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In the challenging downhole environment, drilling tools are normally subject to high temperature, severe vibration and other harsh operation conditions. The drilling activities generate massive field data, namely Field Reliability Big Data (FRBD), which includes downhole operation, environment, failure, degradation and dynamic data. FRBD has large...
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... learning, data mining, decision sup- port methods, artificial intelligence algorithms, regression, and extrapolation are used for handling large volume of real-time con- dition data and providing maintenance recommendations based on tool health predictions [97]. An example of oil and gas drilling tool life management and CBM work flow is shown in Fig. ...
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An effective predictive maintenance reposed on modeling, simulation, and on supervisory and prognostic techniques used to model the various phenomena. On this basis, and based on significant knowledge and parameters, we propose an approach based on stochastic processes that represent a mathematical structure for simulation, mainly the processes of...
Citations
... In the drilling environment, the vibration of the drill string will cause debris to move into the sealing interface [7]. Abrasive particles also undergo squeezing and fragmentation process during the three-body wear, and these alter the wear process and damage mechanism. ...
... Increasing the contact pressure of the rubber is a common method to reduce particle intrusion and abrasive wear in the drilling environment [6], but high pressure could aggravate the wear loss of the rubber seals. Typically, low contact pressure is widely used in shallow drilling to reduce friction and wear loss, but low pressure also makes it easier for fragments to enter into sealing interface [7]. In deep well drilling, high pressure is a common method to prevent debris intrusion. ...
Pressure has a significant effect on rubber seal performance in the abrasive environments of drilling. The micro-clastic rocks intruding into the seal interface are prone to fracture, which will change the wear process and mechanism, but this process is not yet known at present. To explore this issue, abrasive wear tests were carried out to compare the failure characteristics of the particles and the variation wear process under high/low pressures. The results show that non-round particles are prone to fracture under different pressures, resulting in different damage patterns and wear loss on the rubber surface. A single particle force model was established at the soft rubber–hard metal interface. Three typical breakage types of particles were analyzed, including ground, partially fractured, and crushed. At high load, more particles were crushed, while at low load, shear failure was more likely to occur at the edges of particles. These different particle fracture characteristics not only change the particle size, but also the state of motion and thus the subsequent friction and wear processes. Therefore, the tribological behavior and wear mechanism of abrasive wear are different at high pressure and low pressure. Higher pressure reduces the invasion of the abrasive particles, but also intensifies the tearing and wear of the rubber. However, no significant differences in damage were found for steel counterpart throughout the wear process under high/low load tests. These results are critical to understanding the abrasive wear of rubber seals in drilling engineering.
... These measurements aid in understanding the drilling tool's condition and the cause for its vibration and shock. [4][5][6] Based on the feedback information, researchers have adjusted the working parameters of the drilling tool and incorporated corresponding measures to reduce vibration. Thus, the MWD tool failure, drill string fatigue, and positive displacement motor damage can be avoided to protect the bottom hole assembly (BHA). ...
The bottom hole assembly during the drilling process is prone to fatigue and damage under the influence of alternating stress, particularly the drill bit and bottom part of the bottom hole assembly. The vibration and shock data are normally used to estimate the working status of the drill collars and for data post-processing of a particular logging method. The recent developments in drilling technology have increased investigations into continuous vibration and shock information measurement. However, existing tools store only the results of signal processing and cannot determine the raw full waveform; thus, they cannot be used to extract comprehensive information. Therefore, we proposed a novel tool for measurement-while-drilling, equipped with triaxial vibration and shock sensors. The tool can record the full waveform of six channels and use a large-capacity NAND flash to store the recorded raw full waveform. We performed laboratory and field tests to verify the stability and reliability of the tool at temperatures up to 150 °C to support operations in deep downhole environments. Furthermore, the tool can aid in effectively analyzing actual vibration and shock data to simulate a downhole test environment.
... Therefore, the results of this research method are not very accurate. Furthermore, in terms of the entry mechanism of particles, for downhole applications in particular, it is generally believed that the particle entering into the sealing interface is related to the violent vibration of downhole tools [24][25][26]. The size and amount of particles entering the sealing interface are related to the drill string vibration parameters, such as vibration types, amplitude, frequency, and so on [27,28]. ...
