentage (%, the number of diseased plants in relation to the total number of tested plants) (Figure 7b,c). The presence of disease symptoms index 3 in the Forl+linalool-treated plants decreased from 61.9% to 23.8% compared to Forl-inoculated plants. ...
Context 13
... presence of disease symptoms index 3 in the Forl+linalool-treated plants decreased from 61.9% to 23.8% compared to Forl-inoculated plants. Approximately 24% of the healthy plants (index 0) were observed among the Forl+linalool-treated plants, but this did not occur in the Forl-treated plants (Figure 7b,c). These observations indicate that linalool controlled the Forl infection in tomato plants and could have potential in Fusarium wilt disease management. ...
Context 14
... oxysporum infection usually reduces photosynthetic activity and generates high levels of intracellular ROS, resulting in cell death and leaf senescence, and consequently, a decline in plant biomass [51]. The morphological traits related to vegetative growth in tomato plants infected with Forl deteriorated severely (Figures 7a and 8a). To evaluate whether linalool possessed the ability to overcome this inhibitory effect of Forl, the effect of linalool on plant growth was investigated. ...
Citations
... The 1,8-cineeole gives the characteristic aroma of fresh camphor, and spicy and anti-fungal properties to the oleoresin of B. frutescens (Tadtong et al. 2015, Kim et al. 2018). In the ethanol extract, 4 active antifungal compound components were obtained, namely α-terpineol, linalool, 2-cyclohexen-1-one and quinic acid (Shakil et al. 2013, Ma and Ma 2015, Kong et al. 2019, Li et al. 2022. The dominant compounds contained were from the terpenoid group. ...
... Because the -OH groups are reactive and capable of damaging fungal cell walls and cannot be eliminated by fungal enzymatic reactions. So, the non-functioning of lignolytic enzymes results in disrupted fungal growth and ultimately death (Shakil et al. 2013, Ma and Ma 2015, Kong et al. 2019, Broda 2020, Li et al. 2022). ...
This study aims to determine the oleoresin activity of Baeckea frutescens L. against the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P.Kumm. and to analyse its most active component. The research method used was ethanol solvent maceration extraction, and then fractionation was carried out using successive solvents, namely n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. Then the P. ostreatus antifungal test, and analysis of the most active compound components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry were applied. The results showed that B. frutescens oleoresin produced a yield of 11.41 % in ethanol extract. The most active antifungal activity was found in ethanol oleoresin soluble oleoresin with IC (50) = 177 ±02 mg•L-1. It contains 21 bioactive compounds consisting of 4 antifungal components, namely quinic acid, α-terpineol, linalool, and 2-cyclohexen-1-one.
... To date, various bioactive terpenoids produced by endophytic fungi have been reported, including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesterterpenoids, triterpenoids, and meroterpenoids [43]. However, the results of the present study showed that the trends of linalool and ionone released from 'Rixiang Gui' during flowering development were opposite to those of endophytic fungi, which corresponded to the antifungal properties of linalool and ionone [44][45][46]. Therefore, it is believed that the VOCs detected in this study were primarily released from flowers. ...
Endophytic fungi in flowers influence plant health and reproduction. However, whether floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affect the composition and function of the endophytic fungal community remains unclear. Here, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-throughput sequencing were used to explore the relationship between floral VOCs and the endophytic fungal community during different flower development stages in Osmanthus fragrans ‘Rixiang Gui’. The results showed that the composition of the endophytic fungal community and floral VOCs shifted along with flowering development. The highest and lowest α diversity of the endophytic fungal community occurred in the flower fading stage and full blooming stage, respectively. The dominant fungi, including Dothideomycetes (class), Pleosporales (order), and Neocladophialophora, Alternaria, and Setophoma (genera), were enriched in the flower fading stage and decreased in the full blooming stage, demonstrating the enrichment of the Pathotroph, Saprotroph, and Pathotroph–Saprotroph functions in the flower fading stage and their depletion in the full blooming stage. However, the total VOC and terpene contents were highest in the full blooming stage and lowest in the flower fading stage, which was opposite to the α diversity of the endophytic fungal community and the dominant fungi during flowering development. Linalool, dihydro-β-ionone, and trans-linalool oxide(furan) were key factors affecting the endophytic fungal community composition. Furthermore, dihydro-β-ionone played an extremely important role in inhibiting endophytic fungi in the full blooming stage. Based on the above results, it is believed that VOCs, especially terpenes, changed the endophytic fungal community composition in the flowers of O. fragrans ‘Rixiang Gui’. These findings improve the understanding of the interaction between endophytic fungi and VOCs in flowers and provide new insight into the mechanism of flower development.
