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Dorsum (A), venter (B), and lateral view of head (C) of preserved male Gracixalus gracilipes (AMNH A193894), Gracixalus supercornutus (AMS R 173395), and Gracixalus quangi sp. nov. (holotype AMS R 173410).
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... of holotype in preservative. Dorsal surface pale yellowish brown; upper eyelid skin appears black; markings brown (Figure 3). Dorsal surfaces of lower arms, Fingers III and IV, heels and Toes II-V brown. Ventral surfaces pale yellowish cream with dark brown spots on thighs and margins of tibiotarsus. Ventral surfaces of Fin- Variation. Measurements of the type series are shown in Table 2. All males have nuptial pads present on Fin- ger I. Dorsal colouration in life varied among individuals and within individuals over time, and may be pale green, dark green, olive-green or pale creamy brown. The number and size of black spots along the lateral surface of the body varied among individuals. The ventral surface of the feet, including webbing, varied temporally from pale greenish or brownish (the same colour as the dorsum) to black. Females are larger and more robust than ...
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... the c. 75-120 km distance between sampling localities versus <15 km for G. quangi and G. supercor- nutus sampling localities). Comparisons. Compared to all other small (adult male SVL <30 mm) species of rhacophorid from Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and China, the greenish translucent skin, triangularly pointed snout and tibiotarsal projection sep- arates the new species from all but G. gracilipes and G. supercornutus. Buergeria japonica Hallowell 1861 has a brown dorsum, obtusely pointed snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Chiromantis doriae Boulenger 1893 has a pale yellowish brown dorsum, rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Chiromantis laevis Smith 1924 has a rich buff dorsum, obtusely pointed snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Chiromantis nongkhorensis Cochran 1927 has a pale brown dorsum, rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Chiromantis samkosensis Grismer et al. 2007 has a truncate snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Chiromantis vittatus Boulenger 1887 is pale brown, has an obtusely pointed snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Feihyla fuhua Fei et al. 2010b andFeihyla palpebralis Smith 1924 are pale brownish with obtusely pointed snouts and no tibiotarsal projections; Gracixalus jinxiuensis Hu 1978 has a brown dorsum with a rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Gracixalus medogensis Ye and Hu 1984 has a rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Gracixalus quyeti Nguyen et al. 2008 is brownish to moss green with a rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Kurixalus bisacculus Taylor 1962 is dark brown with only a tubercle at the heel; Kurixalus eiffingeri Boettger 1895 has a brown dorsum with a rounded snout and only a tubercle at the heel; Kurixalus idiootocus Kuramoto & Wang 1987, Kurixalus odontotarsus Ye & Fei 1993and Kurixalus verrucosus Boulenger 1893 have a brown dorsum with only a tubercle at the heel; Liuixalus hainanus Liu and Wu 2004, Liuixalus ocellatus Liu & Hu 1973, andLiuixalus romeri Smith 1953 have a brown dorsum and lack a tibiotarsal projection; Nyctixalus pictus Peters 1871 has a reddish brown dorsum, a truncate snout and no tibiotarsal projec- tion; Philautus abditus Inger et al. 1999, Philautus cardamonus Ohler et al. 2002, and Philautus kempii Annandale 1912 A NEW SPECIES OF GRACIXALUS FROM VIETNAM brownish dorsum, an obtusely pointed snout, and no tibiotarsal projection; Philautus tytthus Smith 1940 is dark greyish, with a rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Raorchestes gryllus Smith 1924 is variably green, grey or brown in dorsal colour with a tubercle at the heel; Raorchestes longchuanensis Yang & Li 1978 andRaorchestes menglaensis Kou 1990 have a brown dorsum with a rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Raorchestes par- vulus Boulenger 1893 has a brownish grey dorsum with a rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Rhacopho- rus minimus Rao et al. 2006 has a green, non-translucent dorsum, with a bluntly pointed snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Theloderma andersoni Ahl 1927, Theloderma asperum Boulenger 1886, Theloderma baibengensis Jiang et al. 2009, Theloderma lateriticum Bain et al. 2009, Theloderma rhododiscus Liu & Hu 1962and Theloderma stellatum Taylor 1962 lack a green dorsum, pointed snout and tibiotarsal projection. Gracixalus quangi sp. nov. differs from G. gracilipes and G. supercornutus morphologically and molecularly (see below). Compared to G. supercornutus (Figures 3, 8C), G. quangi sp. nov. differs by having a dorsum scattered with small asperities (versus covered in large "spines"), a greenish to brownish green dorsum (versus transparent green with distinct brown markings), brownish black spots on the flanks and ventral surface of thighs present (ver- sus absent), a triangularly pointed snout (versus a more truncate snout forming point only at tip), opaque pale tur- quoise markings on the lateral surfaces of the head (versus white patch or speckling under the eye to the tympanum), and tibiotarsal projection (versus small tubercle at heel). Compared to G. gracilipes (Figures 3, 8D), G. quangi sp. nov. differs by having a greenish to brownish green dorsum (versus transparent green with brown mark- ings), brownish black spots on flanks and ventral surface of thighs present (versus absent), a triangularly pointed snout (versus a more truncate snout forming point only at tip), opaque pale turquoise markings on the lateral sur- faces of the head (versus white patch under the eye to the tympanum), and a tibiotarsal projection present (versus absent or present only as small tubercle). The advertisement calls of G. gracilipes, G. supercornutus, and G. quyeti are ...
