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Echinoderes sensibilis n. sp., holotypic male (CM-A-JAP-E04). A: ventral view; B: dorsal view. Bar 50 µ m. Dotted circlets indicate sieve areas; circlets with central dot indicate sensory spots; smallest circlets indicate glandular tubes.
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A new species of echinoderid kinorhynch, Echinoderes sensibilis, is described and illustrated using light and electron microscopy. The specimens were collected from masses of the red algae Corallina pilulifera growing in intertidal pools in Tanabe Bay, Honshu Island, Japan. Diagnostic characters of E. sensibilis include the presence of middorsal sp...
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Context 1
... the examination of taxonomic characters such are the nature, location and distribution of cuticular structures we followed the reevaluated interpretation of dorsal, lateral and ventral surface of the trunk that was proposed by Pardos, Higgins and Benito (see Pardos et al ., 1998, Fig. 2) to achieve a more accurate approach to the descriptions of Echinoderes species. Specific terminology used in this paper mainly based on that developed by Higgins (1983) and Pardos et al . ...
Context 2
... material: -Holotype, adult male (CM-A-JAP-E04) (Fig. 2, 4A); allotype, adult female (AVA-C-JAP-E07) (Fig. 3, 4 B); paratypes -four adult males (AVA-C-JAP-E03; AVA- C-JAP-E08; CM-A-JAP-E01; CM-A-JAP-E05) and four adult females (AVA-C-JAP-E09; AVA-C-JAP-E02; AVA-C-JAP- E05; ...
Context 3
... Adult male (CM-A-JAP-E04) (Fig. 2, 4A); TL 339 µ m; MSW-7 64 um, 19% of TL; SW 74 µ m, 22% of TL; LTS 155 µ m, 46% of TL. Segment 1: Head; with 91 scalids arranged in 7 circlets; scalid formula 10,10, 20, 10, 20, 6, 15(6+9); enlarged basal plates of two subventral trichoscalids centered above sub- ventral placids with deeply incised anterior margin. Segment 2: Neck; with 16 ...
Context 4
... differ from females in having three pairs of long penile spines (PS) and by slightly different arrangement of sensory spots, sieve areas and glandular tubes (Figs. 2-3, 6E). Females are also distinguished from males by the shape of anterior ventral pachycycli of segment 13 (Fig. 4). In contrast to males, females have more glandular pores scattered on segments 4-11 (Fig. ...
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Citations
... Two species, namely E. aureus Adrianov et al., 2002 andE. sensibilis Adrianov et al., 2002, were initially found at the Pacific coast of Honshu Island, the first one also being reported from the Tsugaru Strait between the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean, the Yellow Sea (as E. lanceolatus) and Hawaii (Adrianov et al., 2002a(Adrianov et al., , 2002bChang and Song, 2002;Sørensen et al., 2020;. Echinoderes ohtsukai Yamasaki et Kajihara, 2012 was originally described from the Seto Inland Sea (Japan), and also reported from the British Columbia (Canada), being the first known amphipacific kinorhynch species and the most widespread representative of Echinoderes in the Pacific Ocean so far (Herranz and Leander, 2016;Yamasaki and Kajihara, 2012). ...
A new species of echinoderid kinorhynch, Echinoderes beringiensis sp. nov., collected from bacterial mats at the deep-sea cold methane seepages area on the Chukchi slope (Bering Sea, NW Pacific), is described using light and scanning electron microscopy. This new representative of the most diverse kinorhynch genus is characterized by its unique arrangement of spines, tubes and glandular cell outlets and cuticular plates composition on trunk segment 11, thus being distinguished from other congeners. Modified glandular cell outlets type 2 are present in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions on trunk segment 2; in midlateral position on trunk segment 5; in sublateral position on trunk segment 8 in males, and in midlateral and sublateral position in female. Acicular spines are present in middorsal position on trunk segments 4–8, and in lateroventral position on trunk segments 6–9. Tubes are present in lateral accessory position on trunk segment 5. Trunk segment 11 has two tergal and two sternal cuticular plates. Echinoderes beringiensis sp. nov. constitutes the first kinorhynch species described from extreme, deep-sea environments of cold methane seepages in the Pacific Ocean, and the second representative of the Kinorhyncha known from the Bering Sea.
