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The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence, distribution and correlates of dyslipidaemia among people (15–69 years) in Mongolia. National data were analyzed from 4,895 individuals (15–69 years, median age = 35 years) that took part in the Mongolia cross-sectional STEPS survey in 2019, and had complete lipid measurements. Dyslipidaemia was...
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Introduction
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Methods
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Citations
... Hypertensive patients were defined as having an SBP ≥140 mm Hg and/or a mean DBP ≥90 mm Hg, or self-reporting that they had taken antihypertensive medication within the past two weeks [25]. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as serum total cholesterol ≥5.17 mmol/L [200 mg/dL] or the use of lipid-lowering drugs [26]. DM was defined as having a fasting blood glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or taking any antidiabetic medication [27]. ...
Background
Progress in cardiovascular health is increasingly concentrated in high-income countries, while the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is high in low- and middle-income countries, a clear health inequity that must be urgently addressed.
Objective
This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and clustering of CVD risk factors in the three Lancang-Mekong regions.
Methods
We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey from January 2021 to March 2023 in China, Laos, and Cambodia. We compared the prevalence and clustering of CVD risk factors–including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, overweight/obesity, current smoking status, current drinking status, inadequate vegetable and fruit intake, and insufficient physical activity–across the three regions, further stratifying the data by gender and age. Multivariate logistic regression models were performed to explore factors influencing the aggregation of CVD risk factors (≥2, ≥3, ≥4).
Results
A total of 11,005 adults were included in the study. Hypertension emerged as the primary metabolic risk factor in Laos (36.8%) and Cambodia (23.5%), whereas overweight/obesity was the primary risk factor in China (37.6%). In terms of behavioral risk factors, participants in all three regions showed insufficient vegetable and fruit intake. The prevalence of individuals without CVD risk factors was 10% in China, 1.9% in Laos, and 5.2% in Cambodia. Meanwhile, the prevalence of two or more risk factors was 64.6% in China, 79.2% in Laos, and 76.0% in Cambodia. Multivariate logistic regression models revealed that the propensity for CVD risk factors clustering was higher in men and increased with age in all three countries.
Conclusions
CVD risk factors and multiple clustering are pressing health threats among adults in low- and middle-income areas along the Lancang-Mekong River Basin. This study highlights the urgent need for proactive tailored strategies to control CVD risk factors.
... The 2019 European Society of Cardiology and European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS) guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias recommend the use of TC minus HDL-C and LDL-C for RC calculation [19]. The normal level of blood lipids were defined as TC < 5.18 mmol/L, LDL-C < 3.37 mmol/L, and HDL-C ≥ 1.04 mmol/L [20]. ...
Purpose
Cholesterol metabolism is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and recent studies have shown that cholesterol metabolism poses a residual risk of cardiovascular disease even when conventional lipid risk factors are in the optimal range. The association between remnant cholesterol (RC) and cardiovascular disease has been demonstrated; however, its association with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the concomitance of the two diseases requires further study. This study aimed to evaluate the association of RC with hypertension, T2DM, and both in a large sample of the U.S. population, and to further explore the potential mechanisms involved.
Methods
This cross-sectional study used data from the 2005—2018 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 17,749). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the relationships of RC with hypertension, T2DM, and both comorbidities. A restricted cubic spline regression model was used to reveal the dose effect. Mediation analyses were performed to explore the potential mediating roles of inflammation-related indicators in these associations.
Results
Of the 17,749 participants included (mean [SD] age: 41.57 [0.23] years; women: 8983 (50.6%), men: 8766 (49.4%)), the prevalence of hypertension, T2DM, and their co-occurrence was 32.6%, 16.1%, and 11.0%, respectively. Higher RC concentrations were associated with an increased risk of hypertension, T2DM, and their co-occurrence (adjusted odds ratios for per unit increase in RC were 1.068, 2.259, and 2.362, and 95% confidence intervals were 1.063–1.073, 1.797–2.838, and 1.834–3.041, respectively), with a linear dose–response relationship. Even when conventional lipids were present at normal levels, positive associations were observed. Inflammation-related indicators (leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils) partially mediated these associations. Among these, leukocytes had the greatest mediating effect (10.8%, 14.5%, and 14.0%, respectively).
