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Effect of caraway essential oil and its main compound (Carvone) tested at different concentrations on P. aeruginosa PAO1 (virulence-related properties controlled by quorum-sensing system: (A) proteolytic activity; (B) elastolytic activity). Values are the average of at least three independent determinations. Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 based on Duncan's multiple range test.
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The main objectives of the present study were to investigate anti-Vibrio spp., antibiofilms, and anti-quorum-sensing (anti-QS) properties of caraway essential oil in relation to their phytochemical composition. The results obtained show the identification of twelve compounds, with carvone (58.2%) and limonene (38.5%) being the main ones. The obtain...
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... of elastase and protease by the PAO1 strain was also inhibited by caraway essential oil, as shown in Figure 3. In fact, proteolytic activity was reduced by 65.74% (4). ...
Context 2
... 4. Effect of caraway essential oil and its major compound (carvone) on the swarming activity of P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain expressed as mean diameter of growth on LB-0.5% agar (mm). Production of elastase and protease by the PAO1 strain was also inhibited by caraway essential oil, as shown in Figure 3. In fact, proteolytic activity was reduced by 65.74% at 0.05 mg/mL for caraway essential oil and by 67.03% for carvone. ...
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Vibrio parahemolyticus is the "Number one killer" of seafood products. Anti-vibrio agents having low cost and high-safety are urgently needed to supplement the application needs. This work attempted to prepare CS-CT-CCa complex with citral (CT), chitosan (CS) and calcium citrate (CCa) as raw material by microwave-assisted high-pressure homogenizati...
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... Of the nine compounds detected in C. carvi, about 69.86% of the constituents comprise oxygenated monoterpenes, including d-carvone (62.09%) along with other minor compounds such as p-menth-8-en-2-one (3.01%), cis-carveol (1.28%) and limonene-1,2-diol (1.24%), as well as d-limonene (29.58%). These results are consistent with another study by Ghannay et al. 38 , in which carvone (58.2%) and limonene (38.5%) are the main detected compounds. Similarly, Lasram et al. 39 reported that C. carvi EOs contained 15 different oxygenated and hydrocarbons monoterpenes which are dominated by carvone (78.85%) and limonene (18.62%). ...
The development of novel antioxidant compounds with high efficacy and low toxicity is of utmost importance in the medicine and food industries. Moreover, with increasing concerns about the safety of synthetic components, scientists are beginning to search for natural sources of antioxidants, especially essential oils (EOs). The combination of EOs may produce a higher scavenging profile than a single oil due to better chemical diversity in the mixture. Therefore, this exploratory study aims to assess the antioxidant activity of three EOs extracted from Cymbopogon flexuosus, Carum carvi, and Acorus calamus in individual and combined forms using the augmented-simplex design methodology. The in vitro antioxidant assays were performed using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging approaches. The results of the Chromatography Gas-Mass spectrometry (CG-MS) characterization showed that citral (29.62%) and niral (27.32%) are the main components for C. flexuosus, while d-carvone (62.09%) and d-limonene (29.58%) are the most dominant substances in C. carvi. By contrast, β-asarone (69.11%) was identified as the principal component of A. calamus (30.2%). The individual EO exhibits variable scavenging activities against ABTS and DPPH radicals. These effects were enhanced through the mixture of the three EOs. The optimal antioxidant formulation consisted of 20% C. flexuosus, 53% C. carvi, and 27% A. calamus for DPPHIC50. Whereas 17% C. flexuosus, 43% C. carvi, and 40% A. calamus is the best combination leading to the highest scavenging activity against ABTS radical. These findings suggest a new research avenue for EOs combinations to be developed as novel natural formulations useful in food and biopharmaceutical products.
... A study by Ghannay et al. [30] also showed that caraway essential oil exhibits antioxidant activities. In a DPPH assay, caraway EO showed potent antioxidant effects such as an IC 50 value of 15 ± 0.23 mg/mL. ...