Abrasive wear resulting from the microclastic rock is a common failure phenomenon in the drilling environment that often limits the sealing ability and the service life of seals. In this study, the friction and wear process of fluoro rubber (FKM) seals against 304 stainless steel (SS304) after one single entry of SiO2 abrasives were investigated. The influence of the changes in particle state on friction coefficient evolution, wear loss evolution, wear morphologies, and wear mechanisms were discussed in detail. The results indicate that the presence of abrasive particles dispersed between the sealing interfaces clearly improves the friction performance of the seal pairs and deteriorates the wear performance of the metal counterpart. The movement and breakage of particles after one single entering into the sealing interface were obtained. And on this basis, the stable wear process can be divided into three stages. In addition, the main causes contributed to this change of wear mechanisms are the random movement and process of continuous breakdown of abrasive particles. Furthermore, the transition of the wear mechanism that clearly describes the wearing behavior of the seal pairs under these abrasive wear conditions was identified. The results of this study enhanced our understanding of the abrasive wear degradation of rubber seal in practical drilling applications.
... Horizontal wells can (i) improve productivity, (ii) improve intersection with vertical-fracture networks, (iii) reduce gas and water coning, and (iv) increase sweep efficiency. Due to the improvement in trajectory design, the availability of bottom hole sensors, and the advancement of measuring-while-drilling (MWD) tools [16][17][18][19], well trajectories have become increasingly complex. For example, highly deviated and multilateral wells can penetrate more discrete compartments in complex reservoirs, compared with conventional wells. ...
Recovery efficiency is a key factor in decision-making in oil and gas projects. Although structural setup and well type considerably influence waterflood recovery, few studies have explored the performance of highly deviated wells during the waterflooding of complex shallow reservoirs. Here, we applied numerical simulations to investigate the performance of vertical, horizontal, multilateral, and highly deviated wells during waterflooding of complex shallow reservoirs using the J1 Oilfield as a case study. Recovery efficiencies of 31%, 33%, 31%, and 26% could be achieved for vertical, horizontal, multilateral, and highly deviated wells, respectively. The gas production rate was 39% higher in the vertical wells than in the other types. Highly deviated wells yielded the highest water-cut (80%) over a short period. Highly deviated wells delivered the least production, and, despite branching laterals, multilateral wells were also not the most productive. Our results provide insights into the performance of different well types during the waterflooding of green heterogeneous non-communicating reservoirs and present an example of the successful practical application of waterflooding as an initial recovery mechanism when oil is near the bubble point. This study indicated that multilateral wells are not a panacea in reservoir development. Highly deviated wells are the ideal choice for the shallow, heterogeneous non-communicating reservoirs when economic and environmental impact are considered in decision-making. Well design should be a case-by-case study considering reservoir characteristics, economics, and environment impact.
... Furthermore, in terms of the entry mechanism of particles, for downhole applications in particular, it is generally believed that the particle entering into the sealing interface is related to the violent vibration of downhole tools [24][25][26]. The drill string vibration is random, so the entry of particles is necessarily not continuous, but random. ...
Abrasive wear resulting from the microclastic rock is a common failure phenomenon in the drilling environmentthat often limits the sealing ability and the service life of seals. In this study, the friction and wear process of fluoro rubber (FKM) seals against 304 stainless steel (SS304) after one single entry of SiO 2 abrasives were investigated. The influence of the changes in particle state on friction coefficient evolution, wear loss evolution, wear morphologies and wear mechanisms were discussed in detail. The results indicate that the presence of abrasive particles dispersed between the sealing interface clearly improves the friction performance of the seal pairs and deteriorates the wear performance of the metal counterpart. The movement and breakage of particles after one single entering into the sealing interface were obtained. And on this basis, the stable wear process can be divided into three stages. In addition, the main causes contributed to this change of wear mechanisms are the random movement and process of continuous breakdown of abrasive particles. Furthermore, the transition of the wear mechanism that clearly describes the wearing behavior of the seal pairs under these abrasive wear conditions was identified. The results of this study enhanced our understanding of the abrasive wear degradation of rubber seal in practical drilling applications.
... [11] Given the application program associated with a fuzzy strategy dependent dependability method for learning the disappointment conduct of compressor home devices of the coal-fired thermal power plants. [12] assessed the overall performance of the repairable method together with the setup associated with a vague Lambda Tau method. [13] given an incorporated framework for learning the disappointment conduct of drinking, water remedy grows within the thermal power market. ...
... Increasing/decreasing pattern of a variety of dependability variables was analysed as well as mending of upkeep periods was accomplished. The flow chart just for the suggested job was found around in the architecture diagram ( Fig. 1) FMEA, primarily created by NASA found 1963 since in that case it's been utilized efficiently for the device as well as security evaluation of different devices to come down with various sectors such as for instance winter energy sector, the newspaper business, aerospace, health-related, auto, as well as nuclear [5,12,17,20]. In order to conquer the limits of conventional rule and FMEA bottom FMEA as talked about in [3], there's a requirement to create a longer FMEA method. ...