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... the c. 75-120 km distance between sampling localities versus <15 km for G. quangi and G. supercor- nutus sampling localities). Comparisons. Compared to all other small (adult male SVL <30 mm) species of rhacophorid from Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and China, the greenish translucent skin, triangularly pointed snout and tibiotarsal projection sep- arates the new species from all but G. gracilipes and G. supercornutus. Buergeria japonica Hallowell 1861 has a brown dorsum, obtusely pointed snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Chiromantis doriae Boulenger 1893 has a pale yellowish brown dorsum, rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Chiromantis laevis Smith 1924 has a rich buff dorsum, obtusely pointed snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Chiromantis nongkhorensis Cochran 1927 has a pale brown dorsum, rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Chiromantis samkosensis Grismer et al. 2007 has a truncate snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Chiromantis vittatus Boulenger 1887 is pale brown, has an obtusely pointed snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Feihyla fuhua Fei et al. 2010b andFeihyla palpebralis Smith 1924 are pale brownish with obtusely pointed snouts and no tibiotarsal projections; Gracixalus jinxiuensis Hu 1978 has a brown dorsum with a rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Gracixalus medogensis Ye and Hu 1984 has a rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Gracixalus quyeti Nguyen et al. 2008 is brownish to moss green with a rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Kurixalus bisacculus Taylor 1962 is dark brown with only a tubercle at the heel; Kurixalus eiffingeri Boettger 1895 has a brown dorsum with a rounded snout and only a tubercle at the heel; Kurixalus idiootocus Kuramoto & Wang 1987, Kurixalus odontotarsus Ye & Fei 1993and Kurixalus verrucosus Boulenger 1893 have a brown dorsum with only a tubercle at the heel; Liuixalus hainanus Liu and Wu 2004, Liuixalus ocellatus Liu & Hu 1973, andLiuixalus romeri Smith 1953 have a brown dorsum and lack a tibiotarsal projection; Nyctixalus pictus Peters 1871 has a reddish brown dorsum, a truncate snout and no tibiotarsal projec- tion; Philautus abditus Inger et al. 1999, Philautus cardamonus Ohler et al. 2002, and Philautus kempii Annandale 1912 A NEW SPECIES OF GRACIXALUS FROM VIETNAM brownish dorsum, an obtusely pointed snout, and no tibiotarsal projection; Philautus tytthus Smith 1940 is dark greyish, with a rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Raorchestes gryllus Smith 1924 is variably green, grey or brown in dorsal colour with a tubercle at the heel; Raorchestes longchuanensis Yang & Li 1978 andRaorchestes menglaensis Kou 1990 have a brown dorsum with a rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Raorchestes par- vulus Boulenger 1893 has a brownish grey dorsum with a rounded snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Rhacopho- rus minimus Rao et al. 2006 has a green, non-translucent dorsum, with a bluntly pointed snout and no tibiotarsal projection; Theloderma andersoni Ahl 1927, Theloderma asperum Boulenger 1886, Theloderma baibengensis Jiang et al. 2009, Theloderma lateriticum Bain et al. 2009, Theloderma rhododiscus Liu & Hu 1962and Theloderma stellatum Taylor 1962 lack a green dorsum, pointed snout and tibiotarsal projection. Gracixalus quangi sp. nov. differs from G. gracilipes and G. supercornutus morphologically and molecularly (see below). Compared to G. supercornutus (Figures 3, 8C), G. quangi sp. nov. differs by having a dorsum scattered with small asperities (versus covered in large "spines"), a greenish to brownish green dorsum (versus transparent green with distinct brown markings), brownish black spots on the flanks and ventral surface of thighs present (ver- sus absent), a triangularly pointed snout (versus a more truncate snout forming point only at tip), opaque pale tur- quoise markings on the lateral surfaces of the head (versus white patch or speckling under the eye to the tympanum), and tibiotarsal projection (versus small tubercle at heel). Compared to G. gracilipes (Figures 3, 8D), G. quangi sp. nov. differs by having a greenish to brownish green dorsum (versus transparent green with brown mark- ings), brownish black spots on flanks and ventral surface of thighs present (versus absent), a triangularly pointed snout (versus a more truncate snout forming point only at tip), opaque pale turquoise markings on the lateral sur- faces of the head (versus white patch under the eye to the tympanum), and a tibiotarsal projection present (versus absent or present only as small tubercle). The advertisement calls of G. gracilipes, G. supercornutus, and G. quyeti are ...
