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-Dothidotthia negundinicola (MFLU 16-1759). a-c Sporodochia on host surface. d Vertical section of sporodochium. e-g Conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells. h, i Conidia. j Germinated conidia. Scale bars: b = 1000 µm, c = 500 µm, d = 200 µm, e-i = 20 µm, j = 40 µm.
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Dothidotthia and Thyrostroma (Dothidotthiaceae, Pleosporineae, Pleosporales) species are plant pathogens causing canker, dieback and leaf spots on a wide range of hosts. However, the naming species is difficult, due to insufficient protologues, poor phylogenetic understanding due to the lack of sequence data from type species and low-quality illust...
Citations
... The composition of the unique fungal community suggested that P. chilensis assembled a rootassociated community with a large number of opportunistic fungi, although with low relative abundance. These include the leaf pathogen Thyrostroma compactum [64] and Arthrobotrys elegans, which have been described as nematophagous [65,66] (Table S7). Prosopis tamarugo, on the other hand, showed a high abundance of pathogenic fungi from the Erysiphe genera [67] and the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans, which has been described as having anti-pathogenic functions [68,69]. ...
Prosopis chilensis and Prosopis tamarugo, two woody legumes adapted to the arid regions of Chile, have a declining distribution due to the lack of new seedling establishment. This study investigated the potential of both species to establish in soil collected from four locations in Chile, within and outside the species distribution, and to assess the role of the root-colonizing microbiome in seedling establishment and growth. Seedling survival, height, and water potential were measured to assess establishment success and growth. 16S and ITS2 amplicon sequencing was used to characterize the composition of microbial communities from the different soils and to assess the ability of both Prosopis species to recruit bacteria and fungi from the different soils. Both species were established on three of the four soils. P. tamarugo seedlings showed significantly higher survival in foreign soils and maintained significantly higher water potential in Mediterranean soils. Amplicon sequencing showed that the four soils harbored distinct microbial communities. Root-associated microbial composition indicated that P. chilensis preferentially recruited mycorrhizal fungal partners while P. tamarugo recruited abundant bacteria with known salt-protective functions. Our results suggest that a combination of edaphic properties and microbial soil legacy are potential factors mediating the Prosopis establishment success in different soils.
... Members of the genus Thyrostroma (Pleosporales, Pleosporineae) frequently are plant pathogens, causing wood cankers, dieback and leaf spots on numerous hosts, with, for example, Thyrostroma celtidis and Thyrostroma lycii associated with twig cankers of Celtidis occidentalis and Lycium barbarum, respectively (Senwanna et al., 2019). There are only 14 species in this genus that are currently supported with molecular data, with these species known only from Korea, Russia, Ukraine, USA and Uzbekistan . ...
Grapevine trunk diseases cause serious economic losses to grape growers worldwide. The identification of the causal fungi is critical to implementing appropriate management strategies. Through a culture-based approach, we identified the fungal species composition associated with symptomatic grapevines from wine grapes in southeastern Washington and table grapes in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California, two regions with contrasting winter climates. Species were confirmed through molecular identification, sequencing two to six gene regions per isolate. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses were used to identify novel species. We identified 36 species from 112 isolates, with a combination of species that are new to science, are known causal fungi of grapevine trunk diseases, or are known causal fungi of diseases of other woody plants. The novel species Cadophora columbiana , Cytospora macropycnidia , Cytospora yakimana , and Sporocadus incarnatus are formally described and introduced, six species are newly reported from North America, and grape is reported as a new host for three species. Six species were shared between the two regions: Cytospora viticola , Diatrype stigma , Diplodia seriata , Kalmusia variispora , Phaeoacremonium minimum , and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora . Dominating the fungal community in Washington wine grape vineyards were species in the fungal families Diatrypaceae, Cytosporaceae and Sporocadaceae, whereas in California table grape vineyards, the dominant species were in the families Diatrypaceae, Togniniaceae, Phaeomoniellaceae and Hymenochaetaceae. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that 10 isolates caused wood discoloration similar to symptomatic wood from which they were originally isolated. Growth rates at temperatures from 5 to 35°C of 10 isolates per region, suggest that adaptation to local climate might explain their distribution.
... It has also been realized that many plant pathogenic genera contain numerous species complexes with each comprising numerous taxa which may infect different hosts (Bhunjun et al. 2020(Bhunjun et al. , 2021Jayawardena et al. 2021a). The work towards the classification of the fungi (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015;Thambugala et al. 2015;Tian et al. 2016;Daranagama et al. 2018;Senwanna et al. 2019;Dong et al. 2021) culminated in the first outline of the Fungi and fungus-like organisms (Wijayawardene et al. 2020(Wijayawardene et al. , 2022 and more detailed classifications of various classes, including basal fungi (Hurdeal et al. 2021), basidiomycetes , Dothideomycetes (Hongsanan et al. 2020), Sordariomycetes (Hongsanan et al. 2017;Hyde et al. 2020c) amongst others (Ekanayaka et al. 2019;Johnston et al. 2019). Jeewon and Hyde (2016) provideded guidleines for describing ...
