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Dose-dependent effect of taurine on final bodyweight, daily food and fluid intakes and serum lipids in the study group
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Hypothyroidism is accompanied by hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress and is associated with several complications, such as atherosclerosis. Paraoxonase activity has been reported to decrease in several situations associated with atherosclerosis and oxidative stress. In the present study, the effects of different doses of taurine on serum paraoxona...
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1. Hypothyroidism is accompanied by hyperlipidaemia and
oxidative stress and is associated with several complications,
such as atherosclerosis. Paraoxonase activity has been reported
to decrease in several situations associated with atherosclerosis
and oxidative stress. In the present study, the effects of different
doses of taurine on serum paraox...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the oxidative status in experimental hypothyroidism and the antioxidant effect of taurine supplementation. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (group 1, control; group 2, control + taurine; group 3, propylthiouracil (PTU); group 4, PTU + taurine). Hypothyroidism was indu...
Citations
... Haraguchi et al. [67] reported higher PONase activity in whey-protein-fed rats than in casein-fed rats. Increases have been reported in AREase and PONase activity with taurine supplementation [68]. Recently, our study group observed, in a Mexican population, that protein intake exerted positive effects on PON1 CMPAase activity (β = 0.0093; p = 0.02) [69]. ...
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) plays a role as antioxidant on HDL. Including in diet additionally ingest of polyphenolic compounds can stimulate PON1 transcription and increase its activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary intake, red wine consumption, and PON1 genotypes (Q192R, L55M and C-108T) on the specific activity of PON1 in a healthy population. A descriptive and analytical pilot study was conducted in Mexican volunteers clinically healthy (n = 45) aged from 21–59 years. Over 6 weeks, the study participants ingested 120 mL of red wine per day. PON1 concentration, PON1 activities, genetic polymorphisms and dietary intake were evaluated. The preliminary fingerprinting of the wine was determined to corroborate the presence of phenolic compounds such as tannins and gallotannins. Neither dietary intake nor PON1 genotypes showed an effect on the specific activity of PON1. However, a significant increase in specific AREase activity after red wine consumption period was observed in the study participants. Our data suggest that the moderate consumption of red wine has a beneficial effect on PON1 specific AREase activity in this healthy Mexican population.
... Administration of the amino acid derivative L-carnitine recovered the exercise-induced decrease in PON1 in sedentary people [78], although the non-proteinogenic amino acid taurine was found to be more active. Thus, serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were increased in a dose-dependent manner in taurine-treated hypothyroid Sprague-Dawley rats, and taurine concentrations were positively correlated with enzyme activities [79]. ...
Low levels of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) have been associated with the development of several pathological conditions, whereas high levels have been shown to be anti-atherosclerotic in mouse models. These findings suggest that PON1 could be a good surrogate biomarker. The other members of the family, namely PON2 and PON3, the role of which has been much less studied, deserve more attention. This paper provides a systematic review of current evidence concerning dietary supplements in that regard. Preliminary studies indicate that the response to dietary supplements may have a nutrigenetic aspect that will need to be considered in large population studies or in clinical trials. A wide range of plant preparations have been found to have a positive action, with pomegranate and some of its components being the best characterized and Aronia melanocarpa one of the most active. Flavonoids are found in the composition of all active extracts, with catechins and genistein being the most promising agents for increasing PON1 activity. However, some caveats regarding the dose, length of treatment, bioavailability, and stability of these compounds in formulations still need to be addressed. Once these issues have been resolved, these compounds could be included as nutraceuticals and functional foods capable of increasing PON1 activity, thereby helping with the long-term prevention of atherosclerosis and other chronic ailments.
... It may act directly to reduce oxidative stress by converting superoxides into taurochloramine that exhibits lesser oxidation [45], and indirectly via an assortment of mechanisms involving the renin-angiotensin system [46]. In the same context, Taş et al. [47] and Dirican et al. [48] verified that TAU supplementation protects against the increased oxidative stress that results from hypothyroidism by enhancing the activities of serum paraoxonase∕arylesterase. In harmony with the present results, TAU was reported to ameliorate the thyroid function and thyroid gland histoarchitecture of the rats treated with chlorpyrifos and lead through its bioprotective and antioxidant properties [49]. ...