... Reducing power test results showed that caraway EO exhibited a higher redox property (2.95-3.2 times) than to the commercial standards, BHT and ascorbic acid [30]. Compared with EDTA (IC 50 = 32.50 ± 1.32 mg/mL, positive control), caraway EO had 4.7 times significantly (p < 0.05) higher chelating power. ...
... Compared with EDTA (IC 50 = 32.50 ± 1.32 mg/mL, positive control), caraway EO had 4.7 times significantly (p < 0.05) higher chelating power. Furthermore, the findings of the research proved that there is no significant difference between caraway EO and BHT in inhibiting linoleic acid oxidation [30]. ...
The importance of antioxidants has gained much attention due to the increase in the prevalence of various non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases, which occur due to excess reactive species. The widespread use of synthetic antioxidants in the food industry has raised concerns about their potential harmful effects on health. As a result, the utilization of natural antioxidants to preserve food and as a source of dietary antioxidants has gained attention. Essential oils extracted from Apiaceae family plants are an excellent source of antioxidants. In this review, research findings regarding the antioxidant activity of selected Apiaceae family members and their applications are discussed.
... Furthermore, the essential oil of C. limon showed moderate anticandidal activities, with MIC values varying from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL, and MFC values of about 12.5 mg/mL against all tested Candida species. The tested essential oils exhibited fungicidal activities against all tested yeast strains (MFC/MIC value < 4) [24]. ...
Citrus, which belongs to the Rutaceae family, is a very widespread genus in the Mediterranean Basin. In Tunisia, various parts of these spontaneous or cultivated plants are used in common dishes or in traditional medicine. The purpose of this work was to investigate C. limon and C. paradisi essential oil (EO). The samples were studied for their chemical composition using SPME/MS, as well as their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) methods were used to evaluate the anticoagulant potentialities. The obtained results show that both essential oils are rich in monoterpenes hydrocarbons, whereby limonene is the main compound in C. paradisi EO (86.8%) and C. limon EO (60.6%). Moreover, C. paradisi EO contains β-pinene (13.3%), sabinene (2.2%) and α-pinene (2.1%). The antibacterial assay of the essential oils showed important bactericidal and fungicidal effects against all strains tested. In fact, the MICs values of C. limon EO ranged from 0.625 to 2.5 mg/mL against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL for Candida spp. strains, while C. paradisi EO was more active against all bacteria with low MICs values ranging from 0.192 to 0.786 mg/mL, and about 1.5 mg/mL against Candida species. Both tested Citrus EOs exhibited interesting anticoagulant activities as compared to heparin. The molecular docking approach was used to study the binding affinity and molecular interactions of all identified compounds with active sites of cytidine deaminase from Klebsiella pneumoniae (PDB: 6K63) and the C (30) carotenoid dehydrosqualene synthase from Staphylococcus aureus (PDB: 2ZCQ). The obtained results show that limonene had the highest binding score of −4.6 kcal.mol−1 with 6K63 enzyme, and −6.7 kcal.mol−1 with 2ZCQ receptor. The ADME profiling of the major constituents confirmed their important pharmacokinetic and drug-like properties. Hence, the obtained results highlight the potential use of both C. limon and C. paradisi essential oils as sources of bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-coagulant activities.
... accessed on 19 January 2022) and pkCSM webserver (https://biosig.lab.uq.edu.au/pkcsm/, accessed on 19 January 2022) [60][61][62]. ...