Fungi are an understudied resource possessing huge potential for developing products that can greatly improve human well-being. In the current paper, we highlight some important discoveries and developments in applied mycology and interdisciplinary Life Science research. These examples concern recently introduced drugs for the treatment of infections and neurological diseases; application of –OMICS techniques and genetic tools in medical mycology and the regulation of mycotoxin production; as well as some highlights of mushroom cultivaton in Asia. Examples for new diagnostic tools
in medical mycology and the exploitation of new candidates for therapeutic drugs, are also given. In addition, two entries illustrating the latest developments in the use of fungi for biodegradation and fungal biomaterial production are provided.
Some other areas where there have been and/or will be significant developments are also included. It is our hope that this paper will help realise the importance of fungi as a potential industrial resource and see the next two decades bring forward
many new fungal and fungus-derived products.
... Many genera in Pleosporales and Dothidotthiaceae were reported that they could cause plant canker, dieback and leaf spots on a wide range of hosts (Bakerspigel et al. 1981;Tullio et al. 2010;Senwanna et al. 2019). Crous et al. (2013) speculated that Pleosporales group is widely distributed in the world. ...
... The sequence data were selected based on previously published data by Crous et al. (2013), Senwanna et al. (2019), Hongsanan et al. (2020), and were downloaded from GenBank for molecular phylogenetic analyses (Table 1). Didymella combreti (CBS 137982) was chosen as the outgroup taxon. ...
... GZUIFR 21.872, and GZUIFR 21.873) clustered together to other 6 genera previously reported (Dothidotthia, Mycocentrospora, Phaeomycocentrospora, Wilsonomyces, Pleiochaeta, and thyrostroma) with well support value, and formed a separated subclade, but they belonged to the genus phaeomycocentrospora and were closely related to P. cantuariensis (Fig. 1). Morphologically, member of the genus Phaeomycocentrospora can be distinguished by the mycelium, conidiophores and conidia characteristics (Crous et al. 2013;Senwanna et al. 2019;Hongsanan et al. 2020). In this study, three strains isolated from the hospital green soil only observed asexual morphs. ...
The genus Phaeomycocentrospora (Dothidotthiaceae) is a fungal pathogen causing plant leaf spots. A new species, Phaeomycocentrospora xinjangensis sp. nov. is introduced from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Northwest China. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses based on a concatenated ITS, LSU, and ACT sequence dataset were used to confirm the phylogenetic position of the new species. Phaeomycocentrospora xinjangensis can easily be distinguished from the remaining species based on multi-gene phylogenetic analyses coupled with morphological characters. Morphologically, P. xinjangensis differs from other species in the genus by the presence of dark hyphae, dark brown conidiophores, few branched conidiogenous cells. Phylogenetically, our three strains were clustered together and formed a separate subclade with high support values. Moreover, we provided a description, illustrations, and phylogenetic tree for the new species.
... Specimens were kept in plastic bags and transported to the laboratory within 24 h. Single spore isolation was done as described by Senwanna et al. [20]. The fungal specimens with desired structures were mounted on lactic acid and microphotographs were taken using the Axiovision Zeiss Scope-A1 microscope (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) fitted with a Canon EOS 6D digital camera (Canon, Tokyo, Japan). ...
In the current study, eleven sooty mold isolates were collected from different tropical host plants. The isolates were identified under Capnodium, Leptoxyphium and Trichomerium, based on morphology and phylogeny. For the secondary metabolite analysis, the isolates were grown on Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB). The well-grown mycelia were filtered and extracted over methanol (MeOH). The metabolites in the growth medium (or filtrate) were extracted over ethyl acetate (EtOAc). The antifungal activities of each crude extract were tested over Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp. and Pestalotiopsis sp. The metabolites were further tested for their total phenolic, flavonoid and protein content prior to their antioxidant and anti-fungal potential evaluation. The MeOH extracts of sooty molds were enriched with proteins and specifically inhibited Curvularia sp. The total phenolic content and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) activity was largely recovered from the filtrate corresponding to the inhibition of Alternaria sp.; while the flavonoid and free radical reduction suggested a relative induction of growth of the Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotiopsis sp. Hence, this study reveals the diversity of sooty molds in Thailand by a modern phylogenetic approach. Furthermore, the preliminary screening of the isolates reveals the potential of finding novel compounds and providing insights for the future research on secondary metabolites of bio-trophic fungi and their potential usage on sustainable agriculture.
