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Effect of CPGS and RPGS on naïve T cells and effector T cells in the thymus, and T cells (a) Representative scatter diagram and quantitative analysis (b, c) for naïve T cells and effector T cells in the thymus. Values were represented as means ± SD (n = 8–10). ∗p<0.05 and ∗∗p<0.01.
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Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.Fr.) Karst is one of the well-known medicinal macrofungi all over the world, and mounting researches have focused on the polysaccharides derived from the spores of G. lucidum. In the present study, BALB/c mice (n = 8–10) were administered with crude polysaccharides of G. lucidum spores (CPGS) and the refined polysaccharides...
Citations
... GLP stimulates macrophages to produce NO in a dose-dependent manner, promotes phagocytosis of macrophages, activates T cells, and enhances cytotoxicity and tumor invasion [10] . Ganoderma lucidum spore crude polysaccharide up-regulates the expression of costimulatory factor CD28 to promote T cell activation [11] . In mice immunized with enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), it was found that the combination of EV-A71 and GLP induced cellular immunity, activated T cells, and increased the production of IFNγ and IL-17. ...
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides are the primary active constituents of Ganoderma lucidum. Existing researches indicate that they possess multiple pharmacological effects and benefits, including anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-aging, hypoglycemic, and immune-modulating properties. Studies on the cellular impact of Ganoderma polysaccharides have predominantly focused on various cell types, including malignant tumor cells, immune cells, cardiac myocytes, neurons, hepatocytes, and fibroblasts. In this paper, we review and summarize recent literature primarily related to these pharmacological effects at the cellular level and their underlying mechanisms. Our aim is to provide insights and references for the deep clinical development and utilization of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides.
... First, we examined the alpha diversity (Shannon and Chao1 indices, Fig. 7a, b), which reflected the richness and diversity of microbial community. Chao1 is an estimator for community richness, while Shannon index represents community diversity and uniformity [26]. Compared with the normal mice, DSS declined notably the values of Shannon and Chao1 indices (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), indicating a decrease in bacterial richness and diversity in UC mice. ...
Objectives
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a colonic immune system disorder, manifested with long duration and easy relapse. Genistein has been reported to possess various biological activities. However, it remains unclear whether genistein can ameliorate UC by modulating the homeostasis of the intestinal bacterial community.
Methods
The dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC mice were administrated with genistein (20 mg/kg/day) or genistein (40 mg/kg/day) for ten days. The general physical condition of the mice was monitored. After sacrifice, the changes in colon length and colonic pathological morphology were observed. The expression of intestinal barrier proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and macrophage markers in the colon was detected. The composition and metabolic products of the intestinal microbiota were analyzed.
Results
Genistein treatment visibly improved body weight change and disease activity index in DSS-induced mice. Genistein treatment ameliorated colonic pathological alterations and promoted the expression of mucin-2 and tight junction proteins. Genistein administration inhibited myeloperoxidase activity and colonic inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, genistein administration improved the structure of the intestinal microbial community, promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids, and modulated macrophage polarization.
Conclusions
These results revealed that genistein mediated macrophage polarization balance by improving intestinal microbiota and its metabolites, thereby alleviating DSS-induced colitis.
... Ganoderma lucidum contains a wide range of active triterpenoid compounds, with various pharmacological properties, such as combating tumors [18], inhibiting microbial growth [19], regulating blood sugar levels [20], reducing lipid levels [21], alleviating inflammation [22], modulating the immune system [23], and safeguarding liver health [24]. The extensive bioactivity of these compounds makes G. lucidum a highly valuable and sought-after medicinal fungus with immense potential for therapeutic applications (Fig. 2). ...
Ganoderma lucidum is a precious fungus, particularly valued for its dual use as both medicine and food. Ganoderic acids (GAs), the distinctive triterpenoids found in the Ganoderma genus, exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, the limited resources of GAs restrict their clinic usage and drug discovery. In this review, we presented a comprehensive summary focusing on the diverse structures and pharmacological activity of GAs in G. lucidum. Additionally, we discussed the latest advancements in the elucidation of GA biosynthesis, as well as the progress in heterosynthesis and liquid fermentation methods aimed at further increasing GA production. Furthermore, we summarized the omics data, genetic transformation system, and cultivation techniques of G. lucidum, described as medicinal model fungi. The understanding of Ganoderic acids chemodiversity and biosynthesis in medicinal model fungi Ganoderma lucidum will provide important insights into the exploration and utilization of natural products in medicinal fungi.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-024-00922-0.
