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![Table 2 . Threshold limit values of dust fall [24].](publication/276042514/figure/tbl2/AS:670548992479251@1536882746642/Threshold-limit-values-of-dust-fall-24_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 3. Sketch showing the compartments of the dust fall station [22].](publication/276042514/figure/fig3/AS:612849579749376@1523126134160/Sketch-showing-the-compartments-of-the-dust-fall-station-22_Q320.jpg)
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... of all, studies that conducted in evaluating dust fall around surrounding areas of industrial complexes were studied [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Then based on recommendation of the American Society for Testing and Materials Standard Method for collection of dust fall ASTM Method D-1739 and analysis books, 8 home dust fall stations were de- signed and selected as shown in Figure 2. The following criteria were used to select the stations. The distance be- tween stations 3 km and sampling must be done in an open area, far from tall buildings, the distance from buildings should be at least 20 m, stations should be away from local sources of pollution, easily accessible and away from being damaged (Fang, et al., 2004). Col- lection of dust fall was accomplished using a home dust fall station as shown in Figure 3. The collector is con- sisted of a glass box 30 × 30 × 30 cm fixed on a vertical stand of about 2 m to prevent terrestrial dust to pollute the sample. The sample was collected in Petri deposition dish placed above a meter balance interior the glass box which may give the weight of dust fall directly at any time. Also the station is provided with an electric circuit giving alarm to prevent bird's droppings. The station is provided with a shield to prevent wind fluctuations. Petri dishes are replaced at the end of each month to collect dust fall samples. Meteorological records indicated that north-west di- rection is prevailing wind direction hence, it was taken as downwind direction for the present study. The device of Global Positioning Systems GPS (Garmen 62 s ) was used to demonstrate the locations of dust fall stations. Table 1 gives the global position coordinates of distributed dust fall stations in the area nearby the fertilizer ...
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Heavy metal contamination around the Plock urban-industrial complex (MZRiP plant) are mapped with loadings falling from >200 kg/km 2/yr near the petrochemical plant to <50 at a distance of 10-15 km. Data are tabulated and the errors involved in sampling different soil types are noted. -K.Clayton
Citations
... Wind directions shifts from predominantly northwesterly during time period from November to March and north-westerly to northerly in the most of the remaining months of the year. The soil of the area is from parent materials which are medium in limestone and soil texture ranges from sand to loamy sand [6,7]. The studied area is agricultural soil located, and around the Assuit fertiliser factory.This soil is cultivated with crops on which humans and animals feed. ...
... H in = (C Ra /185 + C Th /259 + C K /4810) ≤ 1 (6) Where A Ra , A Th and A k are specific activities in (Bq kg −1 ) of 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K, respectively. The values of internal hazard index (H in ) range from 0.190 in sample (12) to 0.917 in sample (1) with an average value of 0.544 as listed in Table 3. ...
In the present work, radioactivity level in 15 collected soil samples from the area around fertiliser factory in Upper Egypt has been measured using gamma ray Spectrometry due to radionuclides occurred naturally namely 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K to study the concentrations of these nuclides in this soil and determine the effect of Assuit fertiliser factory exhaust on radiological contents of surrounding Soil Samples in Assuit Province, Egypt. Activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K for soil samples were measured by scintillation detector NaI (Tl), has recorded average values 49.45 ± 5.04, 59.113 ± 2.96 and 137.85 ± 6.89 Bq/kg, respectively. On the other hand the average value of radiological hazards affected on farmers and populations were 150.32 Bq/kg, 64.3 nG/h, 0.257, 0.544, 1.006, 0.246, 0.315 and 0.0788 mSv/y for radium equivalent activity, absorbed gamma dose, external and internal hazard indices, gamma index, indoor and outdoor effective dose, respectively. The absorbed dose, gamma index and the annual gona-dal dose equivalent the radiological hazards were found higher than permissible level.