... In other groups, the conidia are formed inside flask-shaped structures called pycnidia or acervuli, lined with conidiophores, such as in the families Lophiostomataceae, Melanommataceae amongst others (Thambugala et al. 2015;Tian et al. 2015). Conidia and conidiophores may also be borne around sporodochia such as in Thyrostroma (Pem et al. 2019d;Senwanna et al. 2019). Some species also produce chlamydospores (Pem et al. 2018;Jones et al. 2019a, b). ...
... Dothideomycetes also exhibit a range of other lifestyles, including saprotrophs, plant pathogens, mycoparasites, and lichenized and lichenicolous fungi. Saprobic Dothideomycetes are frequently reported from woody debris, decaying leaves or dung, or in more extreme environments (Pem et al. 2018(Pem et al. , 2019aSenwanna et al. 2019;Doilom et al. 2017;Huang et al. 2018;Jayasiri et al. 2019;Hyde et al. 2020;Huanraluek et al. 2020). Many Dothideomycetes occur as pathogens or parasites causing diseases to their hosts (Hofmann and Piepenbring 2014;Crous et al. 2007;Wikee et al. 2011Wikee et al. , 2013Manamgoda et al. 2012a;Hyde et al. 2018;Jayawardena et al. 2019). ...
... Since then, species identification in the Loculoascomycetes as defined by Luttrell (1951Luttrell ( , 1955 incorporated molecular data (Berbee 1996;Lindemuth et al. 2001;Liu et al. 1999;Lumbsch 2000;Lutzoni et al. 2001Lutzoni et al. , 2004Silva-Hanlin and Hanlin 1999;Spatafora et al. 1995;Untereiner 1995;Winka et al. 1998;Winka 2000). The phylogenetic species recognition criteria have been used in most modern Dothideomycetes studies to define species boundaries (Ariyawansa et al. 2015a, b;Videira et al. 2017;Wanasinghe et al. 2017a, b;Senwanna et al. 2019). Several families in Dothideomycetes (e. g., Camarosporidiellaceae, Dothidotthiaceae, Pleosporaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae) include only anamorphic species (Ariyawansa et al. 2015a, b;Videira et al. 2017;Wanasinghe et al. 2017a, b;Senwanna et al. 2019). ...
The species is one of the basic units of biological classification. Both species concepts and recognition are essential topics in taxonomic studies and other biological research. In the first part of this review, we briefly discuss the taxonomic history of the class Dothideomycetes. In the second part of the paper, we review four commonly used species concepts, focusing on morphological, ecological, biological and phylogenetic criteria and their applicability in the taxonomy of Dothideomycetes. The application and utility of the four criteria is discussed with examples in the genera Ascochyta, Cercospora and Neofusicoccum. Some problems and challenges of studying Dothideomycetes are analyzed and basic guidelines for classifying species under the above criteria are provided.
... The data set con-sisted with 32 Diaporthe eres strains. This figure shows intraspecies variation based on hosts and geography families such as Camarosporidiellaceae, Dothidotthiaceae, Pleosporaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae that comprised of only asexual taxa(Videira et al. 2017;Wanasinghe et al. 2017;Senwanna et al. 2019). Most of them exhibit limited morphological characters(Guarro et al. 1999; ...
This is the opening paper in the special issue of Fungal Diversity, which collates the data on defining species. Defining and recognizing species has long been a controversial issue. Since Darwin's proposed origin of species, over 30 species criteria have been brought forth and used to define species boundaries. In recent times, phylogenetic analyses based on multiple loci have been extensively used as a method to define species boundaries. However, only a few mycologists are aware that phylogenetic species criteria can mask discordances among fungal groups, leading to inaccurately defined species boundaries. In the current review, we discuss species recognition criteria, how and where these criteria can be applied along with their limitations and derived alternatives. In order to delimit fungal species, authors need to take into account not only the phylogenetic and phenotypic coherence, but also the timing of events that lead to fungal speciation and subsequent diversifications. Variations in the rate of phenotypic diversifications and convergent fungal evolution make it difficult to establish a universal species recognition criterion. The best practice can only be defined in the context of each fungal group. In this review, we provide a set of guidelines, encouraging an integrative taxonomic approach for species delimitation that can be used to define fungal species boundaries in the future. The other papers in this special issue deal with fungal speciation in Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes, Basidiomycota, basal fungi, lichen-forming fungi, plant pathogenic fungi, and yeasts.
... This placement was supported by Yang et al. [12], in which Podonectria sichuanensis was identified based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. Based on the phylogenetic results of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1-α, and rpb2 data in this current study, we confirm Podonectriaceae as an accepted family in the suborder Pleosporineae [49]. Podonectriaceae is phylogenetically closely related to Pseudopyrenochaetaceae that has been established to accommodate two species, viz. ...
