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Drawings of the heart by Leonardo da Vinci (1512) showing mirror image lettering. (courtesy Carnegie Institution of Washington).
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Throughout civilization, animals have played a pivotal role in the advancement of science and medicine. From as early as 400 BC when Hippocrates recognized that diseases had natural causes, the steadfast advances made by biologists, scientists, physicians and scholars were fueled by timely and important facts and information- much of it gained thro...
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... da Vinci (from Vinci Italy, 1452e1519) has been called the "Father of Medical Illus- tration". 5 He did not publish his work but kept drawings and observations in notebooks with the intention of writing a book someday. Leonardo wrote his notes as mirror images, possibly to pre- vent others from copying them, or because he was left-handed ( Fig. 1). He was an engineering genius, inventor, artist, and anatomist and created meticulous drawings of human anatomy including the heart and abdominal organs. The notes and sketches were not discovered until a century later thus they had little influence on other writers during this period. He was a vegetarian, loved animals and sometimes ...
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... 1965 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 32 One of the most influential articles was the dissertation thesis by Nils Lannek in 1949, in which he recommended lead systems in use today, as well as normal values and examples of ECG abnormalities in dogs. 33 David K. Detweiler (1920e2009) has been called the "Father of Veterinary Cardiology" (Fig. 10). He was singularly responsible for bringing cardiology to the forefront of veterinary medicine and con- vincing physicians of the value of studying com- parative cardiology. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1942 and joined the faculty as an instructor of physiology. He became interested in cardiology and asked to be ...
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The first operations for patent ductus arteriosus 124 and pulmonic stenosis in dogs226 were performed in research laboratories by physicians with the assistance of collaborating veterinarians but subsequent procedures were done by veterinarians.
Pacemaker therapy in animals began in 1967 when a used, fixed rate pulse generator was repaired and atta...
Cardiology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology
Veterinary Cardiology deals with the diagnostic and therapeutic needs...
Citations
... SAS was found to have a higher prevalence in Boxers, German Shepherds, and Newfoundlands, and there were individual families with a particularly high prevalence of the disease, suggesting a genetic etiology, at least in part [6,17,19]. Donald Patterson went on to establish the field of veterinary medical genetics [20]. ...
Subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) is the most common congenital heart disease (CHD) in dogs and is also prevalent in human children. A fibrous ridge below the aortic valve narrows the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and increases blood flow velocity, leading to devastating side effects in diseased patients. Due to the similarities in presentation, anatomy, pathophysiology, cardiac development, genomics, and environment between humans and dogs, canine SAS patients represent a critical translational model of human SAS. Potential adverse outcomes of SAS include arrhythmias, left-sided congestive heart failure, endocarditis, exercise intolerance, syncope, and sudden cardiac death. The greatest divergence between canine and human SAS clinical research has been the standard of care regarding treatment of these outcomes, with pharmacological intervention dominating best practices in veterinary medicine and surgical intervention comprising the standard practice for human SAS patients. Regardless of the species, the field has yet to identify a treatment option to prevent disease progression or permanently remove the fibrous ridge, but historical leaps in SAS research support a continued translational approach as the most promising method for achieving this goal.
... Guglielmini et al. (2012) based on a study of 151 affected dogs found that cardiac silhouette of dogs with pericardial effusion were larger and more rounded, compared with those of dogs with other cardiac disorders without pericardial effusion and suggested VHS to be most accurate radiographic index for identifying dogs with pericardial effusion (PE) and also to differentiate it from other cardiac diseases. Buchanan (2013) suggested that radiography was useful for the diagnosis of cardiopulmonary disease in small animals by providing reliable evidence of heart size and altered contours and pulmonary changes. Nabi et al. (2014) recorded radiographic measurements of popular Indian breeds and suggested that it is imperative to consider the breed and the side of radiographic view during evaluation of heart size on thoracic radiographs. ...
CARDIAC AFFECTIONS IN DOGS
... Monitoring cardiac activity in animals is currently an important tool in the assessment of an animal's overall health. The first mention of the potential diagnostic importance of heart sounds in animals was written in 1819 by French doctor René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec [1]. However, up to the early 1950s, only a few articles had discussed monitoring cardiac activity in horses and other animals, see [2]. ...