... radicislycopersici (Forl) is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes damage to fusarium crowns and tomato roots. Linalool inhibits mycelium growth, depletes glutathione, and reduces the activity of many antioxidant enzymes, downregulating primary metabolite biosynthetic pathways [16]. Overall, linalool significantly reduced the expression of many Forl pathogenic genes so that it can be used as a fungicide and agent of green chemistry. ...
The people of Sumbawa are famous for their various typical Sumbawa dishes. Typical dishes popular among the people and widely known in NTB are sepat and salty chili dishes. This dish is inseparable from flavoring Monte Sumbawa. Additional types of food, such as anointing, are also indispensable for Monte Sumbawa. Monte Sumbawa is a type of kaffir lime Citrus hystrix DC that grows in the Sumbawa area. Consumptionmonte sumbawa is very high in all areas of Sumbawa. This research aims to meet the community's needs and not depend on the fruiting season—innovation in essential oil distillation and packaging monte sumbawa in packaged products. The research method uses laboratory experiments. The content of active compounds was obtained using the GC-MS method. Based on the results of the GC-MS test, the active compound contains the major compound, linalool, with a weight percentage of 57.8%. Oil contains minor compounds such as 1-Octadecene (CAS).alpha.-Octadecene, 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- (4)-Ter , TRANS( .BETA.)-CARYOPHYLLENE, and GERMACRENE-D. Active compounds play an active role in supporting the health of the human body and as a detox against various cancer-causing free radicals. The product is packaged in a dropper bottle which is easy to use and can be stored for a long time. Society can use Monte anytime and no longer depend on the fruiting season.
... Likewise, the monoterpene linalool had a slight but significant growth stimulatory impact on Mortierella alpina at both concentrations tested, yet its relative abundance was significantly decreased in the community analysis in the 200 µM linalool treatment. Although F. oxysporum and F. solani were recently shown to be highly sensitive to linalool, the Fusarium isolate that we tested was not sensitive (78). These results highlight the challenges in extrapolating results between scales and may indicate that indirect effects contribute to changes in relative abundance in the community setting. ...
Terpenes are among the oldest and largest class of plant-specialized bioproducts that are known to affect plant development, adaptation, and biological interactions. While their biosynthesis, evolution, and function in aboveground interactions with insects and individual microbial species are well studied, how different terpenes impact plant microbiomes belowground is much less understood. Here we designed an experiment to assess how belowground exogenous applications of monoterpenes (1,8-cineole and linalool) and a sesquiterpene (nerolidol) delivered through an artificial root system impacted its belowground bacterial and fungal microbiome. We found that the terpene applications had significant and variable impacts on bacterial and fungal communities, depending on terpene class and concentration; however, these impacts were localized to the artificial root system and the fungal rhizosphere. We complemented this experiment with pure culture bioassays on responsive bacteria and fungi isolated from the sorghum rhizobiome. Overall, higher concentrations (200 µM) of nerolidol were inhibitory to Ferrovibrium and tested Firmicutes. While fungal isolates of Penicillium and Periconia were also more inhibited by higher concentrations (200 µM) of nerolidol, Clonostachys was enhanced at this higher level and together with Humicola was inhibited by the lower concentration tested (100 µM). On the other hand, 1,8-cineole had an inhibitory effect on Orbilia at both tested concentrations but had a promotive effect at 100 µM on Penicillium and Periconia . Similarly, linalool at 100 µM had significant growth promotion in Mortierella , but an inhibitory effect for Orbilia . Together, these results highlight the variable direct effects of terpenes on single microbial isolates and demonstrate the complexity of microbe-terpene interactions in the rhizobiome.
IMPORTANCE
Terpenes represent one of the largest and oldest classes of plant-specialized metabolism, but their role in the belowground microbiome is poorly understood. Here, we used a “rhizobox” mesocosm experimental set-up to supply different concentrations and classes of terpenes into the soil compartment with growing sorghum for 1 month to assess how these terpenes affect sorghum bacterial and fungal rhizobiome communities. Changes in bacterial and fungal communities between treatments belowground were characterized, followed by bioassays screening on bacterial and fungal isolates from the sorghum rhizosphere against terpenes to validate direct microbial responses. We found that microbial growth stimulatory and inhibitory effects were localized, terpene specific, dose dependent, and transient in time. This work paves the way for engineering terpene metabolisms in plant microbiomes for improved sustainable agriculture and bioenergy crop production.
... The concentration, purity, and integrity of RNA were examined according to previously reported methods . Each sample requires 3 μg RNA as input material for RNA sample preparation, and then mRNA was purified from the RNA sample (Li et al. 2023). The cDNA strand was synthesized, followed by the purification of cDNA fragments and PCR products in sequence, and the library quality was evaluated (Baltussen et al. 2023). ...