... 25.35, and 24.62 g/m 2 /month) were detected at S1 (north Port Said city near the seacoast), S3 (City Centre), and S2 (east Port Said city), respectively; these sites are characterized by commercial/industrial activities and densely traffic. The lowest mean dust fall rate (15.72 g/m 2 /month) was detected at S5, which is in less populated and normal traffic area, south Port Said ( The annual mean deposition rate in Port Said (23.11 g/m 2 / month) exceeds the dust standard level (18 g/m 2 /month) (SANS 1929(SANS :2011, and is also higher than the dust level (14 gm/m 2 /month) for industrial areas according to the Egyptian Law 470/1970 (Mohamed et al. 2013b). Furthermore, the dust fall rates in Port Said were compared to those reported in other sites in Egypt and around the world. ...
... Furthermore, the dust fall rates in Port Said were compared to those reported in other sites in Egypt and around the world. Accordingly, the mean annual deposition rate of dust fall in Port Said was higher than 4.2 (g/m 2 /month) which was measured in Amman, Jordan (Momani et al. 2000); 3.9 (g/m 2 /month), in Malaysia (Alahmr et al. 2012); and 7.38 (g/m 2 /month) in Tabriz, Iran (Eivazzadeh et al. 2019); and also lower than 35 (g/m 2 /month) in Cairo (Nasralla et al. 1986) and 39.27 (g/m 2 /month) in Assiut, Egypt (Mohamed et al. 2013b). ...
Deposited particulate matter (dust fall) was collected in an urban and industrial city, Port Said, Egypt, from March 2018 to February 2019, and analyzed for water-soluble ions. In addition, suspended particulate matter (SPM) was collected from March to August 2018, and the filtrate samples were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using ICP-OES. The depositional rates of dust fall and SPM in sampling sites were compared with meteorological (e.g., temperature, wind speed and direction) and satellite-based datasets. GIS-based interpolated maps were delineated for concentrations of major ions and heavy metals to determine their spatial and temporal variations within sampling sites. The analyzed anions (meq/L) have the decreasing order: SO 4 2− (5.86) > Cl − (4.54) > HCO 3 − (1.57) > NO 3 − (0.10) and Ca 2+ (4.20) > Na + (4.00) > Mg 2+ (2.10) > K + (1.51) > NH 4 + (0.37) for cations. Low ratios of NO 3 − /SO 4 2− indicate the predominance of stationary pollution sources in Port Said city. The SPM-associated heavy metals (μg/m 3) have the decreasing order: Fe (2.7) > Cr (1.64) > Ni (1.35) > Pb (1.3) > Cd (0.17). The mean concentration of SPM (258 μg/m 3) exceeds the European (150 μg/m 3) and Egyptian (230 μg/m 3) air quality standards. Statistically, Cd and Cr were positively correlated with Fe (R 2 = 0.86), while Pb and Ni were not. Overall, findings show that high rates of dust fall and heavy metals in Port Said's atmosphere can be attributed to urbanization (construction sites), sea-salt spray, and anthropogenic sources (e.g., industrial and vehicle emissions).
... Wind directions shifts from predominantly northwesterly during time period from November to March and north-westerly to northerly in the most of the remaining months of the year. The soil of the area is from parent materials which are medium in limestone and soil texture ranges from sand to loamy sand [6,7]. The studied area is agricultural soil located, and around the Assuit fertiliser factory.This soil is cultivated with crops on which humans and animals feed. ...
... H in = (C Ra /185 + C Th /259 + C K /4810) ≤ 1 (6) Where A Ra , A Th and A k are specific activities in (Bq kg −1 ) of 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K, respectively. The values of internal hazard index (H in ) range from 0.190 in sample (12) to 0.917 in sample (1) with an average value of 0.544 as listed in Table 3. ...
In the present work, radioactivity level in 15 collected soil samples from the area around fertiliser factory in Upper Egypt has been measured using gamma ray Spectrometry due to radionuclides occurred naturally namely ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K to study the concentrations of these nuclides in this soil and determine the effect of Assuit fertiliser factory exhaust on radiological contents of surrounding Soil Samples in Assuit Province, Egypt. Activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K for soil samples were measured by scintillation detector NaI (Tl), has recorded average values 49.45 ± 5.04, 59.113 ± 2.96 and 137.85 ± 6.89 Bq/kg, respectively. On the other hand the average value of radiological hazards affected on farmers and populations were 150.32 Bq/kg, 64.3 nG/h, 0.257, 0.544, 1.006, 0.246, 0.315 and 0.0788 mSv/y for radium equivalent activity, absorbed gamma dose, external and internal hazard indices, gamma index, indoor and outdoor effective dose, respectively. The absorbed dose, gamma index and the annual gonadal dose equivalent the radiological hazards were found higher than permissible level.
