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The factors that cause the coastal erosion are different depending on where the wave field dominates and where the tide effect is large; however, most coastal erosion studies have been conducted on areas where waves are dominant. The west coast of Korea has maximum tide difference of more than 9 m. This study aided to examine the relationship betwe...
On a jerry can, washed up on the beach of Noordwijk, the author found examples of Isognomon radiatus and isognomon bicolor.
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In 2015, the coastline in Negeri Sembilan was recorded to have 10.2 km erosion, which is 17.59% of the total 58 km of coastline in the state. Regency Beach, located in Port Dickson, is one of the areas affected by erosion. This preliminary study was conducted to determine the sediment distribution along the coast of Regency Beach. Nine (9) sampling...
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... In the last decade, archaeological research has grown regarding the WWII battle for Saipan fought between Japanese and US forces in June and July of 1944 (Cabrera, 2015;McKinnon & Carrell, 2015;Mushynsky, 2017;Mushynsky et al., 2019;Lickliter-Mundon et al., 2018) (Fig. 1). The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Historic Preservation Office (CNMI HPO) contracted the first comprehensive remote sensing survey of Saipan's lagoons which identified dozens of WWII sites and commissioned a co-edited volume on the maritime history of the northern Mariana Islands inclusive of WWII history (Burns, 2008a, b;Carrell, 2009).The government and community then encouraged the creation of a WWII underwater heritage trail to promote visitors to explore sunken shipwrecks, aircraft, and assault vehicles (McKinnon & Carrell, 2011). Follow-on projects have focused on WWII caves, invasion beaches, and the preservation of WWII submerged sites. ...
Indigenous Pacific Islander heritage has often been investigated through the scope of Western values and ideas. On the island of Saipan in the Western Pacific, this is apparent with the continued focus on combatant military history from World War II and tangible material culture (WWII). In this chapter, two projects focused on Indigenous perspectives and tangible and intangible heritage of the battle for Saipan are discussed, as well as the community-centered approaches taken by these projects. By incorporating oral histories, promoting community involvement in all stages of the research, and providing products and data to the community in a variety of ways, these projects advocate for future projects focused on Indigenous perspectives of war.KeywordsWWIIPacificIndigenousInternment campsCaves
... Extension of this approach to engagements with naval and aerial components is also beginning to yield valuable insights into the tactical dimensions of engagements (e.g. McKinnon and Carrell 2011;Frye and Resnick 2013;Babits 2015;Katz 2015), and in doing so is greatly expanding the geographical scale of analysis. ...
This paper adapts US military concepts of 'Battlespace' and especially the 'Levels of War' (strategy, operations and tactics) to WW2 landscapes revealed by LiDAR-derived digital elevation models in forests of the Lower Seine valley near Rouen, France. Here, as in many forested areas of northwest Europe, the increasingly widespread availability of LiDAR data is presenting conflict archaeologists and heritage managers with the challenge of evaluating a vastly enhanced dataset of extant WW2 features. Many of these landscapes witnessed multiple actions over a range of timescales and involving one, or a combination of ground combat, artillery strikes and aerial bombing. In such cases the preservation of abundant impact craters can present a challenge for archaeological interpretation and assessment of heritage significance. A case study from an area centered on Orival in the Forêt domaniale de la Londe illustrates firstly how impact craters associated with Allied aerial bombing and ground combat in the Normandy Campaign of summer 1944 have been mapped and interpreted using a combination of LiDAR, GIS and documentary data including air raid records, wartime crater analyses and aerial reconnaissance photographs. Secondly, craters are located within US military 'Battlespace' and 'Levels of War' models in order to link tactical events to their wider operational and strategic context. These show Allied tactical air raids at Orival to have been associated with the use of air power to impede German supply and reinforcement efforts both before and during the Normandy Campaign. The Orival landscape also preserves bomb and possibly artillery craters associated with the final stages of the campaign as Allied forces advanced towards the River Seine. It is argued that this approach is well-suited to assessing the context and significance of WW2 conflict landscapes and is likely to be of wider utility in evaluating the value of features such as impact craters as heritage assets.