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... The majority of the species comes from Vietnam with a description of ten species. Rowley et al. (2011Rowley et al. ( , 2014Rowley et al. ( , 2020 described three species under this genus, and also broadly classified them into two morphological clades, a clade with species having green dorsum and another with species having brown dorsum. However, more recent studies suggest that there are species with intermediate morphotypes which do not clearly fit into one of the two clades (Mo et al. 2013;Nguyen et al. 2013;Rowley et al. 2014;Matsui et al. 2015;Wang et al. 2018;Tran et al. 2023). ...
... However, more recent studies suggest that there are species with intermediate morphotypes which do not clearly fit into one of the two clades (Mo et al. 2013;Nguyen et al. 2013;Rowley et al. 2014;Matsui et al. 2015;Wang et al. 2018;Tran et al. 2023). Despite the inconsistency in morphology the two monophyletic clades described in Rowley et al. (2011) still remain with moderate to good support. ...
... Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum likelihood (ML) analyses showed broadly similar tree topology (Fig. 2) and Gracixalus species were falling into two major clades (sensu Rowley et al. 2011). Tree topologies were nearly similar to that of previously published phylogenies (Rowley et al. 2011;Rowley et al. 2014;Tran et al. 2023;Wang et al. 2018). ...
We describe a new species of rhacophorid frog of the genus Gracixalus from northeast India based on molecular, morphological and acoustic evidence. The new species, formally described herein as Gracixalus patkaiensis sp. nov. , is morphologically distinct from other congeners by a suite of morphological characters such as snout-vent length 23.6–26.5 mm in adult males; green dorsum with irregular brown spots; dorsal skin shagreened with numerous spinules; snout shape nearly acuminate in dorsal and ventral view; a prominent dark streak along the cranial margins; white reticulations along lateral side and ventrum distinct in life. Genetically, the new taxon is found to differ from all the recognized Gracixalus species by 4–14.8% divergence in the 16S mitochondrial gene. The discovery confirms the presence of genus Gracixalus from the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh underlines the importance of biological exploration even in well-known protected areas of India.
... During our recent field work in northwestern Vietnam, specimens of a small treefrog species were collected in the karst forest of Dien Bien and Son La provinces. This treefrog taxon appears to be a member of the genus Gracixalus due to its small size (SVL < 40 mm), the presence of intercalary cartilage between terminal and penultimate phalanges of digits, tips of digits expanded into large discs bearing circum-marginal grooves, the vomerine teeth being absent, horizontal pupil, tibia ~ 4-5× longer than wide, translucent skin, inner (first and second) and outer (third and fourth) fingers not opposable, and dorsum with an inversed Y-shaped dark brown marking on dorsum (Fei et al. 2009;Rowley et al. 2011Rowley et al. , 2020Chen et al. 2018;Yu et al. 2019;Le et al. 2021). Closer examination showed that this taxon could be clearly distinguished from other known members of the genus by a combination of several morphological features in adults. ...