Thyroid dysfunction is a common endocrine toxicity of several anticancer drugs. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used antimetabolite for the treatment of various sorts of carcinomas. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of 5-FU on the histology and ultrastructure of thyroid glands of adult male albino rats and to evaluate the probable protective role of taurine (TAU) against 5-FU-triggered thyrotoxicity. Thyroid glands of twenty-four rats which were categorized into control, TAU, 5-FU and 5-FU+TAU groups were processed for light and transmission electron microscopic examinations. Manifestations of thyrotoxicity were evident in 5-FU-treated rats. Histologically, disorganized thyroid follicles represented as enlarged, collapsed and degenerated follicles were observed. Disrupted basal laminae, flattened or stratified lining epithelium, desquamated follicular cells, widening of the inter-follicular space with fibrosis and infiltrative inflammatory cells are also seen. Ultrastructurally, the majority of thyrocytes exhibited signs of apoptosis marked by hypertrophied cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic vacuolation and heterochromatic nuclei with irregular nuclear envelopes and dense chromatin masses. The apical borders of some follicular cells lost their microvilli. Administration of TAU to 5-FU-treated rats restored the normal histological and ultrastructural architectures of their thyroid glands. This study verified the protective influence of TAU against 5-FU-triggered thyrotoxicity in rats.
... It is notable that TU attenuated oxidative stress evoked by co-toxicity of CP and Pb in the earlier studies we conducted (Akande et al. 2014a, b, c). It has been confirmed that TU supplementation protects against the increased oxidative stress that results from hypothyroidism by enhancing the activities of serum paraoxonase and arylesterase (Taş et al. 2006;Dirican et al. 2007). It is conceivable that TU ameliorated the thyroid function and thyroid gland histoarchitecture of the rats in this study through its bioprotective and antioxidant properties. ...
Chlorpyrifos is a widely used organophosphate insecticide for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. Lead is a toxic heavy metal and it is used for domestic and industrial purposes. Taurine is a semi essential amino acid with bioprotective properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of taurine on thyroid function in Wistar rats co-administered with chlorpyrifos and lead. The rats were divided into 5 groups of 10 rats each. The first two groups were administered with distilled water and soya oil (1 ml/kg) respectively. The other groups received taurine (50 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos + lead [chlorpyrifos (4.25 mg/kg, 1/20 median lethal dose] and lead (233.25 mg/kg, 1/20 median lethal dose) and taurine + chlorpyrifos + lead respectively. The treatments were administered once daily by oral gavage for 16 weeks. The rats were euthanized after the completion of the study and the thyroid function and thyroid histoarchitecture were evaluated. The results revealed that co-administration of chlorpyrifos and lead to the rats induced perturbations in thyroid function and this was manifested by reductions in the concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, increased thyroid stimulating hormone concentration and degeneration of the follicular epithelia of the thyroid gland. Taurine alleviated the perturbations in thyroid function and improved thyroid gland histoarchitecture. The beneficial effects of taurine may be attributed to its ability to protect the body from toxicity and oxidative stress. Taurine may be useful for prophylaxis against disruptions in thyroid function in animals that are exposed to environmental chlorpyrifos and lead.
... Taurine modulates neuronal excitability via either direct enhancement of GABAergic function and/or indirect depression of glutamatergic neurotransmission (El-Idrissi and Trenkner 2004). In addition, taurine increases the activity of paraoxonase I, an enzyme that is involved in organophosphate metabolism and detoxification (Dirican et al. 2007). Thus, reduced taurine in males only may contribute to more pronounced neurotoxicity as observed in several previous studies Slotkin et al. 2008). ...
Background:
There is growing recognition of the significance of the gut microbiome to human health, and the association between a perturbed gut microbiome with human diseases has been established. Previous studies also show the role of environmental toxicants in perturbing the gut microbiome and its metabolic functions. The wide agricultural use of diazinon, an organophosphate insecticide, has raised serious environmental health concerns since it is a potent neurotoxicant. With studies demonstrating the presence of a microbiome-gut-brain axis, it is possible that gut microbiome perturbation may also contribute to diazinon toxicity.
Objectives:
We investigated the impact of diazinon exposure on the gut microbiome composition and its metabolic functions in C57BL/6 mice.
Methods:
We used a combination of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomics sequencing, and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics profiling in a mouse model to examine the functional impact of diazinon on the gut microbiome.
