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Eco-geographical distribution of Central Anatolian grape cultivars and wild grape populations characterized in the study
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The Anatolian peninsula otherwise known as Asia Minor is considered one of the centers that shaped grape (Vitis spp.) evolution and domestication. This region with diverse ecological conditions also has a long history of viticulture and growing grapes has been a part of the local culture since very old times. However, very little information is ava...
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Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is among the most important commercial fruit species grown worldwide in terms of its economic value. Anatolia (Turkey), located in the favorable climate zone for viticulture, has a rich grape genetic potential due to its location at the intersection of the grapevine gene centers. In Turkish Kara grape germplasm, there are...
The need to develop an environmentally friendly, sustainable viticulture model has led to numerous grapevine improvement programmes aiming to increase resistance to downy and powdery mildew. The success of such programmes relies on the availability of protocols that can quantify the resistance/susceptibility of new genotypes, and on the existence o...
As part of a decades-long project to safeguard the viticultural biodiversity in the wine-growing district of Pitigliano (Tuscany, Italy), the research activity carried out made it possible to rediscover two valuable autochthonous grapevine varieties, otherwise doomed to extinction: Nocchianello Bianco (whiteberried) and Nocchianello Nero (black-ber...
This is the first report evaluating the genetic diversity of Mexican grape species utilizing DNA-based markers to understand the distribution of grape species and patterns of hybridization. The study utilized accessions maintained in three collections in Mexico, one in the USA and recently collected germplasm. Fifteen SSR markers were used to devel...
The Anatolian peninsula otherwise known as Asia Minor is considered one of the centers that shaped grape (Vitis spp.) evolution and domestication. This region with diverse ecological conditions also has a long history of viticulture and growing grapes has been a part of the local culture since very old times. However, very little information is ava...
Citations
... In this study, the number of different alleles for 10 SSRs was 71, with an average of 7.1000 alleles per locus and Ne of 1.3714, which is lower than that of Quercus acutissima (4.014) [51]. The average number of alleles per locus is influenced by the number of samples and detection sites, and different values can be obtained in different analyses [52]. Therefore, the low Ne values of Asparagus resources in this study may be due to the small sample size and different analysis methods used in the study. ...
... Ho is the proportion of heterozygous individuals in the analysis sample, and expected heterozygosity (He) represents the percentage of the population that belongs to heterozygotes when unexpected hybridization occurs between individuals [52]. The average observed heterozygosity (H) and Shannon information index (I) are the main indicators for measuring the level of genetic diversity of a species [53], and their values are positively correlated with the richness of genes [40]. ...
Radix asparagi is the dried root tuber of the Liliaceae plant Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr., which is a major Chinese medicinal herb with high medicinal and edible value in China. The planting area of A. cochinchinensis is extensive, and there is blind introduction in various regions, leading to confusion the origin of Radix asparagi and impure germplasm. This study conducted morphological and karyotype analyses on cultivated Asparagus resources from seven main production areas in China and developed SSR molecular markers suitable for the identification of Asparagus germplasm resources based on the transcriptome sequencing results. The morphological results indicate that in addition to A. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr., recorded in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, there are also A. taliensis Wang et Tang and A. lycopodineus (Baker) Wang et Tang cultivated in China. All the tested Asparagus resources were diploid and had 20 chromosomes. A total of 8841 single genes containing SSR loci were identified using transcriptome sequencing of Neijiang Asparagus, including 761 SSR loci with trinucleotide repeat units. One hundred pairs of SSR primers were randomly designed from the trinucleotide repeat loci for PCR and polymorphism verification, and ten pairs were selected for identification of Asparagus germplasm resources. The genetic diversity results of ten pairs of primers in seven Asparagus-producing regions were consistent with the morphological identification. This study provides technical support for the comprehensive evaluation and utilization of Asparagus germplasm resources.
... (Arnold and Schnitzler 2020), 84.1-96.3% (Yılmaz et al. 2020), and 36.4-75.5% . Notably, a study utilizing iPBS markers reported significantly lower polymorphic band ratios (Milovanov et al. 2019). ...
