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E-plane and H-plane antenna patterns for the 5.5 cm ground plane design at the DRA resonance of f = 2:5 GHz. Measurements are shown in bold and simulations in regular line weight. (a) E-plane and (b) H-plane.
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The goal of this study is to improve the bandwidth of a miniaturized antenna. The proposed technique combines a slot antenna and a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) to effectively double the available bandwidth without compromising miniaturization or efficiency. With proper design it is observed that the resonance of the slot and that of the diele...
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... radiation patterns in the E and H planes at the DRA res- onance are shown in Fig. 7. The simulated patterns are shown as well; the bold lines correspond to the measurements. Since both the slot and the lowest order modes of the DRA radiate as horizontal magnetic dipoles, low cross-pol levels are main- tained. Lower cross-pol levels are possible using a slot which is centered under the DRA in the direction; this would ...
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$\textrm {TM}_{01 \delta } $
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Citations
... The DR resonant is obtained at 27.5 GHz It is worth noting that in the DR mode, the slot is a feeding structure to excite the While in the slot modes, the slot is a radiator, and the DR is a transmitting media. F slot antenna, low radiating properties are mainly caused by the mismatching and stored energy in the near field [24]. From Figure 3, it can be seen that Antenna A h lower return loss than Antenna B at 29 GHz, but the gain of Antenna A is 2 dB lower Antenna B. In addition, the result proves that both antennas match well at 29 GHz an extremely small return loss. ...
... While in the slot modes, the slot is a radiator, and the DR is a transmitting media. For a slot antenna, low radiating properties are mainly caused by the mismatching and the stored energy in the near field [24]. From Figure 3, it can be seen that Antenna A has a lower return loss than Antenna B at 29 GHz, but the gain of Antenna A is 2 dB lower than Antenna B. In addition, the result proves that both antennas match well at 29 GHz with an extremely small return loss. ...
A circularly polarized (CP) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is presented in this paper for 5G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. This MIMO antenna consists of two high-order mode CP DRAs, which use the modified cross slots to generate the CP fields. Two complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) are used to isolate the surface current on the metal ground, which can increase the antenna isolation and optimize the axial ratio when each port is excited. The proposed MIMO antenna obtains a simulated impedance bandwidth from 25.41 to 31.18 GHz and an axial ratio (AR) bandwidth (AR < 3 dB) from 25.49 to 29.52 GHz for the 5th generation wireless communication applications. The measured results show that the antenna covers the overlapped bandwidth of 11% and isolation less than −25 dB over the frequency band range. The measured average (peak) gain is 5.84 (6.24) dBic at 26.5 GHz to 29.5 GHz for port 1 and 6.90 (7.27) dBic for port 2.
... Another option is the feeding mechanism because it also works as resonating structures; therefore together they produce a double resonating structure having identical radiation patterns. If the antenna designers required the wide bandwidth behaviours then by selecting the design of the DRA and feed, the two resonances can be combined to achieve wide bandwidth otherwise it will give two resonances at different frequency of operations [18][19] . However, to avoid this complexity, researcher proposed conventional shape of DR with suitable feeding techniques to enhance the bandwidth [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] . ...
... Both the DRA and the slot are radiating structures [18][19] and together they were producing double resonant radiators with identical radiating patterns. If the antenna designers required wide bandwidth behaviours then by selecting the proper design of the DRA and slot; they can merge two resonance frequencies to get wide bandwidth behaviour otherwise it will give two resonances at different frequencies of operations. ...
... It is worth to mentioning that by varying the slot length and DR height, these two resonance frequencies has been identified and also reported in [18][19] . ...
A frequency Tunable (mechanical tuning) Linearly Polarized (TLP) rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna(DRA) coupled with a horizontal/vertical-slot and excited with circular-ring type feed is investigated in this article.The frequency tunability (mechanical tuning) is achieved by the rotation of slot at different angles of the proposedstructure. Hence, two linearly polarized antennas have been proposed for different frequency bands such as Wi-MAX and Sub-6 GHz/5G, respectively, using slot variations (named as DRA-1 and DRA-2). TE 11δ mode has been excited in both the DRAs and confirmed by orientation of electric field inside the rectangular DRA. The measured -10 dB input impedance bandwidths of DRA-1 offer 21.60 % being centered at 2.87 GHz and the separation of co-polarized and cross-polarized field levels is above -24 dB in the broadside direction (xz-plane). Whereas DRA-2 offers measured -10 dB input impedance bandwidths of 23.03% being centered at 3.56 GHz having a separation of co-polarized and cross-polarized field levels are above -23 dB in the broadside direction (xz-plane). In addition, the proposed DRA-1 and DRA-2 show a maximum gain of 5.23 dBi and 4.75 dBi in broadside direction, respectively.
... They offer effective and efficient radiations due to the incredibly low dielectric material. Additionally, the design and feeding processes of DRAs are adaptable, diverse and straightforward [6,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Here, we have used the micro-strip feeding technique for exciting the antenna. Defected ground structure (DGS) is also involved in the proposed structure to enhance the *Corresponding author, E-mail: rajveer.yaduvanshi@nsut.ac.in ...