Target of our task is analysing the overall act problems of the cool tower products associated with coal-fired thermal power plant. Intricate sequence similar plan associated with a repairable device was modelled with a Petri net (PN) strategy. The dependability details on the deemed method were tabulated utilizing the Fuzzy Lambda Tau method. Triangular Membership Function (TFN) happens to be utilized for thinking about the vagueness within the gathered up functional disaster fee as well as fixed period information. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) sheet had been produced. Fuzzy reviews are given by the professionals within the foundation associated with a created linguistic scope for 3 chance components, specifically Occurrence likelihood (O), Seriousness likelihood (S), as well as Detection likelihood (D). Fuzzy Risk Priority Number (FRPN) is computed for every disappointment lead to as well as standing was completed in descending purchase. Additionally, to test the balance and also the robustness of ranking scans fuzzy Evaluation According to Distance coming from the common Solution (EDAS) strategy continues to be used inside the fuzzy FMEA method. Appraisal rating values are already computed as EDAS results as well as rank of disappointment brings about was accomplished. The ranking outcome was as opposed to useful decision making of vital disaster brings about. The implore exhibits the effectiveness of its within conquering the limits of guideline foundation FMEA strategy. The standing benefits will be provided towards the repairs and maintenance supervisor on the vegetable for creating a highly effective upkeep plan for WCS. Failure characteristics of the deemed method were analysed about the foundation of boosting as well as minimizing the pattern of dependability details. The evaluation effect continues to be provided towards the repairs and maintenance engineer to resolve the best possible upkeep interval just for the deemed device. The evaluation effect is going to be extremely beneficial within reducing the entire functional price of the deemed device.
... Stick-slip occurs when the drill bit is frictionally engaged with the formation in a non-linear manner; the non-linearity causes the bit to switch between two phases; an adhesion phase and a sliding phase. Therefore, the velocity value undergoes intense variations; the severity of this phenomenon can go as far as completely stopping the drilling process, wherein, rotational speed variations are considered a strong indicator of stick-slip [23,24]. ...
In oil and gas industry, rotary drilling systems are used for energy exploration and productions. These types of systems are composed of two main parts: mechanical and electrical parts. The electrical part is represented by rotating motor called top drive; however, the mechanical part of the system is composed of tool string with many pipes, at the bottom end of these pipes the bit is attached to cut the rock during their contact. Since the bit is in a direct contact with rock characteristic variations, it can be under risk for heavy damage. The latter is principally caused by the fact that the rock–bit interaction term is highly nonlinear and unpredictable. In literature, many mathematical models have been proposed for rock–bit interaction, but they do not reflect the dynamic of the bit under vibrations since torsional and axial vibrations are strongly coupled and synchronized with it. In industrial development, the design of drill bit has faced many improvements in order to overcome these vibrations and mitigate unpredictable phenomena. Even though, the practical use of these drill bits confirmed that there are still many failures and damages for the new designs; moreover, bits’ virtual life become shorter than before. The objective of this study is to analyze the drill bit deformations caused by the stick-slip vibration phenomenon which is characterized by high-frequency high-amplitude in rotary drilling systems. The obtained results were validated through a case study of MWD (measurement while drilling) data of well located in a Southern Algerian oil field.
... Stick-slip occurs when the drill bit is frictionally engaged with the formation in a non-linear manner; the non-linearity causes the bit to switch between two phases; an adhesion phase and a sliding phase. Therefore, the velocity value undergoes intense variations; the severity of this phenomenon can go as far as completely stopping the drilling process, wherein, rotational speed variations are considered a strong indicator of stick-slip [23,24]. ...
Featured Application: This research work can be applied to provide a preventive maintenance planning and strategy of drill bit in rotary drilling systems under harmful torsional vibrations during the drilling process. Abstract: In oil and gas industry, rotary drilling systems are used for energy exploration and productions. These types of systems are composed of two main parts: mechanical and electrical parts. The electrical part is represented by rotating motor called top drive; however, the mechanical part of the system is composed of tool string with many pipes, at the bottom end of these pipes the bit is attached to cut the rock during their contact. Since the bit is in a direct contact with rock characteristic variations, it can be under risk for heavy damage. The latter is principally caused by the fact that the rock-bit interaction term is highly nonlinear and unpredictable. In literature, many mathematical models have been proposed for rock-bit interaction, but they do not reflect the dynamic of the bit under vibrations since torsional and axial vibrations are strongly coupled and synchronized with it. In industrial development, the design of drill bit has faced many improvements in order to overcome these vibrations and mitigate unpredictable phenomena. Even though, the practical use of these drill bits confirmed that there are still many failures and damages for the new designs; moreover, bits' virtual life become shorter than before. The objective of this study is to analyze the drill bit deformations caused by the stick-slip vibration phenomenon which is characterized by high-frequency high-amplitude in rotary drilling systems. The obtained results were validated through a case study of MWD (measurement while drilling) data of well located in a Southern Algerian oil field.
