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Effect of chitosan and oligochitosan with different concentrations on diseases of peach fruit stored at 25 • C after 4 days. Bars represent standard deviations of the means according to three independent experiments.
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The effects of chitosan and oligachitosan on resistance induction of peach fruit against brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola were investigated. Both chitosan and oligochitosan showed significant effect on controlling this disease. Moreover, chitosan and oligochitosan delayed fruit softening and senescence. The two antifungal substances enhance...
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Context 1
... incidence of brown rot in peach fruit caused by M. fructicola was investigated after 4 days of storage at 25 • C. As shown in Fig. 1, chitosan and oligochitosan at 0.5 or 5 g L −1 significantly decreased disease incidence. Moreover, at the concentration of 0.5 g L −1 , chitosan exhibited better control effect than that of oligochitosan. When the concentration increased to 5 g L −1 , there was no significant difference in the control effects of the two antifungal ...
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... at very low concentrations (Bautista- Bã nos et al., 2006). In the present study, we demonstrated that by dipping treatment, chitosan and oligochitosan were effective in controlling brown rot caused by artificial inoculation of M. fructicola in peach fruit, and the control effect increased with the treatment concentrations from 0.5 or 5 g L −1 (Fig. 1). Similar results were found in other fungal pathogens in previous studies. Bautista-Bã nos, Hernández-López, Bosquez-Molina, & Wilson (2003) reported that chitosan dipping treatment could inhibit the development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on papaya, and chitosan at 15 g L −1 showed better control effect than that at 5 g L −1 . ...
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... cell walls of pathogens or indirectly by releasing oligosaccharide and eliciting defense reactions. Both of these processes are potential defense mechanism against fungal infection . The inductive effect of chitosan and oligochitosan on antioxidant and defense response of peach fruit could contribute to the fruit resistance against M. fructicola (Fig. 1). In the present study, chitosan and oligochitosan induced the expression of GLU as an inducible gene and POD as a constitutive gene, and the inductive effect was most evident at 24 h after treatment (Fig. 4). It corresponded well to the change trend of enzyme ...
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Citations
... The enzyme PPO, which contributes to lignin formation and cell wall strengthening, is also upregulated, offering increased defense against pathogens like anthracnose (Colletotrichum camelliae) of camellia (Camellia pitardii) (Li & Zhu, 2013). Moreover, CAT, an antioxidant enzyme, has been observed to protect cells from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS), with chitosan treatment notably increasing POD activity in pears and peaches, and inhibiting spore germination and mycelial growth (Ma, Yang, Yan, Kennedy, & Meng, 2013;Meng, Yang, Kennedy, & Tian, 2010). Similarly, another study showed that chitosan nanoparticles enhanced POD activity, which delayed rice blast symptoms by 10 days and would re-duce the incidence of the disease (Muthukrishnan Sathiyabama & Manikandan, 2016). ...
... The multifunctional role pre-and post-harvest (coating) applications of CHI in horticultural crops has been recently reviewed [47]. The notable efficacy of chitosan against different plant pathogens was previously confirmed in many host-pathogen interactions, including the Prunus persica-Monilia fructicola pair [48,49]. In grapes, when chitosan was sprayed during the pre-bunch closure and veraison stages, the inhibition of Botrytis cinerea growth and the suppression of bunch rot were observed [50]. ...
Taphrina deformans is the causal agent of leaf curl, a serious peach disease which causes significant losses in peach production worldwide. Nowadays, in order to control plant diseases, it is necessary to adopt novel and low-cost alternatives to conventional chemical fungicides. These promising strategies are targeted at eliciting host defense mechanisms via priming the host through the consecutive application of plant immunity inducers prior to pathogen challenge. In this study, we investigated whether chitosan or yeast cell wall extracts could provide enhanced tolerance against leaf curl in two-season field trials. Furthermore, we addressed the possible molecular mechanisms involved beyond the priming of immune responses by monitoring the induction of key defense-related genes. The efficacy of spraying treatments against peach leaf curl with both inducers was significantly higher compared to the untreated control, showing efficacy in reducing disease severity of up to 62.6% and 73.9% for chitosan and yeast cell wall extracts, respectively. The application of chitosan in combination with copper hydroxide was more efficient in reducing disease incidence and severity, showing efficacy values in the range of 79.5–93.18%. Peach plantlets were also spray-treated with immunity inducers three times prior to leaf inoculation with T. deformans blastospores in their yeast phase. The relative expression levels of nine key defense and priming genes, including those encoding members of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and hub genes associated with hormone biosynthesis, were monitored by RT-qPCR across three days after inoculation (dai). The results indicate that pre-treatments with these plant immunity inducers activated the induction of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) defense signaling pathways that may offer systemic resistance, coupled with the upregulation of genes conferring direct antimicrobial effects. Our experiments suggest that these two plant immunity inducers could constitute useful components towards the effective control of T. deformans in peach crops.