... The results derived from the network analysis also confirm the phylogenetic estimations ( Fig. 2A Diagnosis. The new species is assigned to the genus Gracixalus based on molecular phylogenetic analyses and the following morphological characters: the presence of intercalary cartilage between terminal and penultimate phalanges of digits, tips of digits expanded into large discs bearing circum-marginal grooves, the vomerine teeth being absent, horizontal pupil, tibia ~ 4-5× longer than wide, translucent skin, inner (first and second) and outer (third and fourth) fingers not opposable, and dorsum with an inversed Y-shaped dark brown marking (Fei et al. 2009;Rowley et al. 2011Rowley et al. , 2020Chen et al. 2018;Yu et al. 2019;Le et al. 2021). ...
... Comparisons. We compared the new species with other members of the genus Gracixalus and data obtained from the literature (Boulenger 1893; Bourret 1937;Hu et al. 1978;Ye and Hu 1984;Matsui and Orlov 2004;Nguyen et al. 2008;Rowley et al. 2011Rowley et al. , 2014Rowley et al. , 2020 (Table 3). Table 3. ...
A new species of small tree frog is described from northwestern Vietnam based on morphological differences and molecular divergence. Gracixalus truongi sp. nov. is distinguishable from its congeners and other small rhacophorid species on the basis of a combination of the following characters: size relatively small, SVL 32.2-33.1 mm in males, 37.6-39.3 mm in females; head slightly wider than long; vomerine teeth absent; snout round and long RL/SVL 0.17-0.19 in males, 0.16-0.17 in females; spines on upper eyelid absent; supratympanic fold distinct; tympanum distinct; dorsal skin smooth; throat smooth and venter granular; tibiotarsal projection absent; webbing of fingers rudimentary, toes with moderately developed webbing; dorsum moss-green, with an inverse Y-shaped dark green marking extended from interorbital region to posterior region of dorsum; external vocal sac absent in males; males with a nuptial pad on finger I. In the molecular analyses, the new species has no clear sister taxon and is at least 4.5% divergent from other congeners based on a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. A peer-reviewed open-access journal Tung Thanh Tran et al. / ZooKeys 1153: 15-35 (2023) 16
... Distribution data followed Nguyen et al. (2009) and were augmented by online databases, Amphibian Species of the World (Frost 2021) and Amphibia Web (2021), the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2021) and the following publications: Ohler et al. (2000Ohler et al. ( , 2011, Ohler and Grosjean (2005), Bain et al. (2003Bain et al. ( , 2007Bain et al. ( , 2009a, Bain and Nguyen (2004), Nguyen et al. (2005Nguyen et al. ( , 2008Nguyen et al. ( , 2013Nguyen et al. ( , 2014aNguyen et al. ( -b, 2016Nguyen et al. ( , 2018aNguyen et al. ( -b, 2020a, Orlov et al. (2006Orlov et al. ( , 2012, Orlov (2008), Hendrix et al. (2008), Dubois and Ohler (2009), Rowley and Cao (2009), Rowley et al. (2011a-b, 2012a-b, 2013, 2020, Matsui et al. (2010), Tran et al. (2010), Stuart et al. (2011), Chan et al. (2013), Luu et al. (2013), Milto et al. (2013), Nishikawa et al. (2013), Ostroshabov et al. (2013), Le et al. (2014Le et al. ( , 2015aLe et al. ( -b, 2021a, Le and Do (2019), Pham et al. (2014Pham et al. ( , 2016aPham et al. ( -b, 2017aPham et al. ( -c, 2018aPham et al. ( -b, 2019aPham et al. ( -d, 2020a, Ziegler et al. (2014), Vassilieva et al. (2014, Geissler et al. (2015, McLeod et al. (2015), Gawor et al. (2016), Poyarkov et al. (2017Poyarkov et al. ( , 2018aPoyarkov et al. ( -c, 2021a Tran and Le (2021), and Zheng et al. (2021). ...