This study led to the discovery of three entomopathogenic fungi associated with Kuwanaspis howardi, a scale insect on Phyllostachys heteroclada (fishscale bamboo) and Pleioblastus amarus (bitter bamboo) in China. Two of these species belong to Podonectria: P. kuwanaspidis X.L. Xu & C.L. Yang sp. nov. and P. novae-zelandiae Dingley. The new species P. kuwanaspidis has wider and thicker setae, longer and wider asci, longer ascospores, and more septa as compared with similar Podonectria species. The morphs of extant species P. novae-zelandiae is confirmed based on sexual and asexual morphologies. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses of ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1-α, and rpb2 sequence data provide further evidence for the validity of the two species and their placement in Podonectriaceae (Pleosporales). The second new species, Microcera kuwanaspidis X.L. Xu & C.L. Yang sp. nov., is established based on DNA sequence data from ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1-α, rpb1, rpb2, acl1, act, cmdA, and his3 gene regions, and it is characterized by morphological differences in septum numbers and single conidial mass.
... CT = 4.911225, GT = 1.000000; proportion of invariable sites I = 0.537571; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.429959. The matrix had 635 distinct alignment patterns, with 23.79% of Dothidotthiaceae can be found as endophytes, pathogens and saprobes on various substrates worldwide (Marin-Felix et al. 2017, Pem 2019, Senwanna et al. 2019a, Hyde et al. 2019. This family was described by Phillips et al. (2008) with Dothidotthia as the generic type, and also includes Belizeana, Mycocentrospora, Muellerites, Phaeomycocentrospora, Pleiochaeta, Thyrostroma and Wilsonomyces (Hongsanan et al. 2020a). ...
... Klasse Abt. 1 120, 472 (1911) Index Fungorum number: IF10224; Facesoffungi number: FoF07941 Thyrostroma was introduced by Hӧhnel (1911) and typified with T. compactum. This genus is characterized by immersed, globose to subglobose ascomata, clavate asci, fusiform to ellipsoidal, pale brown ascospores with 1 transverse septum; asexual morphs with immersed to erumpent sporodochium, clavate, ellipsoidal, obpyriform, subglobose, or oblong to subcylindric-clavate, phragmosporous to muriform, pale to dark brown conidia (Senwanna et al. 2019a). There are 33 Thyrostroma species listed in Index fungorum (2020), but only 13 species have been confirmed by molecular data. ...
This article is the second in the Asian Journal of Mycology Notes series, wherein we report 50 new fungal collections distributed in two phyla, six classes, 23 orders and 38 families. The present study provides descriptions and illustrations for three new species (Acolium yunnanensis, Muyocopron cinnamomi and Thyrostroma ulmeum), 44 new host records and new geographical distributions and three new reference collections. All these introductions are supported by morphological data as well as the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. This article provides a venue to publish fungal collections with new sequence data, which is important for future studies. An accurate and timely report of new fungus-host or fungus-county records are essential for diagnostics, identification and management of economically significant fungal groups, especially the phytopathogens.
... However, the links between the sexual and asexual morphs are not supported by molecular evidence. Recent molecular and morphology studies (Marin-Felix et al. 2017;Crous et al. 2019;Senwanna et al. 2019), based on a taxon sampling of current species indicates that Dothidotthia does not cluster near Thyrostroma. Thus, Dothidotthia is a distinct genus. ...
... In previous studies, the asexual morphs of Dothidotthia have been reported as Thyrostroma (Ramaley 2005), however, phylogenetic analyses indicated that Dothidotthia can be separated from Thyrostroma (Marin-Felix et al. 2017;Crous et al. 2016;Senwanna et al. 2019). Dothidotthia is characterized by fusiform to obclavate or obpyriform, 0-3-transversely septate conidia and a sexual morph with clavate, short pedicellate asci, ellipsoid, 1-septate ascospores (Fig. 9). ...
... dimensions of asci and ascospores (Barr 1989;Ramaley 2005;Phillips et al. 2008;Hyde et al. 2013;Senwanna et al. 2019 Zhang et al. 2012;Crous et al. 2019;Senwanna et al. 2019). Therefore, Neodothidotthia had been treated as a synonym of Dothidotthia. ...
This is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and fungus-like organisms. This paper focuses on one family: Erysiphaceae and 24 phytopathogenic genera: Armillaria, Barriopsis, Cercospora, Cladosporium, Clinoconidium, Colletotrichum, Cylindrocladiella, Dothidotthia,, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Golovinomyces, Heterobasidium, Meliola, Mucor, Neoerysiphe, Nothophoma, Phellinus, Phytophthora, Pseudoseptoria, Pythium, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Thyrostroma and Wojnowiciella. Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background, distribution, hosts, disease symptoms, and updated backbone trees. Species confirmed with pathogenicity studies are denoted when data are available. Six of the genera are updated from previous entries as many new species have been described.
