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Dose/amount–response profile of pelargonidin-glucuronide (PG) in the plasma of abdominally obese individuals with insulin resistance after consuming strawberry and control beverages with a standard meal, n = 17. Different letters indicate differences in the area under the response curve (AUC), 0–6 h, p < 0.05. FDS, freeze-dried whole strawberry powder.
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This study evaluated the dose-response relationship of strawberries, an anthocyanin-rich fruit, on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in individuals with insulin resistance (IR), including changes in plasma anthocyanins, markers of oxidative stress, and inflammation.
Methods and results:
In a randomized controlled, four-arm,...
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... P3G and C3G were also detectable but at much lower concentrations. No anthocyanins were detected in plasma of subjects after drinking the 0 g FDS/control beverage. Phar- macokinetic analysis of the primary anthocyanin metabolites is presented in Table 4. Plasma concentration by time curve of the most abundant metabolite, PG, is illustrated in Fig. 5. In general, there was a significant dose-related increase in C max and AUC for all three plasma anthocyanins detected and their conjugated parent C6-C3-C6 metabolite; however, when expressed relative to dose, the percent bioavailability decreased as the dose/amount of anthocyanins increased (Table 4). Bioavailability of anthocyanins ...
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Citations
... However, the information provided by these CTs in which inflammatory markers were evaluated resembles, to some extent, the results obtained with more prolonged treatments. The CTs have evaluated the ACN effect after consumption of meals high in fat (25,77,(97)(98)(99) or high in fat and carbohydrates (100)(101)(102), and also have evaluated postprandial effects after consuming only ACNrich meals (103,104). Particularly, the high-fat meal challenge studies have been recently reviewed (105), and protective effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant status, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol concentrations, vascular endothelial function, and inflammatory biomarkers have been identified after ACN consumption. ...
... /fnut. . (25,106), insulin with 11-34% of reduction (100,104), CRP with 13-22% of reduction (102,107), and IL-6 with 7-37% of reduction (99,106). Furthermore, positive changes regarding vascular stiffness (98), insulin sensitivity (101), oxLDL (100), malondialdehyde (99), and expression of pro-inflammatory and antioxidant genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (25) among others have been found. ...
... However, a detailed discussion about gut microbiota interactions with ACNs and their metabolites from animal studies has already been published (108, 109). On the other hand, studies discussing bioavailability, as those mentioned in Section 3, and analysis of reported metabolites (25,100,102,107) should be addressed in future works. ...
Anthocyanins (ACNs) are phytochemicals with numerous bioactivities, e.g., antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Health benefits from consuming ACN-rich foods, extracts, and supplements have been studied in clinical trials (CT). However, the individual effect of single ACNs and their correlation with doses and specific bioactivities or molecular targets have not been thoroughly analyzed. This review shows a recompilation of single anthocyanins composition and concentrations used in CT, conducted to investigate the effect of these anti-inflammatory derivatives in obese condition. Single anthocyanin doses with changes in the levels of frequently monitored markers were correlated. In addition, the analysis was complemented with reports of studies made in vitro with single ACNs. Anthocyanins' efficacy in diseases with high baseline obesity-related inflammation markers was evidenced. A poor correlation was found between most single anthocyanin doses and level changes of commonly monitored markers. Correlations between cyanidin, delphinidin, and pelargonidin derivatives and specific molecular targets were proposed. Our analysis showed that knowledge of specific compositions and anthocyanin concentrations determined in future studies would provide more information about mechanisms of action.
... Similar to blueberries, strawberries are also rich in anthocyanin. Park et al. [37] and Edirisinghe et al. [45] studies investigated the effects of strawberry intake on insulin homeostasis. In one study assessing the acute effects of consuming beverages containing freeze-dried whole strawberry powder with a high-carbohydrate, high-fat meal in obese adults with insulin resistance, the authors found that compared to the placebo group, participants had significantly reduced post-prandial insulin concentrations after 6 h [37]. ...