... Samples were transferred to the polythene bags after stones and debris were removed. The concept of DGM sampling is based on the gravitational pull of atmospheric dust particles and its procedure is modified from previous studies (Khuzestani & Souri, 2013;Mohamed, Mohamed, Rabeiy, & Ghandour, 2013;Sami, Waseem, & Akbar, 2006). Baskets and bowls were used in DGM and were placed close to STM sample collection areas. ...
... Iron (Fe) content in alluvial soils at El-Saff reached 16.6% in the surface deposit which irrigated with liquid industrial wastes (Rabie and Abd El-Sabour 1999) and Ni recorded 55.3 ppm in alluvial soils at El-Fayoum (El-Sayed and Hegazy 1993). Mohamed et al. (2013) pointed out the overload of dust fall with about 3. 30, 26.46, 22.33, 235.00, 4.53, and 3.80 ppm of As, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Hg; respectively around Assiut Fertilizer Plant. Elgharably et al. (2014) stated that soils at Assiut are polluted with Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Ni as a result of the application of sewage wastewater for irrigation. ...
Abstract Background The geochemical investigation of agricultural soil is a great demand because of its help in the characterization of soil and its suitability for cultivation. The urbanization, cultivation, and industrial activities at Assiut Governorate have adversely impacted the chemical composition of soil, especially its content of heavy metals. The study area includes El-Madabgh sewage station and many big industries; cement, fertilizers, and pharmaceutical. Results The Nile Valley soils are very comparable in composition and composed mainly of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, and TiO2 which represent about 88% of its chemical composition. The chemical composition gave an indication about the mineralogical assemblage of soil; quartz, clay minerals, and calcite. The results pointed to the mixed source (geogenic and anthropogenic) of Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, Zr, and Cr and the anthropogenic source of As, Pb, and Cd (especially phosphatic fertilizers) in the studied soil. Conclusion The studied soil chemistry affected mainly by the agricultural practices (application of fertilizers, pesticides, manure, and wastewater irrigation), industrial inputs, and atmospheric deposition. Generally, the Egyptian soil needs more geochemical studies to monitor its quality and enhance of its productivity.
... The deposition of Cu and Pb in Central India were found to be higher than the current study while Zn was in the same range [Ghosh, 2014]. Another study in West India, Pakistan and Assiut, Egypt were found to have deposition of Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the same range with the current study [Meena et al., 2014, Khan et al., 2013and Mohamed et al., 2013. The deposition of Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni in Vanderbijlpark, South Africa, Mnisi and Moja, 2013) were found to be higher than the current study. ...
div>Dust fall samples in University of Ilorin, University of Ibadan and Kwara State University motor parks were collected using open bucket sampler based on ASTM D1739 of 1998 (2010) for five months from November, 2014 to March, 2015. 0.1g of dust sample was digested with 20 ml of HNO3, HClO4 and HF in ratio of (3:2:1) respectively and the heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni) were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Generally, decrease in the following order; 1479.75, 1255.675, 241.498, 128.00, 85.25, and 9.625 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively were found at University of Ibadan. The decreased in average mass of heavy metals obtained in University of Ilorin were found to be 1145.75, 797.75, 219.625, 133.51, 58.25 and 23.125 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively. For Kwara State University, decrease in the following order; 778.5, 323.875, 259.375, 101.375, 34.375, and 4.625 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively were found. Generally, the heavy metal concentrations decreases in the following order Mn>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu>Cd for all the three sites.</div
... Ali et al. (2012) found that the long-term application of phosphate fertilisers in oil palm plantations tends to increase Cd and Zn concentrations in soil. Small-sized particles in the atmosphere have a greater tendency to combine and accumulate with soilderived elements (Mohamed et al. 2013). The contaminated particulate matter will then be deposited in dust through atmospheric deposition, suspension and sedimentation, and this dust will later be brought indoors and will come into contact with children through ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation (Tchounwou et al. 2012;Latif et al. 2014). ...