... 36 An archaeological survey of submerged WWII sites in Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands began in 2009, and investigated four nearly intact sunken aircraft and several discrete disarticulated sections of aircraft. 39 This project has been reported upon in several formats including reports, journal articles, book chapters, and public interpretation products with material ranging from simple site descriptions, to management, to ethics. As part of this larger project, a Master's thesis was written on site formation processes of three aircraft 40 and another on the site formation of a different aircraft. ...
One of the difficult aspects of conducting archaeological and historical research on downed WWII US naval aircraft is their identification. What type and which one? This question is basic, and some would argue even particularist; however, it is often a prerequisite for asking “questions that count.”1 The first half of the identification question, “what type?,” is typically answered with archaeology. Archaeologists survey and record a site, look for specific features that match types and tease out the details of aerials, hatches or turret types and configurations to narrow in on the model. Conversely, the latter half of the identification question, “which one?,” requires a combination of both historical and archaeological research, and often remains a mystery. The reason is simple– aircraft fall from the sky and land where they land. Last known locations are rarely precise and the luck of finding a bureau number on site is just that. This paper outlines the process of conducting historical research on a naval aircraft and in particular a US naval aircraft related to WWII operations in the Pacific. Lost in Tanapag Lagoon, Saipan, the remains of the aircraft, a PB2Y Coronado, have remained a mystery until recent investigations into the archaeological and historical record shed light on its identification and potential demise (Figure 1).2 What follows is a narrative of the process of archival and historical naval aircraft research with examples specific to the Saipan Coronado research. This process can be summed up with the words of one of one of the most decorated combat pilots of WWII, “Go in close, and when you think you are too close, goin closer.” (Major Thomas B. ‘Tommy’ McGuire, USAAF).
... This proved very true in the CNMI. Initial meetings and consultations were held with these agencies to assess their interest and involvement with the project (McKinnon and Carrell 2011 ). All three agencies contributed staff, equipment, and in-kind support throughout the project as well as oversight and input on interpretive materials and reports and publications. ...
... The need to develop a management plan for submerged WWII maritime heritage in Saipan's waters was identifi ed during the planning stages and implementation of the trail. Throughout the archaeological survey and subsequent development of the trail, it was noted that certain sites were being negatively impacted by both natural and cultural factors (McKinnon and Carrell 2011 ). These impacts were identifi ed as contributing to an overall loss of archaeological and historical context and affecting the structural integrity of the sites and their long-term survival. ...
By far not a novel approach, the Saipan WWII maritime heritage project is yet another example of how "many hands make light work." This project was conceptualized as an inclusive and collaborative effort to include academia, nonprofit, government agency, and the local community in the study of Saipan's WWII submerged heritage. By taking this approach, it was hoped that more could be accomplished with fewer resources and a sense of stewardship for long-term preservation would take hold of the island. This chapter discusses the approach, methodology, and recording of Saipan's WWII maritime heritage.
... This proved very true in the CNMI. Initial meetings and consultations were held with these agencies to assess their interest and involvement with the project (McKinnon and Carrell 2011 ). All three agencies contributed staff, equipment, and in-kind support throughout the project as well as oversight and input on interpretive materials and reports and publications. ...
... The need to develop a management plan for submerged WWII maritime heritage in Saipan's waters was identifi ed during the planning stages and implementation of the trail. Throughout the archaeological survey and subsequent development of the trail, it was noted that certain sites were being negatively impacted by both natural and cultural factors (McKinnon and Carrell 2011 ). These impacts were identifi ed as contributing to an overall loss of archaeological and historical context and affecting the structural integrity of the sites and their long-term survival. ...
Battlefields have been the object of fascination for millions of tourists and the subjects of elaborate interpretation projects. This volume will outline the process and results of developing the WWII Maritime Heritage Trail: Battle of Saipan Project. This book will provide examples of how a group of archaeologists, managers and a community took a specific battle and transformed it from a collection of unknown archaeological sites into a comprehensive storied battlescape that reflects the individuals and actions of those who were involved. It will provide an in-depth view of current maritime archaeological research on submerged battlefield sites, the development of a WWII battlefield maritime heritage trail, as well as the problems and solutions of such an effort. It will cover subjects such as: -heritage and dark tourism-conflict or battlefield archaeology-public interpretation, and community engagement. This volume will serve as a practical review of a project influenced by a range of complementary areas of study and inclusive of many stakeholders, from the public to the professional and beyond. It provides an example of a balanced approach towards research and interpreting archaeological sites through the identification and inclusion of the various stakeholders (professional and community) and an awareness of what was being included, ignored, or inadequately represented in the research and interpretation.