Illicium verum, or star anise, has many uses ranging from culinary to religious. It has been used in the food industry since ancient times. The main purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities of the essential oil (EO) obtained via hydro-distillation of the aerial parts of Illicium verum. Twenty-four components were identified representing 92.55% of the analyzed essential oil. (E)-anethole (83.68%), limonene (3.19%), and α-pinene (0.71%) were the main constituents of I. verum EO. The results show that the obtained EO was effective against eight bacterial strains to different degrees. Concerning the antibiofilm activity, trans-anethole was more effective against biofilm formation than the essential oil when tested using sub-inhibitory concentrations. The results of anti-swarming activity tested against P. aeruginosa PAO1 revealed that I. verum EO possesses more potent inhibitory effects on the swarming behavior of PAO1 when compared to trans-anethole, with the percentage reaching 38% at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The ADME profiling of the identified phytocompounds confirmed their important pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties. The in silico study using a molecular docking approach revealed a high binding score between the identified compounds with known target enzymes involved in antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing (QS) activities. Overall, the obtained results suggest I. verum EO to be a potentially good antimicrobial agent to prevent food contamination with foodborne pathogenic bacteria.
... Treated cotton fabrics especially in medical textiles with lavender, thyme and clove EOs had significant antibacterial activity against, S. aureus and Escherichia coli 38 . Numerous EOs and their individual components have been successfully used to combat a variety of pathogenic bacteria through their promising anti-quorum sensing and anti-biofilm forming properties [39][40][41][42][43] . ...
The most important uses of old fabrics include clothing, mummification, and bookbinding. However, because they are predominantly constructed of natural materials, they are particularly susceptible to physical and chemical deterioration brought on by fungi. The treatments that are typically used to preserve old textiles focus on the use of synthetic fungicides, which have the potential to be dangerous for both human health and the environment. Essential oils (EOs), which are safe for the environment and have no negative effects on human health, have been widely advocated as an alternative to conventional antifungals. Four natural fabrics—linen, cotton, wool, and silk—were utilized in the current work. The extracted EO from leaves of river red gum ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) were prepared at 125, 250, and 500 µL/L. Aspergillus flavus , Fusarium culmorum and Aspergillus niger were inoculated separately into the treated four fabrics with the EO at concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 µL/L or the main compounds (spathulenol and eucalyptol) at the concentrations of 6, 12, 25, and 50 µL/L and were then compared to the un-treated samples. GC–MS was used to analyze the EO chemical composition, while visual observations and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) were used to study the fungal growth inhibition. Spathulenol (26.56%), eucalyptol (14.91%), and p -cymene (12.40%) were the principal chemical components found in E. camaldulensis EO by GC–MS. Spathulenol molecule displayed the highest electrostatic potential (ESP) compared with the other primary compound, as calculated by quantum mechanics. In the untreated textile samples, SEM analysis revealed substantial proliferation of hyphae from A. flavus , F. culmorum , and A. niger . The fungal growth was completely inhibited at a concentration of 500 µL/L from the EO. Both eucalyptol and spathulenol completely inhibited the formation of the fungal spores at a concentration of 50 µL/L, although eucalyptol was more effective than spathulenol across the board for all four textiles. The results support E. camaldulensis EO functionalized textiles as an effective active antifungal agent.
... The chemical class characterization showed that caraway EO is mainly composed of monoterpene ketones (56.71%), represented by carvone and camphor, and monocyclic terpenes (39.63%), with limonene as the main constituent, followed by small proportions of groups of bicyclic terpenes, aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, oxides, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, sesquiterpene, and unknown compounds. These findings are consistent with those of Siwar et al. [36], who discovered that oxygenated monoterpenes (59.6%), monoterpenehydrocarbons (39%), and phenylpropanoids (0.1%) were the main components of caraway EO. The most prevalent chemicals were carvone (58.2%) and limonene (38.5%). ...