Grapes are among the most widely cultivated horticultural crops and have a long history of domestication. They exhibit genetic variation due to natural crossbreeding, bud mutations, and the changing demand for different types of wine and table grapes. Identifying and distinguishing autochthonous grape cultivars is an essential first step in breeding. In this research, an autochthonous grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) population was identified using retrotransposon markers called iPBS (Inter primer binding sites), and genetic relationships with other cultivars from Türkiye and Europe were examined. The association between loci and specific traits was determined using GLM (general linear model) and MLM (mixed linear model) analyses. A total of 136 loci were generated by eight iPBS markers, of which 106 were polymorphic. Genotypes and standard cultivars were clustered into three main groups and seven subclusters by the neighbor-joining method. Structure analysis further classified the genotypes and cultivars into seven populations. Molecular variance analysis revealed that most of the variability occurred among individuals. In the association mapping, 36 loci were correlated with quantitative traits in GLM, while 21 were in MLM. The diversity assessments uncovered significant diversity within the autochthonous grape population, even among individuals with the same name. This diversity retains value for breeding research as it allows identifying distinct genotypes with desirable characteristics. The loci identified through both mapping approaches have the potential to serve as functional markers for selecting genotypes with desired traits.
... Allele size detections, PCR amplifications and capillary electrophoresis conditions were conducted according to Akçay et al. [23] and Yılmaz et al. [32]. In the PCR reactions, fluorescent-labeled D4 (blue), D3 (green), and D2 (black) forward primers allocated to each SSR locus were applied. ...
... In this survey, the Nm value among Kara sub-populations ranged from 2.28 to an infinite amount, indicating a high degree of gene flow and continuous distribution of genes, and also limited differentiation between sub-populations (Table 5). On the other hand, as expected, the highest levels of pairwise genetic differentiation values were observed between Anatolian grapes and the reference populations (PN-CS-M), which is in accordance with Yılmaz et al. [32]. ...
Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is among the most important commercial fruit species grown worldwide in terms of its economic value. Anatolia (Turkey), located in the favorable climate zone for viticulture, has a rich grape genetic potential due to its location at the intersection of the grapevine gene centers. In Turkish Kara grape germplasm, there are problems in terms of accuracy during the production phase due to the inadequacies in ampelographic definitions, and also very little information is available on genetic analysis of Kara grape germplasm. This study carried out genetic analysis of 49 Kara grape cultivars from six regions (sub-populations) of Turkey and 3 reference cultivars using 22 microsatellite loci (SSR), and ampelographic analysis were also performed concerning 39 OIV descriptors. In the SSR analysis, the average number of alleles per locus was 8.91, ranging from 4 to 13; four synonymous and five homonymous cases were also identified. In the population structure analysis, the genetic differentiation (Fst) values among six populations were moderate. In the BAPS analysis, all populations except Central Anatolia were found to be highly admixed with each other, and in the FCA analysis, the East Anatolia population was completely separated. In the multilocus lineages (MLLs) analysis, a total of three accessions were matched to different accessions as clone assignment. In this study, SSR-based genetic characterization of the Turkish Kara grape germplasm was revealed for the first time, and it is thought that the obtained data will help other grape genetic characterization studies and contribute to viticulture research in other areas such as breeding, protection and variety registration.
... In studies conducted with SSR to determine the genetic relationships of grapevine genetic resources, the mean and polymorphic band numbers were subsequently 13. In another study conducted with REMAP, the mean polymorphic bands were reported as 9.18 (Yılmaz et al., 2020). Privous studies on grapes varried out with iPBS markers reported considerably lower total and polymorphic bands (Guo et al., 2014). ...
Grape is one of the most produced horticultural crops, being one of the oldest domesticated plants that undergo genetic differentiation due to the natural crossing, bud mutations, and the effect of the continuously changing demand for wine types and table grapes. Recognition and discrimination of autochthonous varieties are the first steps for breeding studies. In this study, an autochthonous grapevine population was recognized by iPBS (Inter primer binding sites) retrotransposon markers and the genetic relationships with some other varieties from Turkey and Europe. The trait-associated loci were determined by GLM (general linear model) and MLM (mixed linear model) analysis. Eight iPBS markers generated 136 loci, of which 106 were polymorphic. The neighbor-joining method clustered the genotypes and standard varieties into three main and seven subclusters. Structure analysis also grouped the grapes into seven populations. Molecular variance analysis showed that the variability occurred mainly among individuals. In the association mapping, 36 loci were correlated with quantitative traits in GLM, whereas 21 loci were correlated in MLM. A remarkable diversity among the autochthonous grape population, even among the same-named individuals, was determined by diversity assessments. Distinct genotypes with desired characteristics will be valuable in breeding studies. The loci determined by both mapping approaches might help to create functional markers to select genotypes with the desired traits.
... sylvestris) grapevines (Vavilov, 1926;McGovern, 2003). The Anatolian Peninsula (also known as Asia Minor) is located between the Caucasus and Europe, has had crucial source for diversification of grape germplasm around the world due to its geographical location, diverse ecological conditions and long history of viticulture (McGovern, 2003;Ergul et al., 2006;Yılmaz et al., 2020). Viticulture has been a part of the history, tradition and horticulture of the people living this region. ...