... Crude polysaccharide and refined polysaccharide treatment for 30 days suppressed mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferation (concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide) (p < 0.05). Interestingly, tumor-killing ability of NK cells was significantly promoted by crude polysaccharides (p < 0.01) but not refined polysaccharides while only refined polysaccharides promoted the activation of T cells [58]. Meanwhile, GLSB70 and GLSB50, two polysaccharide fractions obtained from aqueous extracts of NBSG can stimulate humoral immunity in mice immunosuppressed with CTX. ...
Ganoderma lucidum is traditionally used to prevent and treat some diseases such as liver disorders, hypertension, insomnia, diabetes, and cancer. G. lucidum spore extracts are also reported to share similar bioactivities as extracts from its other parts. However, there is no systematic review that elucidates its pharmacological effect. Our aim is to comprehensively summarise current evidence of G. lucidum spore extracts to clarify its benefits to be applied in further studies. We searched five primary databases: PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Global Health Library (GHL), System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SIGLE), and Google Scholar on September 13, 2021. Articles were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. A manual search was applied to find more relevant articles. Ninety studies that reported the pharmacological effects and/or safety of G. lucidum spores were included in this review. The review found that G. lucidum spore extracts showed quite similar effects as other parts of this medicinal plant including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects, and immunomodulation. G. lucidum sporoderm-broken extract demonstrated higher efficiency than unbroken spore extract. G. lucidum extracts also showed their effects on some genes responsible for the body's metabolism, which implied the benefits in metabolic diseases. The safety of G. lucidum should be investigated in depth as high doses of the extract could increase levels of cancer antigen (CA)72-4, despite no harmful effect shown on body organs. Generally, there is a lot of potential in the studies of compounds with pharmacological effects and new treatments. Sporoderm breaking technique could contribute to the production of extracts with more effective prevention and treatment of diseases. High doses of G. lucidum spore extract should be used with caution as there was a concern about the increase in CA.
... The BPP treatment regulated gut microbiota functions, indicating that a high dose of BPP may impose potential and beneficial effects on human diseases by regulating the gut microbiota. In addition, the high dose of BPP obviously upregulated the genes that were responsible for lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, membrane transport, translation, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism (p < 0.05), which is similar to previous reports [47,48], suggesting that BPP could regulate the metabolism of the gut microbiota. Collectively, functional predictions via Tax4Fun demonstrate that BPP may modulate the gut micrology by regulating those bacteria to change their metabolites and cellular processes. ...
Polysaccharides from the species of Boletaceae (Boletales, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) are economically significant to both functional foods and medicinal industries. The crude polysaccharide from Butyriboletus pseudospeciosus (BPP) was prepared, and its physicochemical properties were characterized through the use of consecutive experimental apparatus, and its impact on the gut microbiota of Kunming mice was evaluated. Analyses of the structure characteristics revealed that BPP was mainly composed of Man, Glc, and Gal, possessing the pyranose ring and β/α-glycosidic linkages. TG analysis exhibited that BPP had great heat stability. The SEM observation performed demonstrated that BPP appeared with a rough, dense, and porous shape. Through the BPP intervention, the serum and fecal biochemical index in mice can be improved obviously (p < 0.05). The abundance of beneficial microbiota in the BPP-treated group was significantly increased, while the abundance of harmful microbiota was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Based on the Tax4Fun, we also revealed the relationship between the species of gut microbiota and showed that the high dose of BPP has significantly changed the functional diversities compared with those in other groups (p < 0.05). The results suggest that B. pseudospeciosus could serve as potential functional food or medicine.
... These results suggested a promising effect of G. lucidum-derived polysaccharides on immune regulation to enhance health control. 129 The effect of gut microbiota on the immune response is summarized in Fig. 8. ...
With a long history in traditional Asian medicine, Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a mushroom species suggested to improve health and extend life. Its medicinal reputation has merited it with numerous attributes and titles, and it is evidenced to be effective in the prevention and treatment of various metabolic disorders owing to its unique source of bioactive metabolites, primarily polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and polyphenols, attributed with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic activities, etc. These unique potential pharmaceutical properties have led to its demand as an important resource of nutrient supplements in the food industry. It is reported that the variety of therapeutic/pharmacological properties was mainly due to its extensive prebiotic and immunomodulatory functions. All literature summarized in this study was collated based on a systematic review of electronic libraries (PubMed, Scopus databases, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar) from 2010-2022. This review presents an updated and comprehensive summary of the studies on the immunomodulatory therapies and nutritional significance of G. lucidum, with the focus on recent advances in defining its immunobiological mechanisms and the possible applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries for the prevention and management of chronic diseases. In addition, toxicological evidence and the adoption of standard pharmaceutical methods for the safety assessment, quality assurance, and efficacy testing of G. lucidum-derived compounds will be the gateway to bringing them into health establishments.