Plant volatile compounds have great potential for preventing and controlling fungal spoilage in post-harvest grains. Recently, we have reported the antifungal effects of trans-anethole, the main volatile constituent of the Illicium verum fruit, on Aspergillus flavus. In this study, the inhibitory mechanisms of trans-anethole against the growth of A. flavus mycelia were investigated using transcriptomic and biochemical analyses. Biochemical and transcriptomic changes in A. flavus mycelia were evaluated after exposure to 0.2 μL/mL trans-anethole. Scanning electron microscopy showed that trans-anethole treatment resulted in the surface wrinkling of A. flavus mycelia, and calcofluor white staining confirmed that trans-anethole treatment disrupted the mycelial cell wall structure. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining suggested that trans-anethole induced apoptosis in A. flavus mycelia. Reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA damage were observed in trans-anethole-treated A. flavus mycelia using 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, respectively. 2′,7′- Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate staining and biochemical assays demonstrated that trans-anethole treatment cause the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the A. flavus mycelia. Transcriptome results showed that 1673 genes were differentially expressed in A. flavus mycelia exposed to trans-anethole, which were mainly associated with multidrug transport, oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle, ribosomes, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling. We propose that trans-anethole can inhibit the growth of A. flavus mycelia by disrupting the cell wall structure, blocking the multidrug transport process, disturbing the citric acid cycle, and inducing apoptosis. This study provides new insights into the inhibitory mechanism of trans-anethole on A. flavus mycelia and will be helpful for the development of natural fungicides.
Key points
• Biochemical analyses of A. flavus mycelia exposed to trans-anethole were performed
• Transcriptomic changes in trans-anethole-treated A. flavus mycelia were analyzed
• An inhibitory mechanism of trans-anethole on the growth of A. flavus mycelia was proposed
... In other pathosystems, linalool can inhibit the growth of Botrytis cinerea [32], Colletotrichum lindemuthianum [11], Fusarium graminearum [33], F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici [34], and it can reduce the virulence of P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 [35]. ...
... Moreover, linalool can induce defense mechanisms of rice against Xanthomonas oryzae [36], tomato against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici [34], and Arabidopsis against Plutella xylostella [37]. Thus, VOC applications on crops were proposed to limit pathogen infection and to reduce the use of chemical fungicides, but further studies on the mode of action, application dosage, and formulation are required [23,38]. ...
... In particular, grapevine PR-2 is a marker of the SA defense pathways [47], PR-4 and LOX-9 are markers of the JA defense pathways [48] and their upregulation in linalool-treated samples indicated the activation of multiple defense pathways. Similarly, linalool can induce defense mechanisms in Arabidopsis, rice, and tomato, with the involvement of both SA-and JA-mediated processes [34,36,37]. Other volatile terpenoids are known to induce transcriptional reprogramming in plants, such as pinene on SA-related genes in Arabidopsis [17], β-ionone on defense-related genes in barley [21], and β-cyclocitral on defense-related genes in rice [18] and tomato [19], indicating the VOC-mediated induction of plant resistance mechanisms. ...
... The linalool and nerol produced by tea plants under low temperatures can improve the cold tolerance of neighboring plants [29]. Linalool, (S)-limonene, (E)-nerolidol, and terpinene inhibit Xanthomonas oryzae activity [29][30][31][32][33][34]. ...
Secondary metabolism plays an important role in the adaptation of plants to their environments, particularly by mediating bio-interactions and protecting plants from herbivores, insects, and pathogens. Terpenoids form the largest group of plant secondary metabolites, and their biosynthesis and regulation are extremely complicated. Terpenoids are key players in the interactions and defense reactions between plants, microorganisms, and animals. Terpene compounds are of great significance both to plants themselves and the ecological environment. On the one hand, while protecting plants themselves, they can also have an impact on the environment, thereby affecting the evolution of plant communities and even ecosystems. On the other hand, their economic value is gradually becoming clear in various aspects of human life; their potential is enormous, and they have broad application prospects. Therefore, research on terpenoids is crucial for plants, especially crops. This review paper is mainly focused on the following six aspects: plant terpenes (especially terpene volatiles and plant defense); their ecological functions; their biosynthesis and transport; related synthesis genes and their regulation; terpene homologues; and research and application prospects. We will provide readers with a systematic introduction to terpenoids covering the above aspects.
... Linalool (LIN), also known as 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol (C 10 H 18 O), is an unsaturated aliphatic alcohol belonging to the terpene group-monoterpene [19][20][21][22][23][24]. It is a volatile flavor compound which is produced by over 200 plants worldwide (lavender, basil, coriander, jasmine, rosewood, linaloe, rosemary, rose, petitgrain, and bergamot) and isolated from their flowers, leaves, herbs, seeds, and wood [20,22,25]. ...