The current decline in global biodiversity is most evident in amphibians with 41% percent of all species worldwide classified as threatened with extinction. Hence, a major challenge in amphibian conservation is the high number of threatened species, leading to a common approach of identifying priority species and regions for conservation efforts. As a part of one of 36 globally designated biodiversity hotspots, Vietnam is considered to be of particular importance for conservation action. To improve amphibian conservation in Vietnam, this study provides an updated species list and assesses their threat status by compiling data from a variety of sources. Furthermore, a Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS) analysis was conducted to determine the representation of extant amphibians from Vietnam in zoos worldwide. The batrachofauna of Vietnam is characterized by a high level of species richness and local endemism as well as a high rate of new discoveries, with more than half of the endemic species reported exclusively from their type locality, making them especially vulnerable to extinction. Up to 18% of all amphibians extant in Viet-nam and 28% of endemic species are classified as threatened with extinction by the IUCN. In many cases, A peer-reviewed open-access journal Marie Krzikowski et al. / Nature Conservation 49: 77-116 (2022) 78 the IUCN Red List status is either missing or outdated, highlighting the urgent need of action. Around 14% of endemic amphibian species have been recorded exclusively from unprotected areas, suggesting pri-oritization for further research and conservation measures. The continuing decline in many species remains an unresolved problem. As a guide for future research and conservation measures, a list of the top 57 species was compiled. In addition, according to the ZIMS analysis, only 8% of threatened and 3% of endemic amphibian taxa from Vietnam are currently kept in zoos worldwide, and a richness analysis revealed that the highest density of husbandries is found in Europe and North America. To achieve maximum outcome for the conservation of threatened species, this study recommends a general shift by zoos towards maintaining species in greater need of captive assurance populations and breeding programs to support integrative strategies that combine in situ and ex situ conservation efforts following the IUCN's One Plan Approach.
... During our recent field work in Yen Bai Province, Vietnam, three specimens of treefrogs were collected in the forest of Mu Cang Chai Habitat and Species Conservation Area, which morphologically can be assigned to the genus Gracixalus by the presence of intercalary cartilage between terminal and penultimate phalanges of digits, tips of digits enlarged into discs bearing circummarginal grooves, vomerine teeth absent, inner (first and second) and outer (third and fourth) fingers not opposable, and dorsum with an inversed Y-shaped dark brown marking (Fei, 2009;Rowley et al., 2011;Chen et al., 2018;Yu et al., 2019;Rowley et al., 2020). Molecular analysis showed that the specimens from Yen Bai Province are embedded in the Gracixalus sapaensis group. ...
... Sex was determined by gonadal inspection. We compared morphological characters of the new species with congeners based on specimen examination and data obtained from literature (Boulenger, 1893;Bourret, 1937;Hu et al., 1978;Ye and Hu, 1984;Matsui and Orlov, 2004;Orlov et al., 2004;Nguyen et al., 2008;Rowley et al., 2011;Mo et al., 2013;Nguyen et al., 2013;Rowley et al., 2014;Matsui et al., 2015;Matsui et al., 2017;Egert et al., 2017;Zeng et al., 2017;Chen et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2018;Yu et al., 2019;Rowley at el., 2020). ...
... However, this issue needs to be confirmed by further study based on morphological comparison between the type series of both species. * Morphological data obtained from the literature: Boulenger, 1893;Bourret, 1937;Hu et al., 1978;Ye and Hu, 1984;Matsui and Orlov, 2004;Nguyen et al., 2008;Rowley et al., 2011;Mo et al., 2013;Nguyen et al., 2013;Rowley et al. 2014;Matsui et al., 2015;Matsui et al., 2017;Zeng et al., 2017;Chen et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2018;Yu et al., 2019;Rowley et al., 2020). Abbreviations are as follows: ?, characters unobtainable from literature. ...
A new species of Gracixalus is described from northwestern Vietnam based on morphological differences and molecular divergence. Morphologically, the new species, Gracixalus ziegleri sp. nov., is distinguishable from its con-geners on the basis of a combination of the following diagnostic characters: (1) size small (SVL 28.1-30.5 mm); (2) head slightly wider than long; (3) vomerine teeth absent; (4) upper eyelid and dorsum without spine; (5) supra-tympanic fold distinct; (6) skin of dorsal and lateral surface of head, body and limbs rough, sparsely scattered with tubercles; (7) ventral skin granular; (8) tibiotarsal projection absent; (9) toes with moderately developed webbing, formula I1-1 1 / 2 II1-2III1-2IV2-1V; (10) dorsal surface of head and body brown to beige above, with an inverse Y-shaped dark brown marking, extending from interorbital region to central region of dorsum; (11) external vocal sac absent in males; (12) males with a nuptial pad on finger I. Phylogeneticially, the new species is a sister taxon of Gracixalus sapaensis and G. tianlinensis with well-supported values. Currently, the new species is known only from the evergreen montane tropical forest of Yen Bai Province at an elevation of ca. 2200 m a.s.l.
