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Internet of Things devices, platform programs, and network applications are all vulnerable to cyberattacks (digital attacks), which can be prevented at different levels by using cybersecurity protocol. In the Internet of Things (IoT), cyberattacks are specifically intended to retrieve or change/destroy sensitive information that may exceed the IoT’...
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... each new session, the private key at S and D is generated using the random function, which is selected between 1 and n-1. The public key is a point in the curve, namely Q, which is produced using scalar multiplication of d and G (e.g., Q = d × G) as shown in Figure 3. In this figure, S has a key pair (dS, QS) and D (dD, QD), which represent the private and public keys at each node. ...
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Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is a modern cryptographic technique that allows direct computations on encrypted data. While relatively new to the mainstream debate, HE has been a solid topic in research for decades. However, and despite the technological advances of the past years, HE’s inefficiencies render it impractical for deployment in realistic...
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... This Braille representation is then utilized as input to generate the final hash. We have chosen to employ the MD5 hashing algorithm, widely used in existing systems, to demonstrate the applicability of our approach to different types of hashing [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. The primary objective of this study is to provide an innovative and effective solution to strengthen password security, thereby protecting user data against malicious attacks. ...
In this work, we propose a novel approach to enhancing the security of passwords before storing them in databases. Our method utilizes Braille transformation to encrypt the password after generating the corresponding hash. The hash is divided into multiple blocks, each representing a character treated as a transformation unit. Each character is then associated with its corresponding Braille code, which consists of 6 digits. To further enhance security, we randomly replace each occurrence of "0" in the generated string with one of the digits 7, 8, or 9. The final string, six times larger than the original hash, is then stored in the database. To evaluate our approach, we conducted several experiments and comparisons. The results demonstrate that Braille transformation is resistant to brute-force attacks, statistical attacks, and differential attacks. These results were justified using various evaluation criteria, such as execution time and memory space occupied. Braille transformation is susceptible to any modification made to the hash or the generated string, further reinforcing its security. Our Braille-based approach offers an effective solution to strengthen the security of database passwords. It provides advantages in terms of protection against different attacks and offers a robust evaluation based on relevant criteria.
... Many more techniques employing chaotic maps have also been proposed in the literature [38,[40][41][42]. However, some of them appear vulnerable to decoding assaults [34,37,[43][44][45][46][47]. In order to enhance the efficiency of chaotic maps, it is necessary to use chaotic modulation in the communication system. ...
... These attacks can be devastating for IoT networks as they target the limited resources of IoT devices and the underlying infrastructure [8]. By flooding the network with an enormous amount of data, DDoS attacks consume bandwidth, processing power, and memory, rendering IoT devices and services inaccessible to legitimate users [9]. ...
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) attacks pose significant threats to the security of Software-Defined Internet of Things (SD-IoT) networks. The standard Software-Defined Networking (SDN) architecture faces challenges in effectively detecting, preventing, and mitigating these attacks due to its centralized control and limited intelligence. In this paper, we present P4-HLDMC, a novel collaborative secure framework that combines machine learning (ML), stateful P4, and a hierarchical logically distributed multi-controller architecture. P4-HLDMC overcomes the limitations of the standard SDN architecture, ensuring scalability, performance, and an efficient response to attacks. It comprises four modules: the multi-controller dedicated interface (MCDI) for real-time attack detection through a distributed alert channel (DAC), the MSMPF, a P4-enabled stateful multi-state matching pipeline function for analyzing IoT network traffic using nine state tables, the modified ensemble voting (MEV) algorithm with six classifiers for enhanced detection of anomalies in P4-extracted traffic patterns, and an attack mitigation process distributed among multiple controllers to effectively handle larger-scale attacks. We validate our framework using diverse test cases and real-world IoT network traffic datasets, demonstrating high detection rates, low false-alarm rates, low latency, and short detection times compared to existing methods. Our work introduces the first integrated framework combining ML, stateful P4, and SDN-based multi-controller architecture for DDoS and ARP detection in IoT networks.
The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a dynamic infrastructure, leveraging sensing and network communication technology to establish ubiquitous connectivity among people, machines, and objects. Due to its end devices’ limited computing resources and storage space, it is not feasible to merely transpose traditional internet security technologies directly to IoT endpoints. Maintaining security while concurrently ensuring performance is a particularly challenging endeavor. This paper provides a review of key agreements and authentication protocols pivotal to the security of IoT. First, this survey discusses the applications that need authentication and key agreement to strengthen their security and current research on these application fields. Subsequently, this paper engages in an in-depth exploration of the phase involved in the scheme of authentication and key agreement, including an examination of the cryptographic techniques employed within these processes. This survey also thoroughly studies the scheme’s security services, potential attacks, formal analysis and informal analysis to ensure resilience against such threats. This study aims to provide a profound understanding of the recent research on authentication and key agreement in IoT applications. It strives to contribute towards strengthening security systems for IoT applications, ensuring their sustainability in the face of evolving threats.