Results:
16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that diazinon exposure significantly perturbed the gut microbiome, and metagenomic sequencing found that diazinon exposure altered the functional metagenome. Moreover, metabolomics profiling revealed an altered metabolic profile arising from exposure. Of particular significance, these changes were more pronounced for male mice than females.
Conclusions:
Diazinon exposure perturbed the gut microbiome community structure, functional metagenome, and associated metabolic profiles in a gender-specific manner. These findings may provide novel insights regarding perturbations of the gut microbiome and its functions as a potential new mechanism contributing to diazinon neurotoxicity and, in particular, its sex-selective effects.
... Good sources of dietary taurine are seafood and meat [137]. Administration of taurine to rats with hypothyroidism resulted in a dose-dependent increase in serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities [138]. This observation prompts the notion that certain amino acids may be particularly active in regulating PON1 expression. ...
... Humans consuming olive oil enriched with this compound Increase in PON1 activity [136] Taurine Rats with hypothyroidism Increase in serum paraoxonase [138] Trace elements Selenium supplementation to rats Increase in serum paraoxonase [139] ...
The Mediterranean diet has been proven to be highly effective in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has been implicated in the development of those conditions, especially atherosclerosis. The present work describes a systematic review of current evidence supporting the influence of Mediterranean diet and its constituents on this enzyme. Despite the differential response of some genetic polymorphisms, the Mediterranean diet has been shown to exert a protective action on this
enzyme. Extra virgin olive oil, the main source of fat, has been particularly effective in
increasing PON1 activity, an action that could be due to low saturated fatty acid intake, oleic acid enrichment of phospholipids present in high-density lipoproteins that favor the activity, and increasing hepatic PON1 mRNA and protein expressions induced by minor components present in this oil. Other Mediterranean diet constituents, such as nuts, fruits and vegetables, have been effective in modulating the activity of the enzyme, pomegranate and its compounds being the best characterized items. Ongoing research on compounds isolated from all these natural products, mainly phenolic compounds and carotenoids, indicates that some of them are particularly effective, and this may enhance the use of nutraceuticals and functional foods capable of potentiating PON1 activity.
... Similar results were found by Jena et al. [ 31 ] that showed co-administration of vitamin E and curcumin to hypothyroid rats resulted in amelioration of LPx level in kidney cortex. In addition, in hypothyroid animals supplemented with 0.5 % taurine plasma MDA levels were restored to those seen in control animals [ 35 ] . Treatment with quercetin (10 mg/Kg) for 5 weeks reduced plasma malondialdehyde levels in hypertensive rats [ 36 ] . ...
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of quercetin on oxidative stress biomarkers in methimazole (MMI) - induced hypothyroidism male rats. Hypothyroidism was induced by administering MMI at 20 mg/100 ml in the drinking water, for 1 month. After achieved hypothyroidism, rats received orally 10 or 25 mg/kg of quercetin (QT) for 8 weeks. 60 male wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (group I, control; group II, QT10; group III, QT25; group IV, hypothyroid; group V, hypothyroid+QT10; group VI, hypothyroid+QT25). Liver, kidney and serum TBARS levels significantly increased in hypothyroid rats when compared to controls, along with increased protein carbonyl (PCO) in liver and increased ROS levels in liver and kidney tissues. QT10 and QT25 were effective in decreasing TBARS levels in serum and kidney, PCO levels in liver and ROS generation in liver and kidney. MMI - induced hypothyroidism also increased TBARS levels in cerebral cortex and hippocampus that in turn were decreased in rats treated with QT25. Moreover, the administration of QT25 to hypothyroid rats resulted in decreased SOD activities in liver and whole blood and increased liver CAT activity. Liver and kidney ascorbic acid levels were restored with quercetin supplementation at both concentrations. QT10 and QT25 also significantly increased total oxidative scavenging capacity in liver and kidney tissues from hypothyroid rats. These findings suggest that MMI - induced hypothyroidism increases oxidative stress parameters and quercetin administration could exert beneficial effects against redox imbalance in hypothyroid status.
... the phenolic components in U. rigida extract might play an important role in the observed antigenotoxic activity. Phenolic compounds in plants are known to be excellent in vitro antioxidants and numerous studies suggest that dietary intake of plant polyphenols may have positive effects on oxidative stress-related diseases [8, 38, 41]. the positive correlation between polyphenolic content of algae and its antioxidant activity is well documented [21]. therefore, the content of total phenolic compounds in the extracts might explain their high antioxidant activities. ...
