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Effect of dietary L-serine on food intake of mother. Food intake was examined every 3 days. Means ± SEM, n=7-8. P, postnatal day after delivery or birth.
Source publication
The growth of offspring is affected not only by the protein in maternal milk but also by the free amino acids (FAAs) contained in it. L-Serine (L-Ser) is known as an important FAA for the development of the central nervous system and locomotor activity. However, it is not clear whether L-Ser is transported into the pool of FAAs contained in milk an...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... in the mothers' food intake are shown in Fig. 2. A significant (P<0.001) interaction between treatment and days was observed, implying that food intake was comparable between the two groups without any reduction in the Ser group except for P12-15. Post hoc analysis clarified that food intake in the Ser group was significantly lower than that in the Con group at P12-15 ...
Citations
... We evaluated the role of serine deficiency in the behavioral abnor malities by perinatal administration of L-serine to the dam, which increases L-serine levels in the offspring's plasma (23). We took advantage of the fact that Slc38a5 is not the sole serine transporter at the BBB, as the deletion of Slc38a5 only reduces the overall brain serine influx by 30% (Fig. 3B). ...
Brain L-serine is critical for neurodevelopment and is thought to be synthesized solely from glucose. In contrast, we found that the influx of L-serine across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is essential for brain development. We identified the endothelial Slc38a5, previously thought to be a glutamine transporter, as an L-serine transporter expressed at the BBB in early postnatal life. Young Slc38a5 knockout (KO) mice exhibit developmental alterations and a decrease in brain L-serine and D-serine, without changes in serum or liver amino acids. Slc38a5-KO brains exhibit accumulation of neurotoxic deoxysphingolipids, synaptic and mitochondrial abnormalities, and decreased neurogenesis at the dentate gyrus. Slc38a5-KO pups exhibit motor impairments that are affected by the administration of L-serine at concentrations that replenish the serine pool in the brain. Our results highlight a critical role of Slc38a5 in supplying L-serine via the BBB for proper brain development.
... L-serine and its associated metabolism are thought to be essential for several specific functions in the central nervous system, including cell proliferation and intracellular metabolism [68,69]. L-serine is also considered to be a free amino acid essential for exercise [70]. Furthermore, glycine is a possible source of L-serine [68]. ...
Simple Summary
The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is an important aquatic invertebrate, which has high nutritional and medicinal value. Kisspeptins are neuropeptides encoded by the kiss1 gene, and little is known about them outside of the vertebrate lineage. In this study, we investigated the effect of KPs on locomotor behavior in one control group and two treatment groups (AjK1 and AjK2). We found that AjK1 had a significant dose effect, mainly by reducing the stride length and duration of movement to decrease the movement distance of sea cucumbers, whereas AjK2 had little inhibitory effect at the same dose. The levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC),uridine, glycine, and L-serine in the longitudinal muscle of A. japonicus treated with AjK1 differed significantly from those of the control, which may explain the observed changes in locomotor behavior.
Abstract
Kisspeptins are neuropeptides encoded by the kiss1 gene, and little is known about them outside the vertebrate lineage. Two kisspeptin-type neuropeptides (KPs) have been discovered in Apostichopus japonicus (AjK1 and AjK2), an edible sea cucumber, and have been linked to reproductive and metabolic regulation. In this study, we evaluated how KPs affected locomotor behavior in one control group and two treatment groups (AjK1 and AjK2). We discovered that AjK1 had a significant dose effect, primarily by shortening the stride length and duration of movement to reduce the sea cucumber movement distance, whereas AjK2 had little inhibitory effect at the same dose. The levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), uridine, glycine, and L-serine in the longitudinal muscle of A. japonicus treated with AjK1 differed significantly from those of the control, which may explain the observed changes in locomotor behavior. Treatment with AjK2 induced changes in aspartate levels. Our results imply that AjK1 is more likely than AjK2 to have a role in the regulation of A. japonicus locomotion.
... On the other hand, although L-serine levels did not change significantly in the plasma of the L-serinetreated group, their levels in maternal milk were high (more than 100 nmol/mL) compared with the control group. These data suggested that plasma L-serine transferred efficiently to milk [17]. However, no report has so far been made on the transfer of L-ornithine to milk. ...