Conservation of Central Anatolian grapevine genetic resources is essential to slow down to loss of biodiversity and genetic resources. This study provided information about fruit quality characteristics including morphological, physical, chemical, and antioxidant potential of ten grape accessions from heritage germplasm grown in Central Anatolia. Physical and chemical quality characteristics measured included berry and cluster weight, must yield proportion, firmness and chroma index, pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), total anthocyanins (TAC), total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF). Also, antioxidant potential of ethanolic berry extracts were investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. ‘Kızıl Üzüm, ‘Nuniyar’, ‘Karaşabı’ and ‘Kırmızışabı’ had higher firmness values and lower must yield, which are important for storage of table grapes. ‘Kavak yaprağı' had heaviest berries, highest must yield and TSS/TA ratio giving it excellent flavour. The red grape accession with the highest TAC was ‘Kırmızışabı’, and the highest TP and TF were recorded for ‘Sergi Karası’. Eighty percent of the extracts could scavenge 50% of the DPPH free radical with 0.28 mg mL-1 of extract. ‘Tilki Kuyruğu’ had the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity due to high phenolic and flavonoid content. FRAP reducing power of extracts also showed a similar trend to DPPH free radical activity. The accessions with rich secondary metabolite profiles inhibited DPPH free radicals and increased FRAP activity. Based on these findings, it is possible to suggest that chemical characteristics including secondary metabolite profile and antioxidant activity of grapes might be used as biochemical marker to discriminate grape cultivars each other. Finally, the region where this study was carried out is very rich in grape diversity, it should be screened and valuable accessions protected for the future.
... een used in various fruit studies, all based on breeding studies as well as apricot (Gürcan et al., 2019;Gürcan et al., 2015;Özrenk et al., 2020;Pinar et al., 2013), apple (Aksu and Şahin-Çevik, 2022;Sevindik et al., 2019), orange (Juibary et al., 2021;Zanganeh and Sheidai, 2022), grapevine (Hizarci et al., 2013;Kaya et al., 2019;Kaya et al., 2016;F. Yılmaz et al., 2020;Yılmaz et al., 2022), strawberry (Çelik et al., 2017;Saridas et al., 2021). Furthermore, molecular markers have a greater contribution to fruit crop breeding as mentioned by various studies on breeding programs. For instance, GWAS has been applied to fruits (Zahid et al., 2022), and CRISPR gene editing methods such as Cas9 also have been ...
In the human diet, fruits are a significant source of vitamins, beneficial nutrients, fiber, and antioxidants, as well as a key source of foreign exchange earnings. Turkiye has a rich scope of plant genetic resources and a wide range of fruit diversity, making it one of the most significant in the world. More than 80 fruit species are cultivated. Among them are temperate, tropical, and subtropical fruits such as apples, figs, pears, citrus (lemons, mandarins, and oranges), bananas, avocados, hazelnuts, Prunus (apricots, plums, peaches, cherries, almonds, and nectarines), and kiwis, etc. But in recent years, the abrupt increase in population, climate change and diverse adversities, mainly biotic and abiotic stresses, are hampering fruit productivity in Turkiye and globally. To counter the above-mentioned constraints and to better understand the genetic resources and germplasm conservation of Turkish fruits, various biotech solutions are being considered. For instance, modern molecular biotechnology tools such as tissue culture, genetic markers, DNA-based molecular markers, sequencing, omics approaches, and genome editing are being used by researchers. In the same way, transgenes have been effectively used to enhance fruit crops, mainly based on improved tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, increased fruit yield, minimizing generation time, high nutrition content, and better pre-and post-harvest features. In this note, we provide and report the latest studies being conducted by Turkish breeders and scientists.
... These raisins are widely consumed as food in Turkey because of their attractive flavor, texture, and nutritional value (vitamins A, B1, B2, niacin, and C). Turkey is among the most important raisin producers in the world, and it is known that half of the world's total raisin production has been provided by Turkey and the United States for many years (Yılmaz et al. 2020). ...
The content of the primary and secondary metabolites has a key role in the quality of raisins, wine, and grapes. Primary metabolites include organic acids and sugars; however, only organic acids were considered for the five grape varieties in this study. Its purpose was to analyze and critically evaluate the organic acids in the parthenocarpic variety Black Corinth, the stenospermocarpic varieties Sultani Çekirdeksiz and Black Kishmish, and the seeded varieties Ekşi Kara and Gök Üzüm to discover the differences and possible similarities between them. Regarding organic acid results, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between raisin cultivars, and the lowest value was obtained from the Sultani Çekirdeksiz variety for all organic acids. In general, seeded grape varieties had the highest concentration of organic acid in the berries, while the opposite was observed for the seedless grape varieties, except for Black Kishmish. Among the grape varieties in the study, lactic, succinic, malic, oxalic, propionic, and malonic were the most abundant acids, whereas the least abundant organic acids in these varieties were maleic, fumaric, and butyric. The data showed strong positive correlations between all organic acids and Black Kishmish, Ekşi Kara, and Gök Üzüm, whereas there was a positive but weak correlation between Sultani Çekirdeksiz and Black Corinth with organic acids. The findings of this study may help in understanding how berries of five different raisins respond after drying and how they modulate their organic acid metabolism.