... [Bourret, 1937[Bourret, , 1942Fei et al., 2009aFei et al., , 2010Nguyen S. V. et al., 2009;Chan-ard et al., 2011a;Matsui et al., 2015]. [ Rowley et al., 2011c;Pham C. T. et al., 2019a;Nguyen T. V. et al., 2020b;Liu et al., 2020b;Suwannapoom et al., 2021b in press]. ( [ Inger et al., 1999;Nguyen S. V. et al., 2009;. ...
The Indochinese Peninsula is recognized as one of the key global biodiversity hotspots. The amphibian fauna of Indochina (including Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand) is one of the richest in the world. About 60% of the known species were described within the last 20 years. We review the literature and our data to assess all recent discoveries and taxonomic changes and compile the first annotated checklist of the amphibian fauna of Indochina since the middle of the 20th century, including updated faunal lists for Vietnam and Thailand. Amphibian checklists for Laos and Cambodia are published for the first time. For each species we provide the following information: scientific name; recommended common name in English; information on type specimens; type locality; data on its distribution within Indochina and beyond; IUCN conservation status; taxonomic comment and the most important references. We review the distribution of each species across the 23 biogeographic subregions of Indochina, estimate the similarity among the regional faunas and evaluate their species richness and endemism. In total we record 423 amphibian species belonging to three orders, 11 families and 71 genera; 199 species (47%) are endemic to Indochina. Comprising 270 known species, the amphibian fauna of Vietnam is the richest (98 endemics, 36.3%), followed by Thailand with 194 species (29 endemics, 14.9%), Laos with 121 species (13 endemics, 10.7%), and Cambodia with 72 species (6 endemics, 8.3%). A cluster analysis of faunal similarity between the subregions shows two major assemblages, divided by the Isthmus of Kra. Within the northern mainland portion of Indochina three clusters can be distinguished: (1) northeastern and northwestern uplands of Vietnam and northern Laos; (2) Northern, Central, and Southern Annamites, the Bolaven Plateau, and central-south Vietnam lowlands; (3) western Indochinese subregions. We identify the Northeast and Northwest Uplands of Vietnam, the Northern, Central and Southern Annamites, the Cardamom Mountains, the mountains of Northeast Thailand, Northern Tenasserim and southern Peninsular Thailand as nine major centers of diversity and endemism of Indochinese amphibians. The analysis of amphibian distribution patterns across Indochina suggests the presence of 14 chorotypes grouped in five major range types. Our results underline the role of Indochina as a key area for amphibian diversity and conservation. Among 423 species of Indochinese amphibians, 152 species (35.9%) were considered as data deficient (DD) or were not evaluated (NE) according to the IUCN Red List criteria; while 76 species (18.0%) were considered vulnerable (VU), endangered (EN) or critically endangered (CR), 20 species (4.7%) were considered to be near threatened (NT), and 175 species (41.4%) to be of the least concern (LC). Our study thus has implications for further conservation efforts on regional and global levels, as well as for understanding the biogeographic patterns of amphibian richness and endemism in Asia.
... The genus Gracixalus Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean et Ohler, 2005 now contains 17 species including G. carinensis (Boulenger, 1893); G. gracilipes (Bourret, 1937); G. jinxiuensis (Hu, 1978); G. medogensis (Ye et Hu, 1984); G. ananjevae (Matsui et Orlov, 2004); G. supercornutus (Orlov, Ho et Nguyen, 2004); G. quyeti (Nguyen, Hendrix, Bohme, Vu et Ziegler, 2008); G. quangi Rowley, Dau, Nguyen, Cao et Nguyen, 2011;G. nonggangensis Mo, Zhang, Luo, Zhou et Chen, 2013;G. ...
... Gracixalus quangi is a species which was recorded only in Vietnam (Rowley, Dau, Nguyen, Cao et Nguyen, 2011;Frost, 2019), and Frost (2019) considered that it presumably to be found in adjacent Laos. ...
... Morphometric data were taken (to the nearest 0.1 mm) with digital callipers. Measurements followed Rowley et al. (2011): SVL, snout-vent length; HDL, head length from tip of snout to rear of jaws; HDW, head width at the commissure of the jaws; SNT, snout length from tip of snout to the anterior corner of eye; EYE, diameter of the exposed portion of the eyeball; IOD, interorbital distance; TMP, horizontal diameter of tympanum; TEY, distance from anterior edge of tympanum to posterior corner of the eye; IN, internarial space; EN, distance from front of eye to nostril; TIB, tibia length with the hindlimb flexed; ML, manus length from tip of third digit to base of tubercle on prepollex; PL, pes length from tip of fourth toe to base of the inner metatarsal tubercle. ...