... Milking was done according to Nagamachi et al. [17]. Milk was stored at −80 • C until analysis. ...
... L-Arginine transfer to milk is certainly low [16], but L-ornithine, a metabolite of L-arginine investigated here, seemed to transfer to milk more easily than L-arginine. This is close to the results observed with L-serine [17]. Our results from the time-course changes in L-ornithine concentration suggest that the time of L-ornithine ingestion by the mother may be important to give L-ornithine-rich milk to the infant. ...
Along the maternal–fetal–neonatal axis, one of the problems relating to the maternal–neonatal axis is infant sleep problems including nighttime crying. One possible solution could be to provide the newborn with sleep-promoting ingredients through breast milk or formula. So far, it has been reported that L-ornithine has a sleep-related effect. Therefore, we investigated the effect of dietary L-ornithine on maternal mouse plasma and milk L-ornithine levels in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, a single dose of L-ornithine was applied to know the time-course changes in plasma, mammary gland and milk L-ornithine levels. Experiment 3 was conducted to confirm sleep behavior as well as changes in polyamine levels in milk. L-Ornithine levels in maternal plasma significantly increased by both dietary regimen and single oral administration in Experiments 1 and 2. Both L-ornithine treatments also increased its levels in milk, although not to a concentration as high as in plasma. In Experiment 3, the level of polyamines, which are metabolized from L-ornithine, did not significantly differ after L-ornithine administration. In sleep-like behavior observations, the average concentration of L-ornithine in milk did not increase the sleep-like behavior of mouse pups. However, more concentrated L-ornithine solutions can significantly increase sleep-like behavior. These results revealed that even if mothers ingested L-ornithine to increase L-ornithine levels in breast milk, it is difficult to promote sleep in newborns. Because it is difficult to raise L-ornithine in breast milk to sleep-inducing levels, L-ornithine added formula may partially improve infant sleep and has the potential for preventing infant sleep problems such as nighttime crying.
... A large number of studies (n = 20) investigated the effects of different levels of dietary protein on anxiety symptoms [79,[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103]. More than two thirds (n = 14, 70%) of animal studies assessing the impact of protein malnutrition reported a worsening of anxiety symptoms [79,85,[90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101]. ...
Health behaviors during pregnancy have an impact on the developing offspring. Dietary factors play a role in the development of mental illness: however, less is known about the impact of diet factors during pre-conception, gestation, and lactation on anxiety levels in offspring. This scoping review sought to systematically map the available research involving human and animal subjects to identify nutritional interventions which may have a harmful or protective effect, as well as identify gaps. Studies investigating an association between any perinatal diet pattern or diet constituent and offspring anxiety were included. The number of studies reporting an association with increased or decreased levels of anxiety were counted and presented in figures. A total of 55,914 results were identified as part of a larger scoping review, and 120 articles met the criteria for inclusion. A greater intake of phytochemicals and vitamins were associated with decreased offspring anxiety whereas maternal caloric restriction, protein restriction, reduced omega-3 consumption, and exposure to a high fat diet were associated with higher levels of offspring anxiety. Results were limited by a very large proportion of animal studies. High quality intervention studies involving human subjects are warranted to elucidate the precise dietary factors or constituents that modulate the risk of anxiety in offspring.
... Consequently, the increased Sepp1 concentration in the serum of offspring may directly come from lactation. Additionally, maternal dietary serine increased the serine concentration in milk either in rats [18] or in pigs (data not shown). The piglets can obtain more serine from the lactating sows with a diet supplemented with serine. ...