... [11] Given the application program associated with a fuzzy strategy dependent dependability method for learning the disappointment conduct of compressor home devices of the coal-fired thermal power plants. [12] assessed the overall performance of the repairable method together with the setup associated with a vague Lambda Tau method. [13] given an incorporated framework for learning the disappointment conduct of drinking, water remedy grows within the thermal power market. ...
... Increasing/decreasing pattern of a variety of dependability variables was analysed as well as mending of upkeep periods was accomplished. The flow chart just for the suggested job was found around in the architecture diagram ( Fig. 1) FMEA, primarily created by NASA found 1963 since in that case it's been utilized efficiently for the device as well as security evaluation of different devices to come down with various sectors such as for instance winter energy sector, the newspaper business, aerospace, health-related, auto, as well as nuclear [5,12,17,20]. In order to conquer the limits of conventional rule and FMEA bottom FMEA as talked about in [3], there's a requirement to create a longer FMEA method. ...
Target of our task is analysing the overall act problems of the cool tower products associated with coal-fired thermal power plant. Intricate sequence similar plan associated with a repairable device was modelled with a Petri net (PN) strategy. The dependability details on the deemed method were tabulated utilizing the Fuzzy Lambda Tau method. Triangular Membership Function (TFN) happens to be utilized for thinking about the vagueness within the gathered up functional disaster fee as well as fixed period information. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) sheet had been produced. Fuzzy reviews are given by the professionals within the foundation associated with a created linguistic scope for 3 chance components, specifically Occurrence likelihood (O), Seriousness likelihood (S), as well as Detection likelihood (D). Fuzzy Risk Priority Number (FRPN) is computed for every disappointment lead to as well as standing was completed in descending purchase. Additionally, to test the balance and also the robustness of ranking scans fuzzy Evaluation According to Distance coming from the common Solution (EDAS) strategy continues to be used inside the fuzzy FMEA method. Appraisal rating values are already computed as EDAS results as well as rank of disappointment brings about was accomplished. The ranking outcome was as opposed to useful decision making of vital disaster brings about. The implore exhibits the effectiveness of its within conquering the limits of guideline foundation FMEA strategy. The standing benefits will be provided towards the repairs and maintenance supervisor on the vegetable for creating a highly effective upkeep plan for WCS. Failure characteristics of the deemed method were analysed about the foundation of boosting as well as minimizing the pattern of dependability details. The evaluation effect continues to be provided towards the repairs and maintenance engineer to resolve the best possible upkeep interval just for the deemed device. The evaluation effect is going to be extremely beneficial within reducing the entire functional price of the deemed device.
... Hence, there is a requirement for a dynamic and adjustable downhole tool electronic lifecycle management, operational, and maintenance support. As in other sectors, e.g. the aviation [35] or the automotive industry [36], the oil and gas industry actively commences the research of novel strategies to derive suitable metrics for downhole tool reliability and maintenance scheduling [37]. As illustrated in Fig. 5 novel maintenance strategies emerged from traditional approaches [38], [39]. ...
Downhole tools are complex electro-mechanical systems that perform critical functions in drilling operations. The electronics within these systems provide vital support, such as control, navigation and front-end data analysis from sensors. Due to the extremely challenging operating conditions, namely high pressure, temperature and vibrational forces, electronics can be subjected to complex failure modes and incur operational downtime. A novel Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) support system is presented, combining Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) data with Big Data Analytics (BDA). The key objective of this system is to reduce maintenance costs along with an overall improvement of fleet reliability. As evidenced within the literature review, the application of AI methods to downhole tool maintenance is underrepresented in terms of oil and gas application. We review the BHA electronics failure modes and propose a methodology for BHA-Printed Component Board Assemblies (PCBA) CBM. We compare the results of a Random Forest Classifier (RFC) and a XGBoost Classifier trained on BHA electronics memory data cumulated during 208 missions over a 6 months period, achieving an accuracy of 90 % for predicting PCBA failure. These results are extended into a commercial analysis examining various scenarios of infield failure costs and fleet reliability levels. The findings of this paper demonstrate the value of the BHA-PCBA CBM framework by providing accurate prognosis of operational equipment health leading to reduced costs, minimised Non-Productive Time (NPT) and increased operational reliability.