This study aimed to determine bioavailable heavy metal concentrations (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn) and their potential sources in classroom dust collected from children’s hand palms in Rawang (Malaysia). This study also aimed to determine the association between bioavailable heavy metal concentration in classroom dust and children’s respiratory symptoms. Health risk assessment (HRA) was applied to evaluate health risks (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) due to heavy metals in classroom dust. The mean of bioavailable heavy metal concentrations in classroom dust found on children’s hand palms was shown in the following order: Zn (1.25E + 01 μg/g) > Cu (9.59E-01 μg/g) > Ni (5.34E-01 μg/g) > Cr (4.72E-02 μg/g) > Co (2.34E-02 μg/g) > As (1.77E-02 μg/g) > Cd (9.60E-03 μg/g) > Pb (5.00E-03 μg/g). Hierarchical cluster analysis has clustered 17 sampling locations into three clusters, whereby cluster 1 (S3, S4, S6, S15) located in residential areas and near to roads exposed to vehicle emissions, cluster 2 (S10, S12, S9, S7) located near Rawang town and cluster 3 (S13, S16, S1, S2, S8, S14, S11, S17, S5) located near industrial, residential and plantation areas. Emissions from vehicles, plantations and industrial activities were found as the main sources of heavy metals in classroom dust in Rawang. There is no association found between bioavailable heavy metal concentrations and respiratory symptoms, except for Cu (OR = 0.03). Health risks (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks) indicated that there are no potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of heavy metals in classroom dust toward children health.
... The deposition of Cu and Pb in Central India were found to be higher than the current study while Zn was in the same range (Ghosh, 2014). Another study in West India, Pakistan and (Assiut) Egypt were found to have deposition of Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the same range with the current study (Meena et al., 2014, Khan et al., 2013and Mohamed et al., 2013. However, the deposition of Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni in Vanderbijlpark, South Africa were found to be higher than the current study (Mnisi and Moja, 2013). ...
The high density of vehicles that run to and fro University campus to town has become of great concern for assessment of health status of the ambient air around the Universities motor parks. Moreover, some of the University's parks are unpaved while the paved ones are old and unmaintained. Dust fall samples in parks of Universities of Ilorin, Ibadan and Kwara State University were collected for five months spanning from 1st November 2014 to 31st March, 2015 using open bucket sampler based on ASTM D 1739 of 1998 (2010). A 0.1 g of dust sample was digested with 20 ml of HNO3, HClO4 and HF in ratio of (3:2:1) respectively and heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni) were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific model 210 VGP). Results of heavy metal concentrations showed decrease in the following order: 1479.75, 1255.68, 241.50, 128.00, 85.25, and 9.63 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively for University of Ibadan. The decreased in concentrations of heavy metals obtained for University of Ilorin motor park dust-fall were found to be 1145.75, 797.75, 219.63, 133.51, 58.25 and 23.13 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively. For Kwara State University, decrease in the following order: 778.5, 323.88, 259.38, 101.38, 34.38, and 4.63 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively were obtained. Generally for the three sites used, the heavy metal concentrations decreased in the following order: Mn>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu>Cd. This implies that dust-fall in the parks are heavily loaded with some heavy metals that are of concentrations above Romania standard threshold limit for Cd and Pb while concentration values obtained for Ni are higher than US-EPA values (75 mg/kg). The regulatory agent or management should ensure that the roads are paved and there should be intermittent wetting of the roads with water. ©JASEM http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i2.13
... The deposition of Cu and Pb in Central India were found to be higher than the current study while Zn was in the same range (Ghosh, 2014). Another study in West India, Pakistan and (Assiut) Egypt were found to have deposition of Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the same range with the current study (Meena et al., 2014, Khan et al., 2013and Mohamed et al., 2013. However, the deposition of Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni in Vanderbijlpark, South Africa were found to be higher than the current study (Mnisi and Moja, 2013). ...