Serine can regulate selenoprotein expression, and dietary serine is correlated with the contents of plasma selenoprotein P (Sepp1) and milk selenium (Se) in lactating mothers. Based on this, we investigated the effects of serine supplementation in the diets of late gestating and lactating sows on Sepp1 and Se contents in sows and their offspring. A total of 72 sows were assigned to four groups. During the experiment, sows were fed either a basal diet or basal diets supplemented with three different levels of serine. The results showed that maternal dietary serine had no effect on the Se content in the serum of sows and their offspring, whereas it significantly increased the Se content in the liver of piglets at the age of 21 days. Maternal dietary serine significantly increased Sepp1 content, either in the serum of sows or that in their offspring at the ages of 3 days, 7 days, and 21 days. Additionally, maternal dietary serine significantly increased litter weight and the average body weight of piglets at the age of 11 days. Notably, a positive correlation was found between the average body weight of piglets at the age of 11 days and serum Sepp1 content in piglets, at the age of either 3 days or 7 days. In conclusion, maternal dietary serine supplementation could improve Se nutritional status in sows and their offspring. These beneficial changes may contribute to the higher body weight of the offspring.
... The impact of maternal serine supplementation on average daily gain in piglets can likely be explained by a previous study on mice, which found that the dietary inclusion of L-serine significantly increased L-serine levels in milk. Interestingly, however, the same study found that L-serine supplementation also caused a significant decrease in glutamic acid, tau, L-alanine, and D-alanine, and led to decreased bodyweight of offspring in the L-serine-supplemented group [58]. However, in further studies in pigs these negative effects were not noted [46,58]. ...
... Interestingly, however, the same study found that L-serine supplementation also caused a significant decrease in glutamic acid, tau, L-alanine, and D-alanine, and led to decreased bodyweight of offspring in the L-serine-supplemented group [58]. However, in further studies in pigs these negative effects were not noted [46,58]. Prior to the study mentioned above by He et al. (2020), the effects of maternal serine supplementation during gestation and lactation were unknown. ...
Piglet mortality during parturition and prior to weaning is an ongoing economic and welfare issue. This review collates the current literature describing the effects of specific dietary supplements on key parameters affecting piglet survival. Four distinct parameters were identified as having a direct impact on the survival of piglets to weaning: stillbirth rate, birth weight and weight variation, daily gain and weaning weight, and colostrum and milk quality. In the primary stage, relevant literature from the past 5 years was reviewed, followed by a secondary review of literature older than 5 years. The focal parameters benefitted from different supplements. For example, stillbirth may be reduced by supplements in late gestation, including forms of arginine, alpha-tocopherol-selenium, uridine, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast culture, whereas average daily gain and weaning weight were related closely to supplements which improved colostrum and milk quality, most commonly fats and fatty acids in the form of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, soybean oil, and fish oil, and polysaccharides, such as ginseng polysaccharide. Therefore, an effective supplement plan for piglet mortality reduction must consider the circumstances of the individual system and target one or more of the highlighted parameters.
... A previous study showed that dietary serine during pregnancy and lactation not only affected the content of free amino acids in milk, but also altered their content in 20-day-old rat offspring. 6 Additionally, our previous study found that the anti-oxidant ability of weanling offspring of dams was affected by maternal serine deficiency. 7 These results suggest that maternal dietary serine may affect the formation and development of the anti-oxidant system of progeny. ...
Maternal dietary serine affects free amino acid content in milk and the antioxidant ability of progeny. However, whether maternal dietary serine has any effects on offspring performance in pigs and related metabolic consequences remains unknown. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of maternal dietary serine from late pregnancy to lactation on sow reproductive performance and offspring performance, and on the metabolome of milk and the serum of sows and their offspring. The results showed that sows fed a diet supplemented with 25% serine of the basal diet (L-Ser) had a higher litter weight, and higher average piglet weight at birth and aged 21 days when compared with sows fed the basal diet (CON). We found a large number of metabolites in both colostrum and milk that differed significantly between sows in the CON and L-Ser groups. Additionally, twenty metabolites differed in the serum of piglets aged 21 days between the CON and L-Ser groups. Most of these metabolites are involved in purine and pyrimidine metabolism, glutathione and taurine metabolism, as well as phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism, which may contribute to the growth-promoting effects of serine on offspring. Our results imply that maternal serine has the potential to improve offspring outcomes.
... While the observation that offspring drinking behavior followed that predicted from the paternal genotype, this observation does not rule out a role for the maternal genotype. Epigenetic effects induced by the pre-, neo-, and post-natal environment undoubtedly play a role in determining the progeny's behavior (Brancato et al., 2018;Fleten et al., 2012;Nagamachi et al., 2018;Purcell et al., 2011), including ethanol intake. It would be interesting to dissect differences between P and NP rat maternal care, milk composition, and intrauterine environments. ...