2.4 GHz Jammer has been proposed for prison applications to eliminate the trend of inmate communications in prison cell by forming Wi-Fi communication network. GSM/CDMA jammers are able to work only at 900, 1800 and 2300 MHz. As 2.4 and 5.8 GHz Jammers are unexplored. The dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) has high efficiency and 4.114 dBi gain. However, gain can be further enhanced using phased array concept which is in process. The proposed structure is simulated on CST software. The structure consists of a cylindrical DRA of Alumina substrate, which is excited by a micro-strip feeding. On the back side, a slot is cut to introduce the effect of defected ground structure (DGS). The proposed model is fabricated and tested using VNA (vector network analyzer).The prototyped experimental results have also been compared with CST simulated results. This jammer antenna can also be used for jamming drones involved in illegal activities.
... Dielectric resonator antennas are capable of efficiently replacing conventional metallic antennas, especially at the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies, due to the absence of ohmic and surface wave losses as well as other appealing advantages [1]. One of the most common DRA feeding mechanisms at the mmWave band is the utilization of a slot aperture to couple the energy to the resonator [2]. ...
A novel approach is proposed to design a circularly polarized (CP) hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with a wide axial ratio (AR) bandwidth by incorporating an additional dielectric substrate between the antenna and the ground plane. This is in addition to the lower feeding substrate that is located between the ground plane on one side and the feeding microstrip line on the other side. Adding another substrate on top of the ground plane provided an additional degree of freedom in the design that facilitated the achievement of ab 18% AR bandwidth. In addition, an integrated hemispherical DRA and perforated substrate configuration was utilized to achieve optimum effective substrate permittivity and overcome the DRA alignment and assembly challenges while maintaining the achieved wide CP bandwidth. A close agreement was achieved between measurements and simulations.
... 17,18 Alternatively, resonances from the feeding structure can be employed to provide additional modes. [19][20][21] Most of the previous RDRA studies reported limited number of excitable modes, especially in the sub-6 GHz band. Complex feeding techniques are commonly used to obtain more bands in those works but surfer from large size and design complexity. ...
A low‐profile rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) through the slot‐based feed method is studied for the multiband operation. Based on the perfect magnetic wall (PMW) model and dielectric waveguide model (DWM), field distributions and resonant frequencies of the RDRA intrinsic modes are calculated for multimodal analysis. The microstrip backed slot coupling scheme is employed for the simultaneous excitation of multiple modes. A prototype is fabricated and validated. By generating 10 modes simultaneously including TEy111 to TEy711, and TEx221 to TEx421 modes. The RDRA is able to provide good multiband performance.
... Peak cross-polarized fields are atleast 93.93 dBi and 4.28 dBi lower than the co-polarized fields for the E-and H-planes respectively. Low cross-polarization levels can be achieved with slot axis is centered with respect to that of the DRA, because this would suppress modes responsible for increased co-polarization [29]. We would expect the antenna to maintain low levels of cross-polarization, owing to the slot and DRA exhibiting similar magnetic dipole-like radiation characteristics. ...
... However, we observe that the levels of the cross-polarization fields are more suppressed in the E-plane while there is poor cross-polarization performance in the H-plane. This may be attributed to finite plane effects [30], excitation of higher order modes of the DR [31] as well as possible presence of degenerate modes owing to the DRA offset [29]. Fig. 12 shows the simulated gain and efficiency of the antenna over frequency. ...
The emerging mobile broadband applications and services demand high-performance networks operating at high frequencies. There is need for high gain and wideband antennas for mobile equipment to support high-speed communications in the millimeter (mm) wave and terahertz (THz) frequencies. In this paper, we propose a wideband substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) fed dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for D-band applications. A rectangular dielectric resonator element is designed to operate in higher order modes. Wideband operation is achieved by merging adjacent resonances of the different modes. We present a systematic and sequential application of impedance matching techniques to merge the passbands of a multi-mode dual-band DRA, to achieve a wideband response. The proposed design operates between 123.97 GHz and 152.13 GHz. This represents a -10 dB bandwidth of 20.39% at the center frequency of 138.05 GHz. The proposed antenna design has stable broadside radiation patterns, exhibiting a high gain of 11.67 dBi, directivity of 13.36 dBi and maximum total efficiency of 79% . The proposed design is suitable for future generation wireless communication in the terahertz band.
... The antenna's physical length influences its resonant frequency, radiation sample and impedance matching factors. However, as the scale decreases, it becomes harder to hold the preferred electric traits, leading to reduced performance [13]. To overcome these challenges, numerous techniques were developed in nanoscale antenna layout. ...