... Park et al. [37] and Edirisinghe et al. [45] studies investigated the effects of strawberry intake on insulin homeostasis. In one study assessing the acute effects of consuming beverages containing freeze-dried whole strawberry powder with a high-carbohydrate, high-fat meal in obese adults with insulin resistance, the authors found that compared to the placebo group, participants had significantly reduced post-prandial insulin concentrations after 6 h [37]. The studies conducted by Rohm et al. [46] and Matsumori et al. [35] have also demonstrated the associations between chronic low-grade inflammation and the pathogenesis of T2DM. ...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease often leads to poor health outcomes, such as neuropathy and diabetic foot ulcers, and increased risk for comorbidities such as cardiovascular complications and renal disease. Lifestyle modifications including diet and physical activity interventions are often explored as prevention and management strategies for T2DM. It is well established that fruits are a rich source of fiber and a variety of phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds that can help optimize human health. Unfortunately, many experts associate the consumption of fruit with a moderate to high glycemic index (GI), which leads to a spike in blood glucose and eventually elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The purpose of this comprehensive review is to outline the current clinical literature on the relationship between fruit consumption and various indices of glucose metabolism. A variety of fruits have been clinically studied to determine this relationship, namely in the fresh form (e.g., berries, apples, watermelon, cherries, mangoes), dried fruits (raisins and dates), and juices (derived from cranberry, orange, grape, cherry, and pomegranate). Overall, intake of fruits and fruit-derived products is beneficial for healthy subjects and subjects with T2DM regarding their impact on glucose metabolism and other cardiometabolic markers (e.g., inflammatory responses, lipid profiles). Nonetheless, it is more advisable for diabetic patients to consume fresh or dried fruits rather than fruit-derived products. A special consideration needs to be attributed to both the amount of fruit intake with regards to their respective GI and glycemic load (GL), and when these fruits are consumed. Trials with more a comprehensive design and specific outcomes are required to reveal the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of fruit consumption on the T2DM population particularly.
... Intervention strategies applied to prediabetic subjects range from specific foods to combined diets incorporating an amalgamation of food types. In their majority, specific food/food groups including grains, plant-based foods and nuts [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] as well as specific diets (i.e., low-calorie and low-glycemic-index diet) [12][13][14][15][16][17] seem to have a protective role in the onset of prediabetes. Moreover, many studies have indicated that a combination of diet and exercise has demonstrated better results than each of these alone [18,19], highlighting the need for more lifestyle alterations. ...
The increasing prevalence of prediabetes globally does not bode well for the growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications. Yet there is a lack of studies regarding lifestyle patterns (LPs) and their association with prediabetes. The present study aimed to examine the association of different LPs with the existence of prediabetes in adults from families at high risk for T2D in Europe. In total, 2759 adults (66.3% females) from six European countries were included in this cross-sectional analysis using data from the baseline assessment of the Feel4Diabetes study. Anthropometric, sociodemographic, dietary and behavioral data were assessed, and fasting blood glucose measurements were also obtained. LPs were derived via principal component analysis. Two LPs were derived, explaining 32% of the total variation. LP 1 was characterized by breakfast consumption, high consumption of fruits and berries, vegetables and nuts and seeds, and low consumption of salty snacks and soft drinks with sugar, while LP 2 was characterized by high consumption of salty and sweet snacks, soft drinks with sugar and juice with sugar and sedentary behavior. After adjusting for various confounders, LP 2 was positively associated with the existence of prediabetes (odds ratio = 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.04), while LP 1 was not significantly associated with prediabetes. Understanding LPs would provide necessary evidence for planning intervention and education strategies for prediabetes and T2D.
... Compared to the placebo group, the intervention had a moderate to very large effect on each of these outcomes (d between 0.67 to 2.06) [55]. Acute consumption of freeze-dried strawberry powder also statistically significantly reduced oxidized LDL-C but did not have an impact on total antioxidant capacity quantified by oxygen radical absorbance capacity [47]. These data suggest that cranberries may have a more comprehensive effect on protecting against oxidative stress by reducing oxidized products and increasing antioxidant capacity. ...
Cardiometabolic conditions are closely associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Dietary berries may serve as a beneficial nutrition intervention to address the features of cardiometabolic dysfunction and associated oxidative stress. The high antioxidant status of dietary berries may increase antioxidant capacity and reduce biomarkers of oxidative stress. This systematic review was conducted to investigate these effects of dietary berries. The search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and citation searching. Through this search we identified 6309 articles and 54 were included in the review. Each study’s risk of bias was assessed using the 2019 Cochrane Methods’ Risk of Bias 2 tool. Antioxidant and oxidative stress outcomes were evaluated, and the magnitude of effect was calculated using Cohen’s d. A range of effectiveness was reported in the included studies and the quality of the studies differed between the parallel and crossover trials. Considering the inconsistency in reported effectiveness, future investigations are warranted to determine the acute and sustained reductions of oxidative stress biomarkers from dietary berry intake (PROSPERO registration# CRD42022374654).
