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Earliness o f budbreak of apple rootstock seedling progenies and clones as indicated by increasing lengths of shoots and numbers o f de veloped leaves (May 1984).
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The Research Institute of Pomology, Skiemiewice, Poland started its apple rootstock improvement program in the 1950s (9). As a result of that work, the “ P” series rootstocks have been released, of which P2 and P22 appear the most promising (4). The rootstock breeding program is continuing (10), and heritabilities of some horticulturally valuable t...
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... Its reason can be different methods of production, spontaneous mutations, presence of viruses and new methods of obtaining e.g. radiation [Przyby a 1988, Zagaja et al. 1988, Przyby a and Zagaja 1989, Przyby a et al. 2009]. Also, within the range of clones of one rootstock morphological differences can occur depending on ontogenetic stage of development [Ma kowiak 1995, Kolasi ski 1996]. ...
... In many countries, apart from creative cultivation, a clone selection is also carried out to get the most valuable rootstocks for apple trees [Engel 1977, Masseron and Roche 1993, Webster and Hollands 1999, Johnson et al. 2001, Robinson 2001, Webster and Tobutt 2001, Robinson and Hoying 2004. Also in Poland scientists [Zagaja et al. 1988, Jakubowski 1993, Jakubowski and Zagaja 2000, Czynczyk and Jakubowski 2007 conduct various works to obtain new rootstocks for apple trees. The effects of such works in the Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Skierniewice, Poland are, among others, rootstocks: P1, P2, P14, P16, P22, 'Polan', P60, P62, P63, P64, P66, P67. ...
In many countries, apart from creative cultivation, clone selection is also car-ried out to get the most valuable rootstocks for apple trees. In years 2008–2010, in the Department of Dendrology and Nursery Production of University of Life Sciences in Pozna, an experiment, which is described below, was conducted. Its aim was to estimate a degree of morphological, phenological and genetic variability of 15 clones originating from crossing A2 and B9 rootstocks. Observations that were carried out confirmed vari-ability of the above mentioned features of clones. The differences were found in morphol-ogy of shoots, leaves, buds and in terms of the beginning of vegetation. Analysis of the results made it possible to separate four clones with desired feature of the reduction of the vigour of growth. The clones were marked as number 5, 11, 12 and 13, and they can turn out to be valuable rootstocks for apple trees. With help of PCR-RAPD method genetic variability of the clones number 2 and 3 was shown, as well.
The experiment was carried out on a fertile alluvial soil at Warsaw-Wilanów, Central Poland, in years 2001-2010. Nineteen very dwarfing and dwarfing rootstocks were tested for vigorous apple cultivar Rubin. Ten-year-old trees were the largest on M 9 EMLA and P 62, smaller on Arm 18, and then on B 491, Unima and B 146. Even smaller were the trees on M 27, P 63 and P 64, and the smallest those on PJ 629. The highest cumulative yield (2002-2010) per tree was on P 66, Arm 18, M 9 EMLA, B 491 and P 16, lower on P 64, P 22, P 59, M 27, PB-4 and J-TE-G, and the lowest on PJ 629. Trees on P 59, PJ 629, PB-4, No. 280, J-TE-G, P 63, P 66, P 22, No. 387 and P 64 showed higher yield efficiency than those on M 9 EMLA or P 62. The mean fruit mass from trees on P 63, M 27, No. 387, Arm 18, P 62, P 64, No. 280, B 491, P 16, Unima and M 9 EMLA was larger than from trees on PJ 629. Trees on P 63, B 491, P 16, P 66, and P 65 produced higher cumulative yield per ha than trees on PB-4, J-TE-G or PJ 629.