... Also, deep water E. hviidarum, which is the most similar to the new species, bears only 31 minute sensory spots, correspondently 14 and 17 on ventral and dorsal sides of the trunk (see Sørensen et al., 2018). Contrary, for instance, male of E. sensibilis Adrianov et al., 2002, inhabiting intertidal pools on the east coast of Honshu Island (Japan), possesses 75 sensory spots, correspondently 24 on the ventral and 51 on the dorsal sides, which are 2-3 µm in length, with two pores and with more 60 petals (see Adrianov et al., 2002a). ...
A new species of echinoderid kinorhynchs, Echinoderes ultraabyssalis sp. nov. collected from oxidized brown clay at the deepest depression of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, North-West Pacific, is described and illustrated using light and electron microscopy. This new representative of the largest kinorhynch genus is characterized by the unique set of spines and tubules and can be easily distinguished from other congeners. The first trunk segment shows remarkably wrinkled posterior margin with parallel cuticular notches; the second trunk segment bears pair of adhesive tubules in both sexes; trunk segment 5 with pair of tubules in lateroventral position; trunk segment 8 with lateral accessory tubules; trunk segment 9 with tubules in laterodorsal position; acicular lateroventral spines on trunk segments 6–9 and two acicular middorsal spines on trunk segments 6 and 8. This species is also well recognized by the presence of tooth-like middorsal protuberance on trunk segment 11. Echinoderes ultraabyssalis sp. nov. constitutes the deepest kinorhynch species described so far (9411–9541 m) and the first hadal representative of the Kinorhyncha in the World Ocean.
... Higgins published several surveys from specific regions, such as Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (Higgins, 1983), Disko Island, Greenland (Higgins and Kristensen, 1988), the Andaman Islands (Higgins and Rao, 1979) and the English Channel (Higgins, 1985), to name only a few of his contributions to kinorhynch biology. Other regional surveys have been published from Japan (Adrianov et al., 2002a(Adrianov et al., , 2002b, Panama (Pardos et al., 2016a(Pardos et al., , 2016bSørensen, 2006), Spain (Sánchez et al., 2012) and Korea (Sørensen et al., 2012(Sørensen et al., , 2013, to cite only a few. A more extensive review of kinorhynchs from Italy has recently been published . ...
Kinorhynch assemblages along the northern continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico were examined to better understand the distributional trends of this understudied group of meiofauna. Samples were collected with a multicorer from 37 stations at 36–187 m depths in the years 2013 and 2014. Sediment was collected and the animals were isolated from the mud using Ludox® centrifugation. Kinorhynchs were isolated with a stereomicroscope and the adult animals were identified to species level either by light microscopy or scanning electron microscopy. A total of 1328 animals were recovered, including juveniles and adults. After processing, 812 adults were identified and classified to 6 families, 12 genera and 32 species. The identifications were used to explore relationships among the species, and to determine if the animal assemblages at each site revealed relationships to each other. Sediment characteristics were determined at each site, to reveal if abiotic factors correlated with animal densities. Cluster analysis revealed distinct assemblages in Louisiana versus Florida sediment. The highest abundance of kinorhynchs was found in western sediments in Louisiana, which are characterized by higher levels of silt and clay, and aluminum-associated trace metals. These sediment characteristics indicated a strong influence from the outflow of the Mississippi River. The most abundant species were Echinoderes bookhouti, E. skipperae, E. augustae, and E. spinifurca, which comprised 79% of the identified animals. This was the first kinorhynch survey to cover a geographic area as large as the northern Gulf of Mexico, over multiple years, and to statistically analyze the animals in relation to their sediment type.
... Three genera and four species (three of them new) were described from Tanabe Bay, central Pacific coast of Honshu Island: Pycnophyes tubuliferus Adrianov, 1989; Echinoderes aureus Adrianov et al., 2002a; Echinoderes sensibilis Adrianov et al., 2002c; and Condyloderes setoensis Adrianov et al., 2002b. Pycnophyes tubuliferus and C. setoensis were found in shallow subtidal sediments (13-27 m depth), whereas E. aureus and E. sensibilis originated from intertidal brown or calcareous red algae. ...