... Protective effects of anthocyanin consumption are not limited to preclinical data; in prospective cohort studies, anthocyanin consumption is associated with lowered risk of cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes, reduced all-cause mortality, and improved weight maintenance [17][18][19][20]. Short-term clinical studies with berry interventions report improvements in glucose tolerance with several different varieties, including blueberries, strawberries, and blackberries [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. However, we have previously reported mixed results despite highly controlled experimental designs [28]. ...
Obesity in the United States continues to worsen. Anthocyanin-rich fruits and vegetables provide a pragmatic dietary approach to slow its metabolic complications. Given American diet patterns, foods with high anthocyanin content could address dose-response challenges. In a placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover pilot study, determine the effect of 100% elderberry juice on measures of indirect calorimetry (IC), and insulin sensitivity/glucose tolerance. Overweight and obese adults were randomized to a 5-week study which included two 1-week periods of twice-daily elderberry juice (EBJ), or sugar-matched placebo consumption separated by a 3-week washout period. Following each 1-week test period, IC and insulin sensitivity/glucose tolerance was measured with a 3-hour meal tolerance test (MTT). Treatment differences were tested with linear mixed modeling. 22 prospective study volunteers (18F/4M) attended recruitment meetings, 10 volunteers completed the protocol, and 9 were analyzed for treatment differences. EBJ was well tolerated and compliance was 99.6%. Six IC measures (intervals) were created which coincided with 10-20 minute gaseous samplings in-between MTT blood samplings. Average CHO oxidation was significantly higher during the MTT after 1-week EBJ consumption (3.38 vs. 2.88 grams per interval, EBJ vs. placebo, p = 0.0113). Conversely, average fat oxidation was significantly higher during the MTT after 1-week placebo consumption (1.17 vs 1.47 grams per interval, EBJ vs. placebo, p = 0.0189). This was in-line with a significantly lower average respiratory quotient after placebo treatment (0.87 vs. 0.84, EBJ vs. placebo, p = 0.0114). Energy expenditure was not different. There was no difference in serum glucose or insulin response between treatments. This pilot study of free-living volunteers describes significant change in IC but not insulin sensitivity with an EBJ intervention. Controlled feeding and increased sample size will help determine the utility of EBJ on these outcomes.
... Foods such as pigmented corn contain anthocyanins, especially purple corn, which has shown promising antidiabetic activities [32]. Recent studies have shown that the anthocyanin-rich extract from the peri-layer of purple corn decreases insulin resistance and increases glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes [39]. Among the mechanisms of action of greatest scientific interest in glycemic control, the receptors stand out: FFAR1, also known as GPR40 (free fatty acid receptor), and GK (glucokinase receptor) [40]. ...
... Purple corn anthocyanidins modulate protein expression of the FFAR1 insulin secretiondependent pathway. PCW is the most efficient treatment, increasing FFAR1 expression by 100% compared to the untreated control group [39]. Purple corn anthocyanins increase glucose reuptake and activate the GK receptor on liver cells. ...
Overweight and obesity are present in about three-quarters of the adult population in Mexico. The inflammatory mechanisms subjacent to visceral white adipose tissue are accountable for the initiation and development of cardiometabolic alterations, including type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle changes are pillars within its therapeutics and, thus, current dietary modifications should include not only hypocaloric prescriptions with balanced macronutrient intake, preferably by increasing the amount of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes, but in concomitance, bioactive substances, such as anthocyanins, have been correlated with lower incidence of this disease.
... Consequently, the higher serum phosphate following strawberry intervention when compared with the baseline suggests improvements in insulin resistance, as observed previously [20], and improved energy generation pathways in these adults with obesity and features of metabolic syndrome. Reported data, though limited, show the role of strawberries in improving insulin resistance following a high-fat meal [40], and our findings shed some light on its underlying mechanisms, which are possibly related to the increasing mobilization of serum phosphate and its availability for adenosine triphosphate generation. We also observed significantly higher levels of benzoic acid and hydroxyphenyl propionic acid following strawberry intervention when compared with the baseline. ...
Dietary strawberries have been shown to improve cardiometabolic risks in multiple clinical trials. However, no studies have reported effects on serum metabolomic profiles that may identify the target pathways affected by strawberries as underlying mechanisms. We conducted a 14-week randomized, controlled crossover study in which participants with features of metabolic syndrome were assigned to one of the three arms for four weeks separated by a one-week washout period: control powder, 1 serving (low dose: 13 g strawberry powder/day), or 2.5 servings (high dose: 32 g strawberry powder/day). Blood samples, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and dietary and physical activity data were collected at baseline and at the end of each four-week phase of intervention. Serum samples were analyzed for primary metabolites and complex lipids using different mass spectrometry methods. Mixed-model ANOVA was used to examine differences in the targeted metabolites between treatment phases, and LASSO logistic regression was used to examine differences in the untargeted metabolites at end of the strawberry intervention vs. the baseline. The findings revealed significant differences in the serum branched-chain amino acids valine and leucine following strawberry intervention (high dose) compared with the low-dose and control phases. Untargeted metabolomic profiles revealed several metabolites, including serum phosphate, benzoic acid, and hydroxyphenyl propionic acid, that represented improved energy-metabolism pathways, compliance measures, and microbial metabolism of strawberry polyphenols, respectively. Thus, dietary supplementation of strawberries significantly improves the serum metabolic profiles of cardiometabolic risks in adults.