Background and aim Caraway is a famous medicinal plant in various pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities of this plant's essential oil (EO). Materials and methods Caraway EO was obtained from dried caraway seeds using the hydrodistillation process. The composition of caraway EO was inspected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. The antioxidant activity of caraway EO was determined by three different in vitro antioxidant assays: 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH •), 2,2'-azino-bis3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS •+) scavenging activity and reducing power. The agar well diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial action. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, and the data were expressed as the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50). Results and conclusion Carvone was the major compound of caraway EO, followed by limonene. Estimation of the antioxidant activity using DPPH • scavenging activity, ABTS •+ scavenging activity, and reducing power assays revealed effective efficacy [IC 50 =32.46±0.75, 2.44±0.44, and 17.65±0.70 μg/ml, respectively, compared with 11.55±0.53, 1.50±0.29, and 23.19±0.78 μg/ml for standard control (butylated hydroxyanisole), respectively]. Strong anticancer activity was detected against all types of cancer cells, especially the colon cell line (HCT-116) and liver cell line (HepG-2). These results suggest that caraway EO can be used as a preservative food agent in food industries as well as in the field of pharmacy, as it presents promising anticancer properties.
... In order to highlight the possibility of binding interactions between phytocompounds identified in A. graveolens essential oil and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and quorum sensing receptors, a docking approach was performed. For antimicrobial activity, S. aureus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (PDB ID, 1JIJ) and topoisomerase II DNA gyrase (PDB ID, 2XCT) proteins are promising drug candidates, leading to high selectivity and a broad spectrum of antibacterial agents [72,73]. The human peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) receptor (PDB ID, 1HD2) is a potential target for the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of selected bioactive compounds that permit the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and alkyl peroxide with the help of thiol-containing donor molecules [1,2]. ...
Citation: Noumi, E.; Ahmad, I.; Adnan, M.; Merghni, A.; Patel, H.; Haddaji, N.; Bouali, N.; Alabbosh, K.F.; Ghannay, S.; Aouadi, K.; et al. Abstract: Anethum graveolens L. has been known as an aromatic, medicinal, and culinary herb since ancient times. The main purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities of the essential oil (EO) obtained by hydro-distillation of the aerial parts. Twelve components were identified, representing 92.55% of the analyzed essential oil. Limonene (48.05%), carvone (37.94%), cis-dihydrocarvone (3.5%), and trans-carvone (1.07%) were the main identified constituents. Results showed that the obtained EO was effective against eight bacterial strains at different degrees. Concerning the antibiofilm activity, limonene was more effective against biofilm formation than the essential oil when tested using sub-inhibitory concentrations. The results of anti-swarming activity tested against P. aeruginosa PAO1 revealed that A. graveolens induced more potent inhibitory effects in the swarming behavior of the PAO1 strain when compared to limonene, with a percentage reaching 33.33% at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The ADME profiling of the identified phytocompounds confirms their important pharmacokinetic and drug-like properties. The in-silico study using molecular docking approaches reveals a high binding score between the identified compounds and known target enzymes involved in antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing (QS) activities. Overall, the obtained results highlight the possible use of A. graveolens EO to prevent food contamination with foodborne pathogenic bacteria.
... Similarly, the binding energy and inhibition constant, with several residues of the H-bonding outcome of receptor CviR ligand-binding domain, bound to the native ligand C6-HSL with several residues conferring H-bonding stability to the complex, were explored with ligand limonene interaction and supported the antibacterial potential of limonene. The previous study suggested that the antibacterial potential of limonene is mainly due to the inhibition of the CviR ligand-binding receptor [60]. ...
Aegle mamelons (A. marmelos) or Indian Bael leaves possess anti-cancerous and antibacterial properties and are used in the traditional medicine system for the treatment of oral infections. In the present study, the essential oil of the leaves of A. marmelos was explored for its anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-cariogenic properties. The hydro-distilled oil of A. marmelos leaves was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Monoterpene limonene (63.71%) was found to have the highest percentage after trans-2-Hydroxy-1,8-cineole and p-Menth-2,8-dien-1-ol. The MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay was used to investigate the anticancer activity of the extracted oil against human oral epidermal carcinoma (KB), and the results showed significantly higher (**** p < 0.0001) anticancer activity (45.89%) in the doxorubicin (47.87%) when compared to the normal control. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated using methods of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). The results showed a significant (*** p < 0.001) percentage of inhibition of DPPH-induced free radical (70.02 ± 1.6%) and ABTS-induced free radical (70.7 ± 1.32%) at 100 µg/mL with IC50, 72.51 and 67.33 µg/mL, respectively, comparatively lower than standard compound ascorbic acid. The results of the molecular docking study of the significant compound limonene with the receptors tyrosinase and tyrosine kinase 2 supported the in vitro antioxidant potential. The anti-cariogenic activity was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Results showed a significant minimum inhibitor concentration of 0.25 mg/mL and the killing time was achieved at 3 to 6 h. The molecular-docking study showed that limonene inhibits the surface receptors of the S. mutans c-terminal domain and CviR protein. The study found that A. marmelos leaves have potential anti-carcinoma, antioxidant, and anti-cariogenic effects on human oral epidermal health, making them a valuable natural therapeutic agent for managing oral cancer and infections.