... However, up to the early 1950s, only a few articles had discussed monitoring cardiac activity in horses and other animals, see [2]. A great change came in the 1960s, when David K. Detweiler, known as the "father of veterinary cardiology", brought animal cardiology to the forefront of veterinary practice [1]. Detweiler focused mainly on cardiovascular diseases in dogs, horses and cattle [2][3][4][5][6][7]. ...
... He examined animals with systemic auscultation and electrocardiography (ECG). Over time, special cardiologic procedures were introduced and recognised globally, and animal cardiology became an essential part of veterinary practice [1]. ...
Monitoring and assessing cardiac activity in animals, especially heart rate variability, has been gaining importance in the last few years as an indicator of animal health, well-being and physical condition. This pilot study tested the sensors based on ballistocardiography sensing the mechanical vibrations caused by the animal’s cardiovascular system, which have proved useful in measuring cardiac activity in humans. To verify the accuracy of these measurement systems, the conventional measurements based on electrocardiography were carried out and the outcomes were compared. The main objectives were to verify the suitability of these sensors in measuring cardiac activity in animals, to determine the advantages and disadvantages of these sensors, and to identify future challenges. Measurements were performed on various animals, specifically a goat, a cow, a horse, and a sheep. Electrocardiographic measurement, which has demonstrated high accuracy in procedures for animals, was used as the study’s gold standard. A disadvantage of this method, however, is the long time required to prepare animals and shear spots to attach electrodes. The accuracy of a ballistocardiographic sensor was compared to reference electrocardiographic signals based on Bland–Altman plots which analysed the current heart rate values. Unfortunately, the ballistocardiographic sensor was highly prone to poor adhesion to the animal’s body, sensor movement when the animal was restless, and motion artefacts. Ballistocardiographic sensors were shown only to be effective with larger animals, i.e., the horse and the cow, the size of these animals allowing sufficient contact of the sensor with the animal’s body. However, this method’s most significant advantage over the conventional method based on electrocardiography is lower preparation time, since there is no need for precise and time-demanding fixation of the sensor itself and the necessity of shaving the animal’s body.
... For several decades in the last century, thoracic radiography and fluoroscopy, with or without the use of contrast medium (i.e., contrast angiography), were the imaging techniques of choice to investigate dogs and cats affected by congenital or acquired CVD [1,2]. Radiography is the most commonly available imaging technique in the veterinary clinical setting and allows the simultaneous depiction of the cardiac silhouette, pulmonary and other thoracic vessels, as well as pulmonary parenchyma and pleural space [3]. ...
... Starting in the 1970s, the progressively increasing number of available ultrasound technologies, from M-mode via two-dimensional sector and then three-dimensional volume scanning techniques, in combination with various Doppler methods (spectral, color-coded and tissue Doppler) and other advanced techniques (e.g., contrast echocardiography, strain and speckle-tracking imaging), has considerably increased understanding of normal and abnormal cardiovascular anatomy and function [1]. For example, prior to echocardiography, large breed dogs with cardiac arrhythmias or cardiac enlargement and CHF were diagnosed with the generic term of idiopathic or congestive cardiomyopathy [2]. With the advent of diagnostic ultrasound and the capability to more precisely quantify heart chamber size, wall thickness and contractility, as well as blood flow through the heart, specific types of myocardial disease of both dogs and cats were identified, such as dilated, hypertrophic or restrictive cardiomyopathy [2]. ...
... For example, prior to echocardiography, large breed dogs with cardiac arrhythmias or cardiac enlargement and CHF were diagnosed with the generic term of idiopathic or congestive cardiomyopathy [2]. With the advent of diagnostic ultrasound and the capability to more precisely quantify heart chamber size, wall thickness and contractility, as well as blood flow through the heart, specific types of myocardial disease of both dogs and cats were identified, such as dilated, hypertrophic or restrictive cardiomyopathy [2]. The widespread use of echocardiography has made it the dominant cardiac imaging modality in daily veterinary clinical practice [1,2]. ...