... Recent investigations have revealed that sugars and glycosides are important bioactive components in mushrooms, such as G. lucidum polysaccharides having antibacterial, 17 antitumor, 18 immunomodulatory, 19 and inflammation effects. 20 In this study, 19 sugars and 42 glycoside metabolites were identified in I. hispidus grown on five different tree species ( Table 2). The contents of sugars differ greatly among them, and the contents of cyclic adenosine diphosphate (ADP)ribose, trehalose, fucose, and iditol in MA were higher than that in other I. hispidus samples. ...
Inonotus hispidus is a popular edible and medicinal mushroom widely used in China. I. hispidus mushroom mainly grows on five different tree species (Morus alba L., Ulmus macrocarpa Hance, Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Ziziphus jujuba Mill., and Malus pumila Mill.), and their fruiting bodies were all separately used in the market. However, there is no holistic insight to elucidate the molecular basis of the differentiated usage. This study aimed to investigate and compare the metabolite compositions and trace elements in I. hispidus grown on five different tree species. The metabolomic data, 8 kinds of principal components and 12 kinds of trace elements, were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the same 1353 metabolites were identified in I. hispidus grown on five different tree species, but the relative abundance was different. The principal components and trace elements contents are different, for example, polysaccharides, phenol metabolites, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and Mn were enriched in I. hispidus grown on M. alba, the flavonoids were enriched in Z. jujuba samples, and the steroids, terpenoids, and Zn were enriched in M. pumila samples. Further, the KEGG enrichment pathway and metabolic models were established. These findings provide a molecular basis for the unique use of the I. hispidus mushroom grown on different tree species.
... Gut microbiota is necessary for immune homeostasis, and a healthy gut microbiota is important for the regulation of the host immune responses (Belkaid and Harrison, 2017). In this study, certain microbiota with high abundance at genus level in D group are involvement with immune response, such as Faecalibacterium (Yeoh et al., 2021), Desulfovibrionaceae (Su et al., 2021), and Prevotella (Larsen, 2017). It is reported that genus Prevotella could promote Ig A and Ig G response in sera and synovial fluids of arthritis patients (Moen et al., 2003), and genus Faecalibacterium and Desulfovibrionaceae can take function in inflammation regulation (Schneeberger et al., 2015;Chang et al., 2019). ...
Since numerous natural components in Eucommia ulmoides belong to phytoestrogen, its effect on hens production deserve more attention. To investigate the potential of E. ulmoides extract used as a feed additive, laying performance, egg quality, yolk cholesterol, yolk fatty acids, yolk fatty, yolk volatile components, albumen amino acids, plasma biochemical parameters, intestinal histology, and gut microbiota of hens (n = 120) were determined between basal diet (A) and dietary supplementation low (B), middle (C), and high (D) level E. ulmoides extract for 11 weeks. When compared to A group, two percentage points elevation in laying rate was observed of D group. Significant up-regulation of immunoglobulin indexes and down-regulation of lipid related indexes in D group were also found if comparison with A group, suggesting that supplementation E. ulmoides extract at a relative high content benefited in immunity enhancing and blood-fat depressing. Meanwhile, a obvious variation in albumen amino acids and yolk volatile compounds were inspected as dietary supplementation E. ulmoides extract, especially in D group, implied that the flavour of egg would change under high-level E. ulmoides extract treatment. Besides, villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in D group were also significantly higher than that of in A group, indicating high-level E. ulmoides extract contributed to nutrient adsorption via intestinal histology changing. Moreover, the richness, diversity, and composition of gut microbiota in D group also significantly altered with a comparison of A group. These variation caused gut microbiota in D group major enriched in the KEGG pathway of insulin signing pathway, systemic lupus erythematosus, and bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, which were conducive to egg production elevation via facilitating nutrient adsorption, inflammation relieving, blood lipid amelioration, and insulin resistance alleviation. These results indicated that dietary supplementation E. ulmoides extract at high content could serve as a feed additive in the hens industry.
Driven by the good developmental potential and favorable environment at this stage, Ganoderma lucidum is recognized as a precious large fungus with medicinal and nutritional health care values. Among them, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, oligosaccharides, trace elements, etc. are important bioactive components in G. lucidum. These bioactive components will have an impact on gut flora, thus alleviating diseases such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and obesity caused by gut flora disorder. While numerous studies have demonstrated the ability of G. lucidum and its active components to regulate gut flora, a systematic review of this mechanism is currently lacking. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the regulatory effects of G. lucidum and its active components on gut flora in cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and renal metabolic diseases, and summarize the research progress of G. lucidum active components in improving related diseases by regulating gut flora. Additionally, review delves into the principle by which G. lucidum and its active components can treat or assist treat diseases by regulating gut flora. The research progress of G. lucidum in intestinal tract and its potential in medicine, health food and clinical application were fully explored for researchers.