... Both systems work together to limit intracellular ROS levels and protect cells from oxidative damage. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) are some of the common cellular enzymes that protect against ROS damage [27][28][29][30]. Glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AsA) are common plant antioxidants. ...
... Xcc and other pathogen infection usually activate the plant ROS production system [27][28][29]. The increase in ROS not only has a direct toxic effect on pathogens, but can also induce the biosynthesis of phytoprotectin and act as a signal molecule to activate and regulate the expression of related genes in plants [58]. ...
Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) significantly affects the production of cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables. Plant antioxidant system plays an important role in pathogen invasion and is one of the main mechanisms underlying resistance to biological stress. Therefore, it is important to study the resistance mechanisms of the cabbage antioxidant system during the early stages of Xcc. In this study, 10⁸ CFU/mL (OD600 = 0.1) Xcc race1 was inoculated on “zhonggan 11” cabbage using the spraying method. The effects of Xcc infection on the antioxidant system before and after Xcc inoculation (0, 1, 3, and 5 d) were studied by physiological indexes determination, transcriptome and metabolome analyses. We concluded that early Xcc infection can destroy the balance of the active oxygen metabolism system, increase the generation of free radicals, and decrease the scavenging ability, leading to membrane lipid peroxidation, resulting in the destruction of the biofilm system and metabolic disorders. In response to Xcc infection, cabbage clears a series of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during Xcc infection via various antioxidant pathways. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) increased after Xcc infection, and the ROS scavenging rate increased. The biosynthesis of non-obligate antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), is also enhanced after Xcc infection. Moreover, the alkaloid and vitamin contents increased significantly after Xcc infection. We concluded that cabbage could resist Xcc invasion by maintaining the stability of the cell membrane system and improving the biosynthesis of antioxidant substances and enzymes after infection by Xcc. Our results provide theoretical basis and data support for subsequent research on the cruciferous vegetables resistance mechanism and breeding to Xcc.
... Peach fruit is climacteric and has a short postharvest life with a high susceptibility to pathogens. Particularly, brown rot caused by the necrotrophic fungus M. fructicola is a major disease for peach fruit [24]. Natural resistance inducers have been proposed as an alternative and innovative approach for efficient disease control in crops [27]. ...
... Natural resistance inducers have been proposed as an alternative and innovative approach for efficient disease control in crops [27]. Among them, chitosan, a versatile compound, is known, even at very low concentrations, to show direct antifungal activity and trigger, as a non-microbial elicitor, the defense mechanisms in plants that are challenged by pathogens [11,24,25]. Therefore, due to the dual nature of its action, chitosan is an autocidal fungal pathogen molecule that exhibits different mechanisms of action that may be directly related to the inhibition of pathogen's growth, fertility, and multiplication [28]. ...
... The antifungal activity of chitosan was confirmed against phytopathogenic fungi either in vitro or in planta conditions [28]. In regard to M. fructicola, the application of chitosan significantly reduced the disease incidence in peach fruits [24], whereas efficient control of postharvest diseases was adequately postulated upon its application [29]. Apart from its fungistatic properties, the elicitation of plant defense responses by chitosan upon facing fungal challenge [19,[25][26][27]30,31] allows for its assignment as a promising defense modulator and resistance inducer to combat fungal pathogens, moving towards sustainable disease management. ...
The peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most important stone-fruit crops worldwide. Nevertheless, successful peach fruit production is seriously reduced by losses due to Monilinia fructicola the causal agent of brown rot. Chitosan has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties and may also act as an elicitor that activate defense responses in plants. As little is known about the elicitation potential of chitosan in peach fruits and its impact at their transcriptional-level profiles, the aim of this study was to uncover using RNA-seq the induced responses regulated by the action of chitosan in fruit–chitosan–M. fructicola interaction. Samples were obtained from fruits treated with chitosan or inoculated with M. fructicola, as well from fruits pre-treated with chitosan and thereafter inoculated with the fungus. Chitosan was found to delay the postharvest decay of fruits, and expression profiles showed that its defense-priming effects were mainly evident after the pathogen challenge, driven particularly by modulations of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cell-wall modifications, pathogen perception, and signal transduction, preventing the spread of fungus. In contrast, as the compatible interaction of fruits with M. fructicola was challenged, a shift towards defense responses was triggered with a delay, which was insufficient to limit fungal expansion, whereas DEGs involved in particular processes have facilitated early pathogen colonization. Physiological indicators of peach fruits were also measured. Additionally, expression profiles of particular M. fructicola genes highlight the direct antimicrobial activity of chitosan against the fungus. Overall, the results clarify the possible mechanisms of chitosan-mediated tolerance to M. fructicola and set new foundations for the potential employment of chitosan in the control of brown rot in peaches.