... In recent years, computer simulation methods such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation have been widely used to study structure-function relationships and interaction mechanisms [53,54]. ...
This investigation aims to assess the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of Origanum vulgare var. aureum L. essential oil (OEO). The oil was obtained with a 0.34% (v/w dried weight) yield and investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. The main compounds of the OEO were found to be gamma-terpinene (22.96%), para-cymene (14.72%), germacrene (11.64%), beta-trans-ocimene (9.81%), and cis-beta-ocimene (7.65%). Furthermore, individual antioxidant assays 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and [2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium] (ABTS) radical scavenging activities and beta-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching were carried out. OEO demonstrated better scavenging effects on the DPPH (IC50 93.12 ± 0.03 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 27.63 ± 0.01 μg/mL) assays (significantly lower IC50 values; p ≤ 0.001) than ascorbic acid (IC50 127.39 ± 0.45 μg/mL). In the beta-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay, the OEO exhibited a higher Relative antioxidant activity (RAA %) (82.36 ± 0.14%) but lower compared with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (100%), with no significant differences (p > 0.05) observed. According to molecular docking results, the first two main compounds of the OEO, para-cymene, and gamma-terpinene, may potentially contribute to the biological antioxidant activity of the oil by inhibiting ROS (reactive oxygen species)-producing enzymes such as lipoxygenase and xanthin oxidase. These experimental data suggest that OEO could represent a valuable new natural antioxidant source with functional properties in the food or pharmaceutical industries.
... The main chemical components of CEO found in this study were limonene (28.55%) and carvone (69.7%), which accounted for more than 98% of CEO. This result is different from the previous research [22] and European Pharmacopoeia, which also defines that CEO should contain limonene (30~45%), carvone (50~65%), and β-myrcene. Still, it is similar to the CEO from German caraway containing carvone (77.3%) and limonene (16.2%) [28]. ...
... In addition, the time-kill curve of CEO against MRSA also suggested that CEO showed good bactericidal activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Studies have demonstrated that CEO has anti-quorum sensing activity against Gram-negative bacteria, which could inhibit the formation of biofilm of Vibrio, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [22,31]. The influence on the biofilm of MRSA confirmed that CEO showed great antibiofilm activity against Gram-positive bacteria; however, the underlying mechanism requires further investigation. ...
Carum carvi L. belongs to the Apiaceae family and is widely used as a vegetable, food spice, preservative, and herbal medicine. This study investigated the impact of essential oil extracted from Carum carvi L. seeds (CEO) on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its possible action mechanism. The dominant chemical components of CEO determined by GC-MS were carvone and limonene. It was observed that CEO had a considerable inhibitory effect against the growth of planktonic bacteria and biofilm in MRSA cells. Untargeted metabolomics based on GC-Q-TOF-MS was used to analyze the possible mechanism of the interaction of MRSA with CEO. It was determined that there were 63 different metabolites based on fold change values greater than 1.5 or less than 1.5, p < 0.05, VIP > 1, which demonstrated amino acid metabolism in MRSA was significantly affected by CEO. In conclusion, CEO has a potent antimicrobial property and has promising potential for use in food and drugs.