The high density of vehicles that run to and fro University campus to town has become of great concern for assessment of health status of the ambient air around the Universities motor parks. Moreover, some of the University's parks are unpaved while the paved ones are old and unmaintained. Dust fall samples in parks of Universities of Ilorin, Ibadan and Kwara State University were collected for five months spanning from 1st November 2014 to 31st March, 2015 using open bucket sampler based on ASTM D 1739 of 1998 (2010). A 0.1 g of dust sample was digested with 20 ml of HNO3, HClO4 and HF in ratio of (3:2:1) respectively and heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni) were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific model 210 VGP). Results of heavy metal concentrations showed decrease in the following order: 1479.75, 1255.68, 241.50, 128.00, 85.25, and 9.63 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively for University of Ibadan. The decreased in concentrations of heavy metals obtained for University of Ilorin motor park dust-fall were found to be 1145.75, 797.75, 219.63, 133.51, 58.25 and 23.13 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively. For Kwara State University, decrease in the following order: 778.5, 323.88, 259.38, 101.38, 34.38, and 4.63 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively were obtained. Generally for the three sites used, the heavy metal concentrations decreased in the following order: Mn>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu>Cd. This implies that dust-fall in the parks are heavily loaded with some heavy metals that are of concentrations above Romania standard threshold limit for Cd and Pb while concentration values obtained for Ni are higher than US-EPA values (75 mg/kg). The regulatory agent or management should ensure that the roads are paved and there should be intermittent wetting of the roads with water. ©JASEM http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i2.13
... From the previous findings of the functional groups in this study it has been observed that oxygenated functional groups carbonyl C=O and organic hydroxyl C-OH were observed in most of the studied samples. In a FTIR spectroscopy analysis study [36] for aerosol particle samples collected at four different locations in eastern North America during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) 2004 campaign the following functional groups of; Saturated aliphatic C-C-H groups, unsaturated aliphatic C=C-H groups, organic hydroxyl C-OH groups from alcohols and carboxylic acids, carbonyl C=O groups from carbonyl in ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids, organosulfur C-O-S groups, ammonium, sulfate, and nitrate were detected during most of the ICARTT 2004 study on all sampling platforms, these findings were somewhat in agreement with the results of current study. Despite that organonitrate (ON) groups are thought to be important substituent in secondary organic aerosols, but much lower quantities are observed in the atmosphere [26]. ...
... Arsenic in hair and nails can be useful indicators of past arsenic exposure, if care is taken to avoid external arsenic contamination of the samples [7]. In a study of an environmental assessment of dust fall and the associated heavy metal contents in 8 dust fall stations around Assiut-Egypt [36] it has been demonstrated that As metal ranged between 0.41 to 3.46 μg g -1 and this result closely agrees with those obtained in current study. However, [37] found a range concentration between 0.4-18.2 ...
Ambient settleable (dustfall) dust particles samples were collected during August 2009 to March 2010 from 18 locations in Sulaimani City/KRI for qualitative analyzing by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy instrument to characterize the common functional groups that existed in the samples. Furthermore, the samples were quantitatively analyzed for the heavy metals contents of; V, Co and As by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy ICP-OES. The collected samples involved samples of settleable dust particles from local source of the city (location 1 to 15) and settleable dust particles from dust storm event of 22 February, 2010 (location 16 to18). The FTIR analysis identified the following functional groups; Sulfinate ester; Sulfoxide; Sulfate ion; P. Amine (bend.); Carbonyl; Thiol; Alkanes HC; P. Amine (str.); Bonded and free hydroxyl group in all the samples of (1 to 15) for the local source of dust particles except sample location number 6 which was free from sulfoxide, p. amine (bend.), carbonyl and p. amine (str.) as compared to the samples of other locations and it was also the only sampling location that had a silicate group. Moreover, sample location number 13 was the only location that had an extra functional group of isocyanide or alkynes HC functional group. For the dust storm samples of location numbers 16, 17 and 18 had also all the above mentioned 9 functional groups except the alkanes HC functional group. On the other hand, the concentration ranges of the studied heavy metals were (0.20 – 3.20), (2.02 – 5.45) and (2.89 – 45.50) mg dust kg-1 dust for As, Co and V respectively in all the studied locations.