Conclusion
The results of this study provide evidence that RC is associated with the risk of hypertension, T2DM, and their co-occurrence, possibly mediated by an inflammatory response.
... As previously reviewed 10 , risk factors for dyslipidemia prevalence include sociodemographic factors (male sex, urban residence, and ethnicity), chronic conditions (obesity, CVD, hypertension, and diabetes), and health behavior risk factors (smoking, and physical inactivity. Factors associated with awareness of dyslipidemia diagnosis include sociodemographic factors (older age, urban residence, higher education), chronic conditions (higher BMI, CVD, hypertension, and diabetes) 10 . ...
... As previously reviewed 10 , risk factors for dyslipidemia prevalence include sociodemographic factors (male sex, urban residence, and ethnicity), chronic conditions (obesity, CVD, hypertension, and diabetes), and health behavior risk factors (smoking, and physical inactivity. Factors associated with awareness of dyslipidemia diagnosis include sociodemographic factors (older age, urban residence, higher education), chronic conditions (higher BMI, CVD, hypertension, and diabetes) 10 . Factors associated with the treatment of dyslipidemia include female sex, and chronic conditions (CVD, diabetes, and hypertension), and factors positively associated with control of dyslipidemia include female sex, urban residence, chronic conditions (CVD, diabetes, underweight and overweight/obesity), and physical activity 10 . ...
... Factors associated with awareness of dyslipidemia diagnosis include sociodemographic factors (older age, urban residence, higher education), chronic conditions (higher BMI, CVD, hypertension, and diabetes) 10 . Factors associated with the treatment of dyslipidemia include female sex, and chronic conditions (CVD, diabetes, and hypertension), and factors positively associated with control of dyslipidemia include female sex, urban residence, chronic conditions (CVD, diabetes, underweight and overweight/obesity), and physical activity 10 . The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence, distribution, and correlates of dyslipidemia among people aged 18-69 years in Bangladesh. ...
... A moderate agreement was more related to elevated glucose and cholesterol levels. In Mongolia, the incidence of diabetes and dyslipidemia has increased and is more common in the urban areas [29,31]. A cross-sectional national survey reported in 2019 that the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 58.6%, among which 6.2% were aware, 18.9% were treated, and 21.5% were controlled [31]. ...
... In Mongolia, the incidence of diabetes and dyslipidemia has increased and is more common in the urban areas [29,31]. A cross-sectional national survey reported in 2019 that the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 58.6%, among which 6.2% were aware, 18.9% were treated, and 21.5% were controlled [31]. Another study noted that only a small proportion of the total hypertensive or diabetic population had adequately controlled blood pressure or blood sugar due to a large diagnosis gap, non-treatment of previously diagnosed populations, and inadequate control of the treated population [32]. ...
We sought to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in the urban population of Mongolia and suggest a preferred definition. This cross-sectional study comprised 2076 representative samples, which were randomly selected to provide blood samples. MS was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adults Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and the Joint Interim Statement (JIS). The Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ) was analyzed to determine the agreement between the individual MS components using the three definitions. The prevalence of MS in the 2076 samples was 19.4% by NCEP ATP III, 23.6% by IDF, and 25.4% by JIS criteria. For men, moderate agreement was found between the NCEP ATP III and waist circumference (WC) (κ = 0.42), and between the JIS and fasting blood glucose (FBG) (κ = 0.44) and triglycerides (TG) (κ = 0.46). For women, moderate agreement was found between the NCEP ATP III and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (κ = 0.43), and between the JIS and HDL-C (κ = 0.43). MS is highly prevalent in the Mongolian urban population. The JIS definition is recommended as the provisional definition.