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has always been an important field of application for diagnostic imaging in small animal practices and, vice-versa, diagnostic imaging has greatly expanded the diagnostic capabilities of veterinary clinicians dealing with CVD [...]
... Although Cardiovascular diseases are more important in human, however, it could be encountered in veterinary medicine as well (1). Biomarkers are biological tools used to identify high-risk individuals, For the purpose of speed and accuracy of disease diagnosis, nevertheless, it might also could determine treatment plans and prognosis, moreover the biomarkers were providing a powerful and dynamic approaches to understand the spectrum of some diseases with applications in observational and analytic epidemiology and haphazard clinical trials (2). ...
Troponin-I, homocysteine, Creatine kinase-myocardial band, lactate dehydrogenase and acute phase response had been evaluated in calves with myocarditis due to FMD. The study was conducted on 52 local breed calves 1-6 months old and from both sexes, their dams have no history for vaccination against FMD and show classical foot and mouth disease signs. Ten clinically healthy calves of the same ages were considered as controls. Suspected calves neither show oral blisters, rope salivation, nor foot lesions. Diseased calves showed signs of dullness, in activity, panting with mouth breathing, unable to suck, recumbency, However, five of diseased calves were died within 24-72 hours and on macroscopic examinations of autopsied animals, necrotic myocarditis with pale foci with a zone of hyperemia which were present on the papillary and ventricular cardiac muscles, moreover, on histopathological examinations there were severe inflammatory cells infiltration in the interstitial of myocardial fibers with obvious area of coagulation of myocardial fibers and marked area of hyalinization, furthermore, severe mononuclear cells infiltration, mainly lymphocytes, with few neutrophils closed to necrotic myocardial fibers were also detected. Diagnosis of FMD virus was confirmed by using commercially NSP ELISA kits for foot and mouth. A significant increase (p > 0.05) was encountered in body temperature, respiratory and heart rates in diseased animals than in controls, Furthermore, abnormal cardiac sounds (organic murmurs) were indicated on auscultation of the heart. Results of hematological parameters shown a significant increase indicated in ESR values of diseased calves than in controls, moreover, total leukocyte count was increased significantly with significant lymphocytosis. Furthermore, the results were also showed significant increase in values of serum cardiac troponin, homocysteine, creatine kinase-myocardial band, lactate dehydrogenase, haptoglobin and fibrinogen in seropositive calves for FMD compared with controls. It can be concluded that determination of cardiac biomarkers and acute phase response concentration in calves with myocarditis can considered as a guide to quantify early heart damage.
... Although Cardiovascular diseases are more important in human, however, it could be encountered in veterinary medicine as well (1). Biomarkers are biological tools used to identify high-risk individuals, For the purpose of speed and accuracy of disease diagnosis, nevertheless, it might also could determine treatment plans and prognosis, moreover the biomarkers were providing a powerful and dynamic approaches to understand the spectrum of some diseases with applications in observational and analytic epidemiology and haphazard clinical trials (2). ...
Troponin-I, homocysteine, Creatine kinase-myocardial band, lactate dehydrogenase and acute phase response had been evaluated in calves with myocarditis due to FMD. The study was conducted on 52 local breed calves 1-6 months old and from both sexes, their dams have no history for vaccination against FMD and show classical foot and mouth disease signs. Ten clinically healthy calves of the same ages were considered as controls. Suspected calves neither show oral blisters, rope salivation, nor foot lesions. Diseased calves showed signs of dullness, in activity, panting with mouth breathing, unable to suck, recumbency, However, five of diseased calves were died within 24-72 hours and on macroscopic examinations of autopsied animals, necrotic myocarditis with pale foci with a zone of hyperemia which were present on the papillary and ventricular cardiac muscles, moreover, on histopathological examinations there were severe inflammatory cells infiltration in the interstitial of myocardial fibers with obvious area of coagulation of myocardial fibers and marked area of hyalinization, furthermore, severe mononuclear cells infiltration, mainly lymphocytes, with few neutrophils closed to necrotic myocardial fibers were also detected. Diagnosis of FMD virus was confirmed by using commercially NSP ELISA kits for foot and mouth. A significant increase (p > 0.05) was encountered in body temperature, respiratory and heart rates in diseased animals than in controls, Furthermore, abnormal cardiac sounds (organic murmurs) were indicated on auscultation of the heart. Results of hematological parameters shown a significant increase indicated in ESR values of diseased calves than in controls, moreover, total leukocyte count was increased significantly with significant lymphocytosis. Furthermore, the results were also showed significant increase in values of serum cardiac troponin, homocysteine, creatine kinase-myocardial band, lactate dehydrogenase, haptoglobin and fibrinogen in seropositive calves for FMD compared with controls. It can be concluded that determination of cardiac biomarkers and acute phase response concentration in calves with myocarditis can considered as a guide to quantify early heart damage.