We record Gracixalus quangi Rowley, Dau, Nguyen, Cao et Nguyen, 2011 for the first time from China based on fourteen specimens collected from southern Yunnan. Morphologically the newly collected specimens from China mostly agree with the type series from Vietnam. Phylogenetically these individuals were placed in a clade with G. quangi from Vietnam and pairwise genetic distances in DNA sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene between these individuals and G. quangi from Vietnam is 0.6%. Our finding brings the species number of the ge-nus Gracixalus to 9 in China.
... This is the first country record for Laos, at locations ca. 267 km southwest from the type locality in Pu Hoat Proposed Nature Reserve, Que Phong District, Nghe An Province, Vietnam (Rowley et al. 2011). canthus rostralis distinct, loreal region slightly concave; tympanum distinct, supratympanic fold present; tips of fingers and toes enlarged into round discs; tibiotarsal projection absent; dorsal surface with small sharp tubercles; coloration of dorsum gray with brown marbling; ventral surface of throat, chest and belly yellowish. ...
The results of herpetological surveys conducted throughout Laos in 2016-2019 resulted in significant records at the country and provincial levels for several amphibian and reptile species, other than lizards. Three species, namely Quasipaa verrucospinosa, Gracixalus quangi, and Theloderma lateriticum, were recorded for Laos for the first time. The occurrences of Glyphoglossus molossus, Subsessor bocourti, and Siebenrockiella crassicollis in the country were also confirmed. Species with expanded distributions are represented by new records of Nanorana aenea, Ophryophryne pachyproctus, Xenophrys palpebralespinosa, Glyphoglossus guttulatus, Rana johnsi, Gracixalus quyeti, Theloderma petilum, Zhangixalus feae, Gonyosoma prasinum, Hebius leucomystax, Lycodon futsingensis, Bungarus candidus, Pareas hamptoni, and Trimeresurus gumprechti, which are reported for Laos for the second time. Furthermore, new distribution and natural history data are presented on 27 other poorly-known species from several provinces of Laos. These results suggest that the herpetofaunal diversity in Laos is still underestimated and highlight the importance of conducting further field surveys and elaborating the appropriate conservation actions.
... This is the first country record for Laos, at locations ca. 267 km southwest from the type locality in Pu Hoat Proposed Nature Reserve, Que Phong District, Nghe An Province, Vietnam (Rowley et al. 2011). canthus rostralis distinct, loreal region slightly concave; tympanum distinct, supratympanic fold present; tips of fingers and toes enlarged into round discs; tibiotarsal projection absent; dorsal surface with small sharp tubercles; coloration of dorsum gray with brown marbling; ventral surface of throat, chest and belly yellowish. ...
The results of herpetological surveys conducted throughout Laos in 2016-2019 resulted in significant records at the country and provincial levels for several amphibian and reptile species, other than lizards. Three species, namely Quasipaa verrucospinosa, Gracixalus quangi, and Theloderma lateriticum, were recorded for Laos for the first time. The occurrences of Glyphoglossus molossus, Subsessor bocourti, and Siebenrockiella crassicollis in the country were also confirmed. Species with expanded distributions are represented by new records of Nanorana aenea, Ophryophryne pachyproctus, Xenophrys palpebralespinosa, Glyphoglossus guttulatus, Rana johnsi, Gracixalus quyeti, Theloderma petilum, Zhangixalus feae, Gonyosoma prasinum, Hebius leucomystax, Lycodon futsingensis, Bungarus candidus, Pareas hamptoni, and Trimeresurus gumprechti, which are reported for Laos for the second time. Furthermore, new distribution and natural history data are presented on 27 other poorly-known species from several provinces of Laos. These results suggest that the herpetofaunal diversity in Laos is still underestimated and highlight the importance of conducting further field surveys and elaborating the appropriate conservation actions.
... The genus Gracixalus Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean & Ohler 2005 is known from southern and southwestern China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar and presently contains 16 species (Frost 2020). Although evolutionary relationships in the group are not well-resolved, species in the genus generally fall within two phenotypic and phylogenetic groups; small-bodied frogs with a greenish dorsum and often a pointed snout ('Clade I' of Rowley et al. 2011), and medium-bodied frogs with a brownish dorsum and rounded snout ('Clade II' of Rowley et al. 2011). The recognized species diversity in the group has increased dramatically in recent years, with over half of the known species of Gracixalus described in the last 10 years (AmphibiaWeb 2020; Frost 2020). ...