Kinorhyncha is a phylum of marine, meiobenthic, segmented, pseudocoelomate animals. To date, about 230 species of kinorhynchs have been reported worldwide, from habitats including coarse to fine sand, mud, and surfaces/interstices of algae or other invertebrates. Although they are broadly distributed, kinorhynchs have been scarcely studied in Japanese waters. Before the twentieth century, there were only six reports of kinorhynchs from Japan, totaling 4 species in 3 genera. Although the known kinorhynch diversity in Japanese waters has increased markedly in the past 15 years to 16 named and at least 17 unnamed species representing 14 genera, this is likely only a small portion of the actual species diversity in this region. Phylogenetic studies of kinorhynchs began only recently. Recent phylogenetic analyses of molecular data, or of combined morphological and molecular data, have revealed discrepancies between the old classification and phylogenetic relationships among higher kinorhynch taxa. On the basis of phylogenies, the kinorhynch classification has been revised to 2 classes, 3 orders, and 11 families. Although the higher-level phylogeny is fairly well resolved, relationships within and among some taxa remain unclear.
... In the examination of taxonomic characters we followed the reevaluated interpretation proposed by Pardos et al. (1998), Adrianov et al. (2002 and Sánchez et al. (2011). All diagnostic cuticular structures used in this description are illustrated with SEM to avoid misinterpretations of the characters. ...
... Positions of cuticular structures on the trunk segments are termed as it was done in Adrianov et al. (2002) and developed for homalorhagids by Sánchez et al. (2011): middorsal (md)located on the middorsal line of the segment; paradorsal (pd)located adjacent to the middorsal line of the segment; subdorsal (sd)located on the dorsal surface, lateral to the paradorsal position, and extending over the inner half of the tergal plate, closer to the middorsal line than to the maximum width of the segment; laterodorsal (ld)located on the dorsal surface, and extending over the outer half of the tergal plate, closer to the point of maximum width of the segment than to the middorsal line; paralateral (pl)located on the tergal plate adjacent to the tergal-sternal articulation and observed from the dorsal side of a dorsoventrally mounted specimen; lateroventral (lv)located immediately adjacent to or on the tergal-sternal articulation and observed from the ventral side of a dorsoventrally mounted specimen; ventrolateral (vl)located on the sternal plate adjacent to the tergal-sternal articulation and extending over the outer quarter of the sternal plate; ventromedial (vm)located near the middle of sternal plate, between ventrolateral and paraventral bands; paraventral (pv)located adjacent to the midventral line of the segment on the inner quarter of the sternal plate. ...
A new homalorhagid kinorhynch, Pycnophyes abyssorum sp. nov., found in brown silt from the abyssal depth at the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench is described and illustrated using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This is the ninth species of the genus to be described from the North-West Pacific and the first representative of the Kinorhyncha described from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. P. abyssorum sp. nov. constitutes the 16th species of Pycnophyes known from the Pacific and 55th species of the genus described based on adult specimens. P. abyssorum sp. nov. is the only second abyssal species of kinorhynchs and the deepest one described so far. The species is characterized by a unique combination of characters. P. abyssorum sp. nov. is distinguished from other congeners by presence of long and sharp middorsal processes on trunk segments 1–10; strongly denticulated anterior margin of first tergal plate with wide submarginal area of reticulate cuticle; single paradorsal seta on trunk segments 2–4 and 7–9(8–9); two pairs of lateroventral setae closely adjacent to tergal-sternal articulation on trunk segment 10; two pairs of flosculi-like sensory papillae and one pair of terminal tubular papillae on posteriormost tergal plate. Anteromesial thickenings of ventral pachycycli absent in both sexes.
... Our long-term goal is to use a comparative approach to understand factors affecting the degree of dispersability across Tsugaru Strait by studying the phylogeography of around 10 nearshore marine species in the vicinity of the strait, chosen so as to represent variation in habitat (e.g., sandy or rocky; infaunal, epifaunal, or sessile) and lifehistory traits affecting dispersability (e.g., planktonic larval stage vs. direct development). The present study examined the phylogeography in northern Japan of two kinorhynch species, Echinoderes sensibilis Adrianov et al., 2002 and Echinoderes sp. A, with the specific goal of learning whether Tsugaru Strait has affected the geographical pattern of either species. ...
... A both occur intertidally in northern Japan. The former was originally described from intertidal pools on the Kii Peninsula, Pacific coast of central Honshu Island, Japan (Adrianov et al., 2002), but was subsequently reported farther east from the Boso Peninsula (Murakami, 2003) and occurs as far north as Tsugaru Strait (this study). Echinoderes sp. ...