... As an illustration, the application of chitosan, a widely used derivative, resulted in the induction of PR proteins, antimicrobial proteins, such as CHI and GLU, activation of the antioxidant defense system in fruits by promoting the production of POD, and accumulation of phenolic compounds [159]. The induction of these defense mechanisms has been associated with the elicited resistance against various microorganisms, such as B. cinerea, Monilinia fructicola, and P. italicum, across multiple plant species [160][161][162]. ...
Vegetables and fruits are highly perishable agricultural commodities cultivated all over the world. However, inadequate handling practices have led to significant postharvest losses of these agricultural commodities, as well as the wastage of valuable resources, such as time and money. Hence, it can be observed that cultivators often experience significant financial setbacks as a result of inadequate comprehension regarding the nature and origins of these losses, insufficient preservation practices, and ineffective approaches to transportation and marketing. In addition, the utilization of suitable chemical agents during both the pre- and postharvest phases has the potential to prolong the shelf life of agricultural products. This preservation technique safeguards vegetables and fruits from pathogenic organisms and other forms of environmental harm, thereby enabling their availability for an extended duration. Therefore, this review proposes a methodology for managing fruits and vegetables postharvest to minimize losses and optimize returns
... Previous studies reported the concentration-dependent inhibitory effectiveness of chitosan and oligochitosan on the mycelial growth and spore germination of M. fructicola [49]. Additionally, in vivo postharvest studies evidenced that the control of brown rot caused by M. fructicola was higher at a concentration of 0.5% compared to that of 0.05% [50]. We observed a decrease in mycelial growth inhibition relative to the reduced concentration of the compounds. ...
Use of novel alternative compounds in agriculture is being promoted to reduce synthetic pesticides. An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of chitosan hydrochloride (CH) and COS (chito-oligosaccharides)-OGA (oligo-galacturonides) at concentrations of 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.025%. COS-OGA at 1% and 0.5% concentrations completely inhibited mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata, Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa, Monilinia fructigena, and Monilinia fructicola. Further, complete inhibition was observed with 0.25% COS-OGA for M. fructigena and M. laxa. Inhibition for B. cinerea, M. fructicola, A. alternata, and A. brassicicola at 0.25% COS-OGA was 86.75%, 76.31%, 69.73%, and 60.45%, respectively. M. laxa and M. fructigena were completely inhibited by CH concentrations of 1–0.25% and M. fructicola by concentrations of 1–0.5%. At CH 0.25%, inhibition for M. fructicola, A. brassicicola, A. alternata, and B. cinerea was 93.99%, 80.99%, 69.73%, and 57.23%, respectively. CH showed effective antibacterial activity against foodborne Escherichia coli. COS-OGA had higher antioxidant activity than CH when assessed by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Our findings offer insights into the antimicrobial efficacy and mechanisms of action of these novel compounds, which have the potential to serve as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. In vivo investigations are required to validate the prospective application of these treatments for pre- and postharvest disease management.
... Peaches treated with chitosan had considerably higher peroxidase-gene expression than untreated peaches (Ma et al., 2013). Awadalla and Mahmoud used a novel chitosan derivative (carboxymethyl chitosan) to stimulate phytoalexins and induce Fusarium wilt resistance in cotton seeds (Awadalla and Mahamoud, 2005). ...
... Both systems work together to limit intracellular ROS levels and protect cells from oxidative damage. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) is common cellular enzymes that protect against ROS damage [28][29][30][31]. Glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AsA) are common plant antioxidants. ...
... In addition, osmotic substances alleviate cellular damage. Environmental stresses such as pathogen infection usually activate the plant reactive oxygen species (ROS) production system [28][29][30]. On the one hand, the increase in ROS not only has a direct toxic effect on pathogens, but can also induce the biosynthesis of phytoprotectin and act as a signal molecule to activate and regulate the expression of related genes in plants [59]. ...
Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ( Xcc ) significantly affects the production of cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables. Plant antioxidant system plays an important role in pathogen invasion and is one of the main mechanisms underlying resistance to biological stress. Therefore, it is important to study the resistance mechanisms of the cabbage antioxidant system during the early stages of Xcc . In this study, Xcc race1 was inoculated on "zhonggan 11" cabbage using the spraying method. The effects of Xcc infection on the antioxidant system before and after Xcc inoculation were studied by physiological indexes determination and transcriptome and metabolome analyses. We concluded that early Xcc infection can destroy the balance of the active oxygen metabolism system, increase the generation of free radicals, and decrease the scavenging ability, leading to membrane lipid peroxidation, resulting in the destruction of the biofilm system and metabolic disorders. In response to Xcc infection, cabbage clears a series of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during Xcc infection via various antioxidant pathways. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) increased after Xcc infection, and the ROS scavenging rate increased. The biosynthesis of non-obligate antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), is also enhanced after Xcc infection. Moreover, the alkaloid and vitamin contents increased significantly after Xcc infection. We concluded that cabbage could resist Xcc invasion by maintaining the stability of the cell membrane system and improving the biosynthesis of antioxidant substances and enzymes after infection by Xcc . Our results provide a theoretical basis for subsequent research on the cabbage’s resistance mechanism to Xcc .
... Due to research by Jongsri et al. [91], high molecular weight Chitosan (HM-CTS) applied during post-harvest storage of 'Nam Dok Mai' mango can slow down deteriorative processes, keep the fruit's quality intact, and lengthen its storage life. Ma et al. (2013) studied the effects of CHI and oligoCHI on the resistance of peach fruit against brown rot brought on by Monilinia fructicola (M. fructicola) [92]. ...
... Ma et al. (2013) studied the effects of CHI and oligoCHI on the resistance of peach fruit against brown rot brought on by Monilinia fructicola (M. fructicola) [92]. They demonstrated the effectiveness of these natural substances in controlling disease and maintaining peach fruit quality. ...
In response to increasing concerns over food waste and safety, and the environmental impacts of traditional conservation methods, this review aims to explore the potential of bio-coatings in preserving the freshness of fruits and vegetables. Our primary objective is to provide a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in bio-coating technologies, detailing their benefits in terms of enhancing food safety, prolonging shelf life, and reducing waste. This paper delves into various forms of bio-coatings, their applications, and their effectiveness in maintaining post-harvest quality. We further elucidate the underlying mechanisms that govern their preservation efficacy. This review is intended for researchers, industry professionals, and policy makers who are interested in sustainable preservation alternatives and their implications for food security and environmental sustainability. By the end of this review, the audience will gain a thorough understanding of the current state of bio-coating technology and its prospects in the food preservation industry.
... Compounds, such as cis-Jasmone (CJ), β-ocimene, benzothiadiazole, and methyl jasmonate chitosan, have shown an elevated level of defence in plants, like B. napus, S. tuberosum, and L. esculentum, respectively [3,69]. In particular, the exogenous application of MeJA induces the formation of defence enzymes and reduces pupal/larval weights, performance, population densities, and feeding behaviour [166][167][168][169][170]. CJ is another well-known example of a plant defence elicitor, which has been tested on several important crops, including brassica, tomato, wheat, maize, sweet paper, and cotton, against sucking pests [3,105,106,171,[172][173][174]. ...
... Compounds, such as cis-Jasmone (CJ), β-ocimene, benzothiadiazole, and methyl jasmonate chitosan, have shown an elevated level of defence in plants, like B. napus, S. tuberosum, and L. esculentum, respectively [3,69]. In particular, the exogenous application of MeJA induces the formation of defence enzymes and reduces pupal/larval weights, performance, population densities, and feeding behaviour [166][167][168][169][170]. CJ is another well-known example of a plant defence elicitor, which has been tested on several important crops, including brassica, tomato, wheat, maize, sweet paper, and cotton, against sucking pests [3,105,106,[171][172][173][174]. ...
The peach–potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is one of the most important pests of economic crops. It damages the plant directly by consuming nutrients and water and indirectly by transmitting plant viruses. This pest has the unenviable title of having resistance to more insecticides than any other herbivorous insect pest. Due to the development of its resistance to chemical pesticides, it is necessary to find other control options. Consequently, increased efforts worldwide have been undertaken to develop new management approaches for M. persicae. In this review, we highlight the problems associated with the peach–potato aphid, its economic importance, and current management approaches. This review also describes the challenges with current management approaches and their potential solutions, with special focus given to the evolution of insecticidal resistance and sustainable pest management strategies, such as biocontrol agents, entomopathogens, the use of natural plant-derived compounds, and cultural methods. Furthermore, this review provides some successful approaches from the above eco-friendly pest management strategies that show high efficacy against M. persicae.