... Knowledge about the domestication center of Vitis vinifera L. is increasing with research in biology, archaeology and history. However, the rich diversity of varieties/genotypes in Anatolia and recent literature confirm that present-day Turkey is one of the geographical areas where domestication first occurred (Arroyo-García et al., 2006;Ergül et al., 2011;Eyduran et al., 2016;Karataş et al., 2014;Kök et al., 2018;Korkutal et al., 2018;Yılmaz et al., 2020;Teker, 2021). ...
The Anatolian lands, which have been home to many civilisations
throughout history, have significant potential in terms of natural, cultural
and economic resources. However, as in many other areas, this potential
is not fully exploited in viticulture and wine sector. This study examined
the development of vineyard areas and grape production in the world and
in Turkey over the last 51 years, assessing Turkey's contribution to grape
production on the basis of regions and provinces. According to world
statistics, Turkey is one of the leading countries in terms of production
area and quantity of product. Turkey has 390.221 ha of vineyards and a
total production of 3.670.000 tonnes of fresh grapes. These figures place
the country 5th in the world in terms of vineyard area and 6th in terms of
total production. Although Turkey has a good position in terms of raisin
production and market share, one cannot speak of the same situation for
table grapes, wine grapes and wine markets. Therefore, it is considered
that for the development of production and marketing of grapes and wine
products, a foreign trade policy should be developed rapidly.
... The importance of biodiversity and local cultivars have been repeatedly emphasized by many researchers (Ergül et al., 2011;Balda et al., 2014;Yılmaz et al., 2020). The reason for the increasing trend towards local cultivars is that although it has been a natural phenomenon throughout history, climate change is happening faster than ever before and a greater human impact on this alteration exists. ...
This study aimed to determine the variability of plant nutrition content in two-year old local and well-known wine grape cultivars under different water constraint scenarios. Own rooted and potted eight grapevine cultivars (cv. ‘Adakarası’, ‘Papazkarası’, ‘Karasakız’, ‘Karalahana’, ‘Yapıncak’, ‘Vasilaki’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Sauvignon Blanc’) were subjected to five irrigation treatments (100% daily irrigation of available water capacity (AWC), 75% irrigation of AWC, 50% irrigation of AWC, 25% irrigation of AWC, and no irrigation for 0% treatment) for two consecutive years during vegetative growth (May – late September). An increase in nitrogen, potassium and magnesium contents in leaf tissues with decreasing water amount was observed. Similar effect was found for phosphorus and calcium contents. The sulfur concentration in leaf tissues remained almost unchanged. In addition, the variability of genetic potential influenced the nutrient intake of the studied cultivars. The ability of grapevine cultivars to cope with the water deficit of the cultivars should definitely be assessed in adaptation strategies developed to make viticulture sustainable under the effects of the climate crisis.
... Sylvestris (McGovern, 2003;Vouillamoz et al., 2006). As indicated by various studies, the rich variety/genotype diversity in Anatolia (where includes parts of Northeast Anatolia, Western Anatolia, Central Anatolia, Mediterranean, Marmara, and Eastern Anatolia and Turkey's Thrace region in terms of geography) confirms today's Turkey as one of the geographical areas in which domestication first occurred (Arroyo-García et al., 2006;Ergül et al., 2011;Eyduran et al., 2016;Hizarci et al., 2012;Karataş et al., 2014;Kök et al., 2018;Yılmaz et al., 2020). ...
No other plant has played as decisive a role in people's agricultural and socio-cultural activities throughout history as the grapevine. In addition to the effects of the vine plant on civilizations in history, today the economic value produced from grape and grape products distinguishes it financially from other plant species. Anatolia is a central point in the journey of Vitis species. The South Caucasus (Georgia-Azerbaijan-Armenia) and the Fertile Crescent regions are accepted as the vine's homeland. Thus, these areas played a significant role in the cultivation and distribution of grapes. Genetic diversity also led to the diversification of usage purposes and has been an essential resource for breeding studies. In this review, the distribution of Vitis species in Anatolia has been reviewed within the scope of the current literature from different disciplines. Moreover, important V. vinifera L. varieties and their usage purposes are examined.