... Throughout the 2009-2010 archeological survey, it was clear that certain submerged heritage sites were being negatively impacted by both natural and cultural factors (McKinnon and Carrell 2011). These impacts were identified as contributing to an overall loss of archeological and historical context and affecting the structural integrity of the sites and their long-term survival. ...
... The implementation of the WWII Invasion Beaches Underwater Heritage Trail under a 2009 ABPP grant (GA-2255-09-028) brought into sharp focus the need to develop a management and preservation plan for the submerged WWII heritage in Saipan's waters. The foundations upon which the 2009 grant was built were a remote sensing survey of key areas by SEARCH, Inc. (2008a, 2008b) Throughout the 2009-2010 archeological survey, it was clear that certain UCH sites were being negatively impacted by both natural and cultural factors (McKinnon and Carrell 2011). These impacts were identified as contributing to an overall loss of archeological and historical context and affecting the structural integrity of the sites and their long-term survival. ...
... The remains of two landing craft were included in the 2012 project. Landing Vehicle 1 was first located during remote sensing surveys conducted by SEARCH, Inc. in 2008 and in 2010 was the subject of intensive archeological survey (McKinnon and Carrell 2011). A second landing vehicle, which appears to be the same type, was located during the 2012 survey and but has not been archaeologically documented. ...
During the Second World War, Saipan was a major hub of United States Navy seaplane operations. Thousands of flying boats, chiefly the Martin PBM Mariner, flew in and out of the island. Such high traffic during war time inevitably resulted in several accidents and losses of aircraft. Only a single wreck located in the waters around Saipan has been positively identified as a Martin PBM Mariner. Outside of its make, however, the exact identity of the aircraft is unknown.
This study attempted to specifically identify the aircraft by conducting historical research of local PBM Mariner losses as well as an analysis of the standard procedures for dealing with stricken aircraft and/or navigational hazards within an active seadrome. This data was then compared to the cultural material present on the PBM Mariner site through the lens of site formation processes during an archaeological survey performed in July 2019.
Public outreach and education are necessary components for the long-term protection of cultural heritage. Most often, this outreach takes the form of brochures, posters, and similar printed materials, visitor days, websites, and even heritage trails. However, the impact of these strategies is narrow and of limited duration. In order to proactively reach a diverse and widespread audience, other avenues of public outreach are needed. This chapter explores the process, offers insights, and raises questions about filmmaking for public outreach based on the experience of the author working with documentarians over the past 15 years.
The underwater archaeology of ancient battles and warships is not a new study but one that spans back to the beginning of the watery discipline; however, the underwater archaeology of modern military or conflict sites such as Second World War (WWII) battlefields is more recent. Because of its nascent status, many of the ethical and professional decisions about how we approach such sites, how we interpret the sites, and how we protect the sites remain to be considered. Conflict archaeology on land has been actively addressing these professional and ethical issues for a few decades and as Schofield (2009: 27) points out, "there is a duty on those charged with presenting recent military sites to balance numerous responsibilities: to remember the fallen; to avoid trivialising contributions to the war effort; but also (I would argue) to ensure some emotional engagement with the subject."
Cultural tourism in the Pacific has always offered an underwater option for those who snorkel or are certified to dive. In addition to the coral reefs and marine life, World War II (WWII) shipwrecks, aircraft wrecks and other submerged vehicles draw hundreds of tourists to the Pacific each year. While it is encouraging that so many are interested in the cultural heritage of battlefields, these same visitors can cause considerable amounts of damage. This paper presents a case study of cultural impacts on submerged WWII sites in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) where diving heritage tourism is a growing industry. Cultural impacts in the CNMI include a diverse range of direct and indirect impacts including vandalism, the act of memorialization, looting and collecting souvenirs, anchor and mooring damage, and moving artifacts. What is often viewed as detrimental cultural impacts by archaeologists and managers can also be examined as behavior that reflects various stakeholders’ values and attitudes towards heritage sites. As such, these behaviors can and should be examined and considered concurrently during research and management discussions.