... This new view of man's best friend has partly accounted for the recent fast evolution of veterinary medicine. Veterinary specialties have emerged, organized into colleges and societies, and rapidly progressed to reach a high level of expertise [118,119]. That is also the case for veterinary neurology, which has implemented techniques of neurological examination, exploration and pathology, adapted from human neurology, in a comparative diagnosis approach. ...
Dogs have long been used as a biomedical model system and in particular as a preclinical proof of concept for innovative therapies before translation to humans. A recent example of the utility of this animal model is the promising myotubularin gene delivery in boys affected by X-linked centronuclear myopathy after successful systemic, long-term efficient gene therapy in Labrador retrievers. Mostly, this is due to unique features that make dogs an optimal system. The continuous emergence of spontaneous inherited disorders enables the identification of reliable complementary molecular models for human neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). Dogs' characteristics including size, lifespan and unprecedented medical care level allow a comprehensive longitudinal description of diseases. Moreover, the highly similar pathogenic mechanisms with human patients yield to translational robustness. Finally, interindividual phenotypic heterogeneity between dogs helps identifying modifiers and anticipates precision medicine issues.This review article summarizes the present list of molecularly characterized dog models for NMDs and provides an exhaustive list of the clinical and paraclinical assays that have been developed. This toolbox offers scientists a sensitive and reliable system to thoroughly evaluate neuromuscular function, as well as efficiency and safety of innovative therapies targeting these NMDs. This review also contextualizes the model by highlighting its unique genetic value, shaped by the long-term coevolution of humans and domesticated dogs. Because the dog is one of the most protected research animal models, there is considerable opposition to include it in preclinical projects, posing a threat to the use of this model. We thus discuss ethical issues, emphasizing that unlike many other models, the dog also benefits from its contribution to comparative biomedical research with a drastic reduction in the prevalence of morbid alleles in the breeding stock and an improvement in medical care.
... Hamlin, as professor of Physiology and Pharmacology at The Ohio State University, in collaboration with over 100 co-investigators, contributing enormously to the basic sciences and clinical knowledge in the history of veterinary cardiology. He was the author and co-author of over 350 publications (6). The Hamlin method, described in 1968, is used in detecting the chamber or vessel enlargement, by measuring the distance between the left ventricular freewall and the left thoracic wall which should be equal to the right ventricular free wall and the right thoracic wall, on a dorsal ventral radiograph (14). ...
Radiographic examination of cardiac diseases in dogs is focused on the evaluation of the size and shape of the cardiac silhouette. Radiographic interpretation can be performed through multiple methods, using subjective examination or by using different measurements, such as width or height of the heart, vertebral heart scale or cardiothoracic ratio. The aim of this review is to discuss and explain the objective methods of cardiac evaluation described in the literature. Knowing the interbreed variations in the thoracic conformation and selection of proper reference value may further enhance the value of the quantitative measurements. A good general principle is that the heart should be considered radiographically normal unless there is an obvious change in size or shape, however a radiographically normal heart by no means can exclude a cardiac disease and the interpretation should be in correspondence with the physical and special exams.
... The cardiac disease of dogs that we now refer to as "dilated cardiomyopathy" has been recognized for nearly 50 years since first being described as "congestive cardiomyopathy" in the late 1960s (Ettinger et al. 1970, Buchanan 2013. It is a condition characterized by progressive and (currently) unexplained dysfunction of the ventricular myocardium. ...