... Obez ve insülin direnci olan hastalara 6 hafta günde 2 kez 22.5 g toz liyofilize yaban mersini takviyesinin insülin seviyelerini artırarak insülin duyarlılığını iyileştirdiği görülmüştür [57]. Benzer olarak, obez ve insülin direnci olan hastalara 3 ile 14 gün süre ile 10, 20 ve 40 g liyofilize çilek tozu takviyesi sonrası öğünle ilişkili postprandiyal glisemiyi önlemede 40 g dozunun en etkili olduğu saptanmıştır [58]. T2DM'li hastalara 24 hafta günde 2 kez 160 mg antosiyanin içeren yaban mersini ya da frenk üzümü takviyesi, antioksidan kapasitede artışa, 8-izoprostaglandin F2a, 13-hidroksioktadekadienoik asit ve karbonillenmiş protein konsantrayonlarında ve açlık kan glukozu ile HOMA-IR seviyelerinde azalmaya yol açmış, insülin duyarlılığı ve serum adiponektinlerini artırmıştır [59]. ...
... Üzümsü meyvelerin insülin seviyelerini artırarak, kan glukozunu azaltarak insülin duyarlılığını artırdığı yapılan çalışmalarla gösterilmiştir [54][55][56][57][58][59]. Bu olumlu etkileri tek doz alımda da sağlanmış olup, çalışmalar bunlarla sınırlıdır. ...
... Bunların arasında yer alan üzümsü meyveler, içerdikleri yüksek antosiyanin miktarları ile ve diğer biyoaktif bileşenleri sayesinde meyveler arasında en güçlü antioksidan kaynaklarıdır. Bu derlemede üzümsü meyvelerin antioksidan, antiinflamatuar [45][46][47][48][49][50], anti-DM [54][55][56][57][58][59], KVH'lardan koruyucu [61][62][63], lipid metabolizmasını iyileştirici [64,65,66], HT'den koruyucu [68,70,71], kolon kanseri semptomlarını azaltıcı [75][76][77] etkileri ile mikrobiyota üzerine olumlu sonuçları olduğunu gösterilmiştir [80][81][82][83]. ...
Üzümsü meyveler ve ürünleri günümüzde “fonksiyonel gıdalar” olarak bilinmekte ve gıda endüstrisinde artan bir ilgi görmektedir. Başta antosiyaninler olmak üzere diğer meyvelere göre daha yüksek antioksidan kapasitesine sahip üzümsü meyvelerin hastalıklara yakalanma riskleri ile hastalık semptomlarını azaltarak, sağlık üzerine koruyucu etkileri olduğu düşünülmektedir. Türkiye, 2021 Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TUİK) verilerine göre meyve üretiminde dünyada beşinci sırada yer almasına rağmen üzümsü meyvelerin üretim miktarı düşük olup bu meyvelerin önemi hala anlaşılamamış durumdadır. Bu nedenle, sağlığı olumlu yönde etkilediği düşünülen üzümsü meyvelere olan ilginin ülkemizde artırılması, hem bilimsel açıdan hem de üretimini artırabilmek amacıyla ekonomik açıdan oldukça önemlidir. Bu derlemenin amacı üzümsü meyvelerin içerdiği biyoaktif bileşenler ile insan sağlığı üzerine etkilerini son on yılda yapılmış klinik çalışmalarla değerlendirmektir. Bu amaçla planlanan sistematik olmayan derlemede, Dergipark, PubMed, Elsevier ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında yapılan literatür taraması sonucu toplam 32 uluslararası klinik çalışma derlemeye dahil edilmiştir. Türkiye’de insanlar üzerinde yapılmış bir klinik çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Sonuçlar, üzümsü meyvelerin sağlığı olumlu yönde etkileyerek antioksidan, anti-inflamatuar, anti-diyabet, kardiyovasküler sistemi koruyucu, lipid metabolizmasını iyileştirici, hipertansiyondan koruyucu, kolon kanseri semptomlarını azaltıcı etkisi ile mikrobiyotayı olumlu yönde etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir. Kesin mekanizmaları ve uzun dönem etkilerinin anlaşılabilmesi için daha fazla klinik çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.