We investigated the geographic population structures of two intertidal kinorhynch species, Echinoderes sensibilis and Echinoderes sp. A, in the vicinity of Tsugaru Strait between Honshu and Hokkaido Islands, Japan, to examine whether the distribution or connectivity of populations of either species has been constrained by the strait. For each species, we examined the geographic distribution of COI haplotypes, constructed a median-joining haplotype network, and calculated statistics of genetic variation and connectivity. Tsugaru Strait is the northern range limit for E. sensibilis, which comprises a large, evolutionarily stable metapopulation that appears to have undergone a reduction in size followed by expansion; connectivity is low among most local populations, including across Tsugaru Strait. A divergent haplotype lineage showing no variation occurred only at Horozuki, suggesting recent immigration there from outside the study area. Echinoderes sp. A underwent a severe population bottleneck followed by rapid expansion. It occurred at all sampling sites on both sides of the strait, with high connectivity between populations across the strait. There is a zone of secondary contact between moderately divergent, presumably previously allopatric lineages in eastern Hokkaido. Present-day conditions in the strait have existed only for the past 8000 years, and differences in these species' distributions and apparent connectivity across the strait may relate to conditions existing in the strait when the species underwent population expansions or shifts in range; these historical events were not necessarily concurrent between the species, and occurred more than 8000 years ago. We discuss dispersal mechanisms for kinorhynchs, which could include suspension transport or rafting.
... Echinoderes around Korea, and in neighboring Russian and Japanese waters, have first of all been addressed in several studies facilitated by A. V. Adrianov. He has described two species from Korean waters, E. koreanus Adrianov, 1999in Adrianov & Malakhov (1999 and E. ulsanensis Adrianov, 1999in Adrianov & Malakhov (1999, and additional four from nearby Japanese or Russian localities that very well could occur around the Korean Peninsula as well: Echinoderes multisetosus Adrianov, 1989, E. filispinosus Adrianov, 1989, E. aureus Adrianov, Murakami & Shirayama, 2002a, E. sensibilis Adrianov, Murakami & Shirayama, 2002b. Besides the contributions of Adrianov and collaborators, other studies have also added to our knowledge about kinorhynch biodiversity in the region. ...
... The safest way to distinguish E. microaperturus sp. nov. is by its presence of subdorsal glandular cell outlets type 2 (gco2) on segment 2. The presence of gco2 has not been reported from any of the four species (see Zelinka 1913;Higgins & Rao 1979;Adrianov et al. 2002aAdrianov et al. , 2002bChang & Song 2002), but since this character has tended to be ignored in older contributions, its absence needs further confirmation. For E. sensibilis, though, it seems fair to rely on information from the description. ...
A large collection of kinorhynch specimens from coastal and subtidal localities around the Korean Peninsula and in the East China Sea was examined, and the material included several species of undescribed or poorly known species of Echinoderes Claparède, 1863. The present paper is part of a series dealing with echinoderid species from this material, and inludes descriptions of four new species of Echinoderes, E. aspinosus sp. nov., E. cernunnos sp. nov., E. microaperturus sp. nov. and E. obtuspinosus sp. nov., and redescriprion of the poorly known Echinoderes tchefouensis Lou, 1934.
... Subsequently, four species (E. aureus Adrianov et al., 2002c; E. sensibilis Adrianov et al., 2002b; Condyloderes setoensis Adrianov et al., 2002a; and Pycnophyes tubuliferus Adrianov, 1989) were described from Tanabe Bay (Adrianov et al. 2002a, b, c;Murakami et al. 2002). Sørensen et al. (2011) reported D. abei, K. yushini, and P. tubuliferus from ve additional localities in the Seto Inland Sea. ...
Echinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov. is described from an intertidal at in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, based on observations with light and scanning electron microscopy. Echinoderes ohtsukai is characterized by 1) a short middorsal spine on seg-ment 4; 2) lateroventral tubules on segments 5 and 8; 3) short laterodorsal tubules on segment 10; 4) a trunk 315–395 m long; 5) a lack of lateral terminal accessory spines in both sexes; and 6) lateral terminal spines of about 50% trunk length. e species has modied type-II glandular cell outlets, which have previously been reported among congeners only in E. rex Lundbye, Rho and Sørensen, 2011 from the Korea Strait.