This article provides an overview of nanoscale antenna systems in wireless communications and emerging biomedical applications. The research examines the importance of nanoscale antennas and the significance of nanotechnology in antenna layout. It delves into numerous layout concerns along with challenges of miniaturization, frequency selection and trade-offs between size, bandwidth, performance and radiation properties. The paper also explores the role of nanomaterials in antenna packages, specializing in their properties and overall performance-improving properties. It explores synthetic methods and techniques for incorporating nanomaterials into antenna designs, opening the way for new designs and improved performance. In the field of wireless communication, the article includes miniaturized antennas for wearable devices, Internet of Things (IoT) applications, millimeter wave, terahertz communication systems and it also explores antenna designs for compact wireless devices with constrained form factors overcoming challenges due to size limitations. In the biomedical field, antennas integrated into implantable medical devices and biosensing platforms are explored. The article examines the use and fabrication of biocompatible materials for biomedical antennas by considering their applicability in biomedical environments. Performance analysis and characterization techniques for nanoscale antennas are presented, including calibration methods, radiation sample analysis, gain, efficiency, impedance matching and analysis of performance parameters in various typical application scenarios. It helps to optimize antenna configuration for various cases. The article concludes with a discussion of key findings and contributions to the study. It highlights future directions and potential developments in nanoscale antenna systems, including power efficiency and energy collection, reliability and robustness in active areas and integration with wireless communication systems and networking. Finally, this article presents treasured insights into the design, fabric packages and research of nanoscale antenna systems. It gives a roadmap for future studies and improvement, focusing on the transformative capability of nanoscale antennas in Wi-Fi communications and biomedical applications.
... and associated techniques that effectively address these critical issues [19][20][21][22]. Notably, these techniques involve the deformation of DR shapes, deflection of the ground plane, or the adoption of hybrid structures [23][24][25]. ...
This paper presents a compact penta-band Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA). The proposed MIMO DRA consists of two rectangular DRs incorporating complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) and an inverted T-shaped slot. The MIMO DRA achieves low impedance matching through simple microstrip feedlines, which is further enhanced by integrating a microstrip line with the DRA itself. Remarkably, the introduction of CSRRs enables the design to resonate at five distinct frequency bands, namely 2.8 GHz, 4.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 6.4 GHz, and 6.9 GHz. The simulated properties of the MIMO DRA were validated through over-the-air measurements performed on a fabricated prototype. The proposed MIMO design demonstrates impedance bandwidths of 2.09 %, 2.43 %, 2.17 %, 2.55 %, and 4.91 % at the above respective resonance frequencies. The proposed design exhibits exceptional stability in radiation pattern, featuring a noteworthy peak gain of 6.08 dBi and an efficiency of 91.35 %. Notably, the incorporation of an inverted T-shaped slot effectively enhances isolation between the MIMO elements, achieving a maximum diversity gain of 10 dB and an envelope correlation coefficient of 0.005 over 20 dB isolation. A good agreement between the simulation and measured results is obtained, which underscores the suitability of the CSRR-based MIMO DRA for multiband wireless applications (blue tooth, radio astronomy, remote sensing, WIFI, satellite television and 6G), making it a very valuable contribution to the field.
... Later on, in 2005 Esselle and Bird again reported experimental results on the same DRA in which the bandwidth obtained was 23.5% [74]. Buerkle et al. reported a technique in which they combined a slot antenna and a DRA to obtain a bandwidth of around 25% [75]. Hybrid antennas were again reported the very next year. ...
Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) are developed antennas that are lightweight, wideband, small-sized and have high radiation efficiency. A DRA is an appropriate candidate for any radio communication including radar applications mainly because of its high efficiency and wideband performance. As the development of DRAs has been a continuous process for more than five decades the plethora of the same has become magnificent in all possible ways. Scientists have walked the technical path for more than centuries and tried to meet the various challenges in the most graceful ways. Reduction of loss, lightweight, and desired radiation patterns are some of the issues which are effectively met by DRAs. This paper presents a brief comprehensive review of the state of art techniques, giving an exhaustive idea of achieving broadband and multi-frequency operations in the areas of DRAs. The paper associates the references of the past and correlates with the current and future trends of research in DRAs that could be of immense help to the young upcoming researchers interested in this field.
... Therefore, the DRA excited by the MCF slot operates in left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) at 25 GHz and 37 GHz. The concept of hybrid radiation proves that feeding slots can simultaneously act as a feeding structure of the DRA and a dielectric-loaded slot antenna [25]. Figure 5c,d, except the E-fields are focused on Slot 1 and 3 at t = 0. Furthermore, at both frequencies, the → E R rotates in the clockwise direction when t changes from t = 0 to t = T/4, which means the dielectric-loaded MCF slot antenna operates in LHCP. ...
This paper proposes a dual-band circularly polarized (CP) rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for 5G millimeter wave wireless communications. The proposed DRA consists of a novel modified cross-flower exciting (MCF) slot and a rectangular ceramic dielectric resonator (DR). With the help of the compact MCF feeding slot, the fundamental modes/ and higher-order modes / of the DR can be excited to achieve CP dual-band characteristics. In addition, the MCF slot works as a radiator at 26 GHz and 39 GHz to enhance the DRA bandwidth. More importantly, these two operational bandwidths can be controlled independently at the lower and upper bands. The proposed DRA is designed, fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the proposed dual-band CP DRA achieves 3 dB axial-ratio (AR) bandwidths of 19.8% and 7.8% with peak gains of 5.62 dBic and 6.74 dBic for the lower and upper bands.