... Notably, in the period included in the present review (2011-2021), very few experimental and preclinical papers were found in the PubMed database, while a plethora of studies demonstrated that consuming strawberries attenuates unfavorable postprandial responses or reduces the cardiovascular risk in subjects with metabolic syndrome clinical trials [255][256][257][258]. Moreover, a search on ClinicalTrial.gov in June 2022 retrieved five studies for wild strawberry as active treatment and diabetes: the NCT05362968, just approved and not yet recruiting; the NCT02610179, recruiting; and the completed studies NCT01199848 [259,260], NCT02607007 and NCT01766570 (no results available for both). This could reflect a higher stage of development of a strawberry-based approach as an add-on therapy for diabetes compared to other Alpine plants. ...
... For instance, a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial demonstrated in overweight adults that the aqueous acetone strawberry extract (70%) containing 10 g of freeze-dried powder 81.6 mg/of anthocyanins (54% pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside) and 94.7 mg of phenols was effective in reducing the postprandial insulin response, potentially affecting the postprandial inflammatory response as suggested by the levels of hs-CRP and IL-6 [261]. In obese individuals with insulin resistance, the beneficial effects of a strawberry-based drink at 40 g at breakfast improved insulin sensitivity [260]. Concordant results were also observed in another study, where authors demonstrated that consuming strawberries (12 g) before 2 h of one meal reduced glucose concentrations and attenuated IL-6 responses [261]. ...
Data on urban and rural diabetes prevalence ratios show a significantly lower presence of diabetes in rural areas. Several bioactive compounds of plant origin are known to exert anti-diabetic properties. Interestingly, most of them naturally occur in different plants present in mountainous areas and are linked to traditions of herbal use. This review will aim to evaluate the last 10 years of evidence-based data on the potential anti-diabetic properties of 9 plants used in the Piedmont Alps (North-Western Italy) and identified through an ethnobotanical approach, based on the Occitan language minority of the Cuneo province (Sambucus nigra L., Achillea millefolium L., Cornus mas L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Fragaria vesca L., Rosa canina L., Rubus idaeus L., Rubus fruticosus/ulmifolius L., Urtica dioica L.), where there is a long history of herbal remedies. The mechanism underlying the anti-hyperglycemic effects and the clinical evidence available are discussed. Overall, this review points to the possible use of these plants as preventive or add-on therapy in treating diabetes. However, studies of a single variety grown in the geographical area, with strict standardization and titration of all the active ingredients, are warranted before applying the WHO strategy 2014–2023.
... A separate study focused on the acute effects of strawberry powder in twenty-five insulin resistant subjects with central obesity (waist circumference > 110 cm) [91]. Insulin resistance was defined as fasting insulin concentrations >13 µIU/mL or a HOMA-IR score greater than 1. ...
... The treatments were given in combination with a high fat, high carbohydrate breakfast and postprandial changes on blood glucose, insulin, and lipids were assessed for six hours. The main finding from the study was a significant 12% reduction in six hour averaged postprandial insulin concentrations with the highest strawberry powder treatment (40 g) [91]. Further, a dose response effect was suggested by a statistical trend for lower insulin to glucose ratios with the 10 and 20 g doses of strawberry powder compared to the control group. ...
... Further, a dose response effect was suggested by a statistical trend for lower insulin to glucose ratios with the 10 and 20 g doses of strawberry powder compared to the control group. These improvements in insulin sensitivity were observed while there were no differences between the postprandial glucose curves for all treatment groups [91]. Blood lipids and postprandial inflammation were not different between treatments. ...
Obesity in America is a public health crisis that will continue to impact the country at an individual, social, and economic level unless we address the disease with dietary modifications to reduce or prevent its development. Nutritional interventions designed for obesity treatment are constantly evolving. Berries, which are a rich source of polyphenols, have been suggested as a potential bioactive component, as they have been reported to have anti-obesity effects. Therefore, this review will provide an overview of epidemiological studies to introduce the idea of berries for health promotion. Studies conducted in both rodents and humans are summarized. This review includes an overview of the physiological responses associated with berry consumption, including the effects on the composition of the gut microbiota in humans and rodents, which demonstrate how berry consumption may provide a protective effect against obesity and its related comorbidities. However, these findings have yet to be translated into feasible, long-term nutrition intervention in humans. Future research into different berries and their components will identify effective, accessible functional food options that can augment nutritional interventions.