... LIN was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) [1,19,[25][26][27]. Therefore, it is widely use in various industry sectors, including the food as well as the perfume, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries [23][24][25]. ...
... This terpen and EOs rich in LIN exhibit various biological activities, including antimicrobial [1,20,22,24,28,29], anti-inflammatory [1,19,[21][22][23][24]28], antioxidant [20,21,24], anticancer [20,21,23,28,29], antiplasmodial [19,22], antinociceptive [1,19,22,28], antihyperalgesic, or antihyperlipidemic [19,22]. LIN is also known as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of vitamins A and E [19,20,22,30]. ...
The incidence of superficial infections, including oral candidiasis, has recently increased significantly. Their treatment is quite difficult due to the growing resistance of Candida spp. to antifungal agents. Therefore, it is necessary to search for novel antimycotics or alternative antifungal therapies. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of natural terpene—linalool (LIN)—against both reference fungi belonging to yeasts and Candida spp. isolates from the oral cavities of immunocompromised, hemato-oncology patients. Moreover, its mechanism of action and interactions with selected antifungal drugs or antiseptics were investigated. The broth microdilution technique, ergosterol or sorbitol tests, and a checkerboard method were used for individual studies. The LIN showed potential activity toward studied strains of fungi with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the range of 0.5–8 mg/mL and fungicidal effect. This compound was also found to bind to ergosterol in the yeast cell membrane. Additionally, the interactions between LIN with antiseptics such as chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium, and triclosan showed beneficial synergistic effect (with FIC = 0.3125–0.375), or an additive effect with silver nitrate and chlorquinaldol (FIC = 0.625–1). Moreover, statistically significant differences in MIC values were found for the synergistic combinations of LIN. No interaction was indicated for nystatin. These results confirm that the LIN seems to be a promising plant component used alone or in combination with other antimycotics in the prevention and treatment of superficial fungal infections. However, further clinical trials are required.
... Some alternative means of control that avoid disturbances to environmental dynamics, as well as to the health of humans and animals, include the use of biopesticides derived from natural plant products, such as plant extracts, volatile organic compounds, essential oils and resins [10][11][12]. These contain different types of secondary metabolites of an antimicrobial nature, such as terpenoids, alkaloids and phenols; however, these metabolites are selective and/or play specific roles in different biological events, so they may not always be effective, depending on the plant species and the microorganism [13]. ...
UV-A radiation is a tool that has a stimulant action in plants and can be used to induce benefits through the production of bioactive compounds and the synthesis of secondary metabolites, among others. Particularly, its application could stimulate tolerance to the biotic stress caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) in tomato plants; for this reason, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of UV-A radiation to stimulate tolerance against Fol. For this, a tomato crop was established in which two conditions of supplementation with UV-A radiation were tested on plants inoculated with the fungus Fol. The pathogen’s impact on the agronomic parameters, its incidence and severity, and the contents of stress biomarkers, secondary metabolites and photosynthetic pigments were determined. The results show that the impact of the pathogen on severity was about 60%; therefore, the impact on fruit yield was also negative (−31%). Moreover, the pathogen significantly impacted the content of stress biomarkers, and the positive control increased H2O2 (+23.9%), malondialdehyde (+41.7%) and proline (+54.8%). In contrast, UV-A radiation significantly decreased Fol severity (−35.5%), and prevented its negative effect on the tomato plant/fruit yield. In addition, the application of UV-A radiation decreased the contents of stress biomarkers (−10.4% O2•−, −22% H2O2, and −16% MDA), and increased the contents of secondary metabolites (+13.2% flavonoids, +35% anthocyanins) and photosynthetic pigments (+17% β-carotene, +12% yellow pigments, and +19.8% total chlorophyll) in the plants inoculated with the pathogen. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the application of UV-A radiation is a good alternative means to control the attack of pathogens such as Fol on tomato plants, without adverse consequences for the environment or the crop.
In the Chilean indigenous culture, the tree Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) Canelo is of great importance and is considered the sacred Mapuche tree. It has antibacterial and disinfectant properties and is used in the treatment of various diseases, such as fevers, ulcers, cancers, and respiratory tract problems. The essential oil obtained from D. winteri, DW_EO, is bioactive, possesses insecticidal and repellent properties against pests, and shows activity toward plant growth regulators. It also has a phytotoxic effect against the growth and germination of weeds. The essential oil obtained from the leaves and bark of Drimys winteri has demonstrated antifungal, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties in in vitro and in vivo studies. It also possesses antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects. The essential oil contains monoterpenes such as zafrol, pinenes, and linalool, among others, that contribute to its bioactivity. The DW_EO and bioactive compounds have great potential in various applications in medicine, industrial food, sanitizer, and other areas.