The presence of chromosomal damage in bone marrow cells affected by several diseases such as thyroid, cancer etc., was detected by the micronucleus (MN) assay. The present study was designed to evaluate: i) volatile components of Ulva rigida, ii) effects of hypothyroidism on bone marrow MN frequency, iii) effects of oral administration of Ulva rigida ethanolic extract (URE) on MN frequency produced by hypothyroidism, and iv) thyroid hormone levels in normal and 6-n-Propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroid rats. The volatile components of Ulva rigida was studied using a direct thermal desorption (DTD) technique with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF/MS). UREadministration was of no significant impact on thyroid hormone levels in control group, while PTU administration decreased thyroid hormone levels compared to control group (p < 0.001). Moreover, UREsupplementation resulted in a significant decrease in MN frequency in each thyroid group (p < 0.0001). This is the first in vivo study that shows the strong antigenotoxic and protective effect of UREagainst the genotoxicity produced by hypothyroidism.
... Taurine is considered to be the second most abundant in the body's muscle after glutamine. Taurine supplementation can play a protective role against the increased oxidative stress resulting from hypothyroidism by raising serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities [52,53]. The decreased level of taurine and its metabolic product 5-L-glutamyl-taurine, observed in urine metabolite profiles of hypothyroid group compared with the controls, may be a cue of deregulation of taurine and hypotaurine metabolism in hypothyroidism. ...
Hypothyroidism is a chronic condition of endocrine disorder and its precise molecular mechanism remains obscure. In spite of certain efficacy of thyroid hormone replacement therapy in treating hypothyroidism, it often results in other side effects because of its over-replacement, so it is still urgent to discover new modes of treatment for hypothyroidism. Sini decoction (SND) is a well-known formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and is considered as efficient agents against hypothyroidism. However, its holistic effect assessment and mechanistic understanding are still lacking due to its complex components.
A urinary metabonomic method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was employed to explore global metabolic characters of hypothyroidism. Three typical hypothyroidism models (methimazole-, propylthiouracil- and thyroidectomy-induced hypothyroidism) were applied to elucidate the molecular mechanism of hypothyroidism. 17, 21, 19 potential biomarkers were identified with these three hypothyroidism models respectively, primarily involved in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and purine metabolism. In order to avert the interference of drug interaction between the antithyroid drugs and SND, the thyroidectomy-induced hypothyroidism model was further used to systematically assess the therapeutic efficacy of SND on hypothyroidism. A time-dependent recovery tendency was observed in SND-treated group from the beginning of model to the end of treatment, suggesting that SND exerted a recovery effect on hypothyroidism in a time-dependent manner through partially regulating the perturbed metabolic pathways.
Our results showed that the metabonomic approach is instrumental to understand the pathophysiology of hypothyroidism and offers a valuable tool for systematically studying the therapeutic effects of SND on hypothyroidism.
... , an antioxidant and hypolipidemic agent, was shown at high doses (2-3% of the diet) to reverse the decrease in serum paraoxonase activity found in propylthiouracil-treated hypothyroid rats [81]. Pulp from Acai (a palm variety found in the Brazilian Amazon, containing flavonoids, unsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols), fed to control rats was shown to significantly increase (by 75%) serum PON1 activity, while a 60% increase was observed in rats also fed a hypercholesterolemic diet [82]. ...
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme displaying esterase and lactonase activity. PON1 hydrolyzes several organophosphorus (OP) insecticides and nerve agents, a number of exogenous and endogenous lactones, and metabolizes toxic oxidized lipids of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and HDL. As such, PON1 plays a relevant role in determining susceptibility to OP toxicity, cardiovascular diseases and several other diseases. Serum PON1 activity in a given population can vary by at least 40-fold. Most of this variation can be accounted for by genetic polymorphisms in the coding region (Q192R, L55M) and in the promoter region (T-108C). However, exogenous factors may also modulate PON1 activity and/or level of expression. This paper examines various factors that have been found to positively modulate PON1. Certain drugs (e.g. hypolipemic and anti-diabetic compounds), dietary factors (antioxidants, polyphenols), and life-style factors (moderate alcohol consumption) appear to increase PON1 activity. Given the relevance of PON1 in protecting from certain environmental exposure and from cardiovascular and other diseases, there is a need for further mechanistic, animal, and clinical research in this area, and for consideration of possible alternative strategies for increasing the levels and activity of PON1.