Two new species of Echinoderes are described from Mexico. Echinoderes abeli sp. nov. is described from the archipelago Islas Marias in the Mexican Pacific Ocean west coast. The species is characterized by very short and stout lateral terminal spines, middorsal spines on segments 4 to 8 and lateroventral spines on segments 6 to 9, lateroventral tubes on segment 2 and 5, midlateral tubes on segment 4, and sublateral ones on segment 8, and in laterodorsal positions on segment 10, as well as glandular cell outlets type 2 in subdorsal positions segment 2. The second new species, Echinoderes wilberti sp. nov. is described from the Caribbean coast in Yucatan. The new species show great resemblance with another species, Echinoderes horni, that occurred at the same locality. The only notable difference is a pair of subdorsal tubes on segment 2, present in E. wilberti sp. nov. only. However, barcoding of COI demonstrated the two morphospecies differed genetically more than 8%. This result shows that small morphological differences might be supported by much more conspicuous molecular differences. Based on the high level of morphological similarity between E. wilberti sp. nov. and E. horni, as well as a third Caribbean species, Echinoderes parahorni, a species group, the E. horni group, is proposed to accommodate this potentially monophyletic group of species.
This article is registered at www.zoobank.org under urn: lsid: zoobank.org:pub: 5AE5C820-C922-492B-83F3-66C957E53453
Thirteen species of Echinoderes with nearly identical spine/tube patterns, and apparently similar tergal extensions were re-examined and compared. Based on this, redescriptions and/or emended species diagnoses are provided for Echinoderes aureus, E. dujardinii, E. gerardi, E. imperforatus, E. pacificus, E. pilosus, E. sensibilis, E. sublicarum and E. worthingi, and new details about cuticular structures are added for E. kozloffi and E. gizoensis. The new information derived from the redescriptions, and the subsequent comparative studies revealed that: 1) the holotype of Echinoderes lanceolatus is identical with the types of Echinoderes aureus, and E. lanceolatus is thus a junior synonym of E. aureus; other potentially synonymous species that should be addressed further in the future include: E. dujardinii + E. gerardi; E. imperforatus + E. sensibilis, and E. pacificus + E. sublicarum; 2) the paratypes of E. lanceolatus represented a different yet undescribed species, here described as E. songae Sørensen & Chang sp. nov.; 3) a comparison with literature information about E. ehlersi showed that the species is so insufficiently described that a redescription of topotype material is required before the species should be considered for taxonomic comparison; 4) specimens from the Andaman Islands, India, that previously have been reported as Echinoderes cf. ehlersi represent two different undescribed species, of which one is described as E. chandrasekharai Sørensen & Chatterjee sp. nov. and the other is left undescribed due to the limited material available; 5) out of a total of fifteen addressed species, it is proposed that eleven represent a putatively monophyletic group that is named the Echinoderes dujardinii group. The group includes following species: E. dujardinii, E. ehlersi, E. gerardi, E. imperforatus, E. kozloffi, E. sensibilis, E. pacificus, E. sublicarum, E. songae Sørensen & Chang sp. nov., E. chandrasekharai Sørensen & Chatterjee sp. nov., and Echinoderes sp. from the Andaman Islands, and is supported by a similar spine/tube pattern (except for variation regarding the presence of lateral accessory tubes on segment 8); generally short middorsal spines, especially on segments 4 to 6; glandular cell outlets type 1 always present in middorsal positions on segments 1 to 3, and in subdorsal positions on segments 4 to 9; glandular cell outlets type 2 always present in laterodorsal or midlateral positions on segment 8, and sometimes in same positions on segment 9 but never at any other segments or positions; female papillae always present on sternal plates of segments 7 and 8, and occasionally also on segment 6; tergal extensions well-spaced, triangular, gradually tapered cones, and pectinate fringes of sternal extensions are differentiated into seta-like tufts. The comparisons furthermore showed potential taxonomic significance of two echinoderid character traits that previously have been slightly neglected as diagnostic traits, namely the presence and appearance of female papillae, and the dorsal pattern of glandular cell outlets type 1. Female papillae may occur on the sternal plates of segments 6 to 8, but the positions may differ from ventrolateral to ventromedial, and the morphology of the intracuticular substructure also differ at species level. Information about position and morphology of female papillae proved helpful for species recognition, but it might also provide information of phylogenetic importance. Analyses of glandular cell outlet type 1 patterns on the dorsal sides of segments 1 to 9 in species of Echinoderidae, revealed several apparently unique or rare patterns, but also three distinct patterns that applied to larger groups of species. One pattern is the one present in all species of the E. dujardinii group, whereas the other two common patterns included 1) middorsal outlets on segments 1 to 3, and paradorsal outlets on segments 4 to 9 (found in 27 species), and 2) middorsal outlets on segments 1 to 3, 5 and 7, and paradorsal outlets on segments 4, 6 and 8 to 9 (found in 27 species)