... The genus Gracixalus Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean & Ohler 2005 is known from southern and southwestern China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar and presently contains 16 species (Frost 2020). Although evolutionary relationships in the group are not well-resolved, species in the genus generally fall within two phenotypic and phylogenetic groups; small-bodied frogs with a greenish dorsum and often a pointed snout ('Clade I' of Rowley et al. 2011), and medium-bodied frogs with a brownish dorsum and rounded snout ('Clade II' of Rowley et al. 2011). The recognized species diversity in the group has increased dramatically in recent years, with over half of the known species of Gracixalus described in the last 10 years (AmphibiaWeb 2020; Frost 2020). ...
... During field work at high-elevations in central Vietnam in 2009 and 2010, we discovered two sympatric, medium-sized phytotelm-breeding rhacophorid resembling species in the Gracixalus 'Clade II' of Rowley et al. (2011). ...
We describe a new species of phytotelm-breeding rhacophorid frog from central Vietnam. Gracixalus trieng sp. nov. is distinguished from all congeners by a combination of (1) body size medium (37.2–41.4 mm in five adult males), (2) snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views, (3) dorsal surface brown or yellowish with a darker brown interorbital crossbar and inverse-Y shape on the back, (4) throat and chest yellow or yellowish brown with pinkish mottling and belly and ventral surfaces of limbs including hands and feet pinkish, (5) tympanum and supratympanic fold distinct, (6) iris pale gold with darker gold radiating out from anterior and posterior edges of pupil, (7) majority of dorsal body and limb surfaces smooth in adults, with some individuals having sparsely distributed low, irregular tubercles, (8) nuptial pads on fingers I and II in adult males, and (9) eggs deposited as a tightly spaced array of non-pendent eggs on the wall of a phytotelmon. The species occurs in syntopy with G. lumarius. At present, Gracixalus trieng sp. nov. is known only from montane bamboo and evergreen forest (>1700 m) on Mount Ngoc Linh and adjacent peaks; and it is likely to be restricted to high-elevation forest with an estimated geographical distribution of <1000 km2.
... Kurixalus is a monophyletic genus of rhacophorid frogs (mainly tree dwellers) whose sixteen constituent species inhabit a broad swath encompassing the eastern Himalayas, Myanmar, Indochina, southern China, Sundaland, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Japan's Ryukyu islands. Recently, Lv et al. (2018) presented a dated molecular phylogeny for the group based on a synthesis of sub-regionally focused investigations (Frost et al., 2006;Li et al., 2008Li et al., , 2009Li et al., , 2013Yu et al., 2010Yu et al., , 2013Rowley et al., 2011;Hertwig et al., 2013;Nguyen et al., 2014aNguyen et al., , 2014b. Following their analysis, Lv et al. (2018) proposed that the genus originated in southern Indochina-Taiwan c. 36.8 ...
Geological data indicate that the interpretation for the age-calibrated phylogeny for the Kurixalus-genus frogs of South, Southeast and East Asia (Lv et al., 2018) needs to be rethought A B S T R A C T Recently, Lv et al. (2018) published an age-calibrated phylogenetic tree for the Kurixalus frogs, members of which occur across parts of South, Southeast and East Asia. A clade on Taiwan, represented by Kurixalus idiootocus and the Kurixalus eiffingeri species complex, is deemed to have been resident since the middle Cenozoic; its closest congeners are in southern Indochina (not in the adjacent parts of southeast China), and the split between the two is dated at 32.8 Ma. Furthermore, a sub-population of Kurixalus eiffingeri is believed to have colonized islands in the western Ryukyus c. 13.5 Ma. There is, however, a problem with this scenario: the landmass regarded as modern-day Taiwan has existed only for 4-5 million years (it results from a young and ongoing tectonic-plate collision). Assuming the Kurixalus phylogeny and the dating of its branchings are correct, then a palaeobiogeographical scenario involving an older, alternative land surface with later transfer to Taiwan, possibly involving over-water dispersal, would reconcile the biology, but testing this may be difficult/im-possible. If the ages of the nodes in the proposed tree are found to be significantly overestimated, the geology and biology might more easily be accommodated.