BACKGROUND
Paternal alcohol abuse is a well-recognized risk factor for the development of an alcohol use disorder (AUD). In addition to genetic and environmental risk factors, heritable epigenetic factors also have been proposed to play a key role in the development of AUD. However, it is not clear whether epigenetic factors contribute to the genetic inheritance in families affected by AUD. We used reciprocal crosses of the alcohol-preferring (P) and non-preferring (NP) rat lines to test whether epigenetic factors also impacted alcohol drinking in up to two generations of offspring.
METHODS
F1 offspring derived by reciprocal breeding of P and NP rats were tested for differences in alcohol consumption using a free-choice protocol of 10% EtOH, 20% EtOH and water that are available concurrently. In a separate experiment, an F2 population was tested for non-genetic effects related to alcohol consumption. These rats were generated from inbred P (iP) and iNP rat lines that were reciprocally bred to produce genetically identical F1 offspring that remained alcohol-naïve. Intercrosses of the F1 generation animals produced the F2 generation. Alcohol consumption was then assessed in the F2 generation using a standard two-bottle choice protocol, and analyzed using genome-wide linkage analysis. Alcohol consumption measures were also analyzed for sex differences.
RESULTS
Average alcohol consumption was higher in the F1 offspring of P vs. NP sires and in the F2 offspring of F0 iP vs iNP grandsires. Linkage analyses showed the maximum LOD scores for alcohol consumption in both male and female offspring were on chromosome 4 (Chr 4). The LOD score for both sexes considered together was higher when the grandsire was iP vs iNP (5.0 vs 3.35, respectively). Furthermore, the F2 population displayed enhanced alcohol consumption when the P alleles from the F0 sire were present.
CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that epigenetic and/or non-genetic factors mapping to rat chromosome 4 contribute to a transgenerational paternal effect on alcohol consumption in the P and NP rat model of AUD.
Edible ligand-metal-organic frameworks (EL-MOFs) have a tremendous potential in practical applications including but not limiting to biomedicine, chemistry, environment, food, and pharmacy. EL-MOFs not only retain advantages of conventional MOFs with high porosity, large specific surface area, flexible pore structure, and abundant binding sites, but also bring desirable appeals like nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness. Here, the synthesis and structures of EL-MOFs were firstly introduced. Secondly, their physical and chemical properties including thermal stability, chemical stability, and adsorption and desorption were objectively evaluated. Thirdly, biocompatibility and potential applications of EL-MOFs, especially reported in the last five years, were comprehensively summarized and discussed. At last, potential opportunities and challenges of EL-MOFs were prospected.
D-Amino acids exert various physiological functions and are widely present in animals. However, they are absorbed to a lesser extent than L-amino acids. Little is known about D-arginine (D-Arg); however, its isomer L-Arg serves as a substrate for several metabolites and exhibits various functions including promotion of growth hormone secretion. Milk is the only nutrient source for infants; it plays an important role during their initial growth and brain development. No studies have evaluated the availability of D-Arg in the brain and milk in mammals. Here, we have studied the differential availability of orally administered D- and L-Arg in the brain and milk using ICR mice. Our results revealed that without D-Arg administration, D-Arg was undetectable in both plasma and brain samples. However, the plasma D-Arg was about twice the concentration of L-Arg post administration of the same. In the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus, L-Arg concentration remained almost constant for over period of 90 min after L-Arg treatment. Nevertheless, the L-Arg concentration decreased after D-Arg administration with time compared to the case post L-Arg administration. Contrastingly, D-Arg level sharply increased at both the brain regions with time after D-Arg treatment. Furthermore, L-Arg concentration in the milk hardly increased after L-Arg administration. Interestingly, oral administration of D-Arg showed efficient enrichment of D-Arg in milk, compared with L-Arg. Thus, our results imply that D-Arg may be available for brain development and infant nourishment through milk as an oral drug and/or nutrient supplement.
