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Dorsoventral angiogram of the common pattern of the internal carotid arteries and formation of the cerebral arterial circle of a donkey. Note the bilateral presence of caroticobasilar arteries (red arrows). 1 internal carotid artery; 2 intercarotid artery; 3 caudal communicating artery; 4 basilar artery
Source publication
Background
In horses, the extracranial and intracranial pathway of the internal carotid artery has been described. The extracranial pathway of the internal carotid artery begins at the carotid termination and runs on the dorsal surface of the medial compartment of the guttural pouch. Thereafter the internal carotid artery passes through the foramen...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... the region of the intracranial portion of the internal ca- rotid artery, the presence of the caroticobasilar arteries could be appreciated in 20 donkeys, either unilaterally (10) or bilaterally (10). Figure 6 shows an example of the unilateral presence of this artery and Fig. 7 a bilateral ex- ample. However, several eccentric connections were seen in addition to this artery in a number of donkeys (3/26). In two donkeys, a small vessel originating from the second curve of the sigmoid flexure of the left internal carotid ar- tery was noted to be connected to the caudal intercarotid artery (Fig. 8). In another ...
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Introduction and importance
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Purpose:
Due to the fact that the internal carotid artery (ICA) is responsible for nourishing two thirds of the brain volume, our aim was to inspect the morphofunctional consequences of the bilateral lack of this artery.
Methods:
In order to examine this condition, we referred to both the library archive of our Faculty of Medicine and electronic...
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Citations
... Then, it enters the cranial cavity, where it passes through the ventral petrosal sinus and enters the venous cavernous sinus; here, it forms an S-shaped curve [29,30]. Such a course also occurs in the donkey [31]. Similarly, in the dog, the artery takes a fairly direct course by way of the jugular foramen, through the occipito-tympanic fissure and into the cavernous sinus [32]. ...
Simple Summary
Carnivores are a wide, diverse group of mammals whose representatives live all over the world. The study describes arterial blood supply to the cerebral arterial circle of the group of selected species in the Caniformia suborder living in Poland. The results were discussed based on the current knowledge of this field of research.
Abstract
Carnivores are a wide, diverse group of mammals whose representatives live all over the world. The study presents the results of the analysis of the arterial vascularization of the blood supply to the cerebral arterial circle of selected species in the Caniformia suborder living in Poland. The selected group consists of wild and farm animals—105 animals in total. Three different methods were used—latex preparation, corrosion cast, and cone-beam computed tomography angiography. The main source of blood for encephalon in the described species is the internal carotid artery, and the second one is the vertebral artery. The results were discussed in relation to the current knowledge of this field of research. Information on the potential physiological meaning of such vascular pattern has been provided.
... In equids, the vessel runs on the dorsal and rostral surface of the medial compartment of the guttural pouch. It passes through the lacerum foramen in equids or the jugular foramen in dogs (Du Boulay et al., 1975;Nanda, 1975;Gillilan, 1976;Khairuddin et al., 2017). It then enters the cranial cavity, passing through the ventral petrosal sinus and the venous cavernous sinus, forming an S-shaped curve (Colles and Cook, 1983;MacDonald et al., 1999). ...
Cervids present in the natural environment of Poland include red deer, fallow deer, Eurasian elk, and roe deer. In ruminants, during ontogeny changes occur in the arterial system of the head, involving obliteration of the extracranial segment of the internal carotid artery. The aim of this study was to describe the presence and course of the internal carotid artery and establish the timing of changes in the vascular system of the head associated with the obliteration of this vessel. The study was conducted on 146 representatives of the Cervidae family: red deer, fallow deer and roe deer. The presence of a fully preserved internal carotid artery was shown in foetuses and young animals up to the age of about two years. At about 2.5 years of age, only the initial part of the internal carotid artery, emerging from the carotid sinus, and a short fragment directly before the rostral epidural rete mirabile were preserved. In adult animals older than three years, the extracranial part of this artery was obliterated.
... It is a fundamental animal for many developed and underdeveloped countries, and recently it became popular as a companion animal and played a role in the advancement of human health (De Rose et al. 2011;Ali et al. 2014). Although horses, donkeys, mules belong to the same family, anatomical and physiological differences have been reported between them (Khairuddin et al. 2017;Potes 1984) allowing the presumption that IOP may vary in donkeys from other equidae. Reviewing the veterinary literatures, only two recent reports have been published documenting the IOP in miniature donkey (Hibbs et al. 2019) and domestic donkey (Ghaffari et al. 2017). ...
The present study aimed to report the circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure (IOP) in clinically normal donkeys. A prospective study was conducted on 30 adult donkeys. Measurement of the IOP was made at 2-hr interval starting at 6:00 hr till the next day at 4:00 using applanation tonometry. Measurements were recorded for both eyes and compared for male and female differences. The overall mean (± SEM) IOP measurement was 24.99 ± 0.14 mmHg. The mean (± SEM) IOP of the right and left eyes was 25.59 ± 0.19 and 24.27 ± 0.19 mmHg, respectively. The IOP values of the right and left eyes as well as of male and female values did not change significantly (P > 0.05) at all times. IOP measurements demonstrated diurnal fluctuation during the light phase of the day. The IOP significantly (P < 0.001) increased (27.07 ± 0.42) in the early morning (peak daytime at 8:00 hr) and was significantly (P < 0.001) lower (20.68 ± 0.34) at the mid-light phase (12:00 hr) compared to all evaluation times. The study documented the daily rhythm of IOP in donkeys. The 24-hr variation of IOP measurement should be considered when evaluating IOP in donkeys.
... The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the brain through multiple routes. The main route is through the carotid system, wherein blood reaches the brain through five branches and sub-branches of the common carotid artery, namely, the internal carotid, maxillary, external ophthalmic, middle meningeal, and occipital arteries (Lesbre, 1903;Daniel et al., 1953;Smuts and Bezuidenhout, 1987;Ocal et al., 1999;Kiełtyka-Kurc et al., 2014;Jerbi et al., 2016;Khairuddin et al., 2017). The less dominant, but equally significant system is the vertebrobasilar system, wherein oxygenated blood travels through the vertebral artery that climbs up along the vertebral column and contributes to the basilar artery that enters the cranium to supply the brain from the posterior end of the foramen magnum (Zguigal, 1988;Ocal et al., 1999). ...
... Species that serve as animal models for human neurology, including sheep, cattle, horses, and rats, have been extensively studied (Baldwin and Bell, 1963;Zdun et al., 2013;Parkash and Jain, 2014;Deepthi et al., 2016), and their vasculature and adaptive systems have been well documented. While several studies have explored these anatomical characteristics, they have either lacked detailed description or did not account for the wide variations in camel vasculature (Lesbre, 1903;Smuts and Bezuidenhout, 1987;Zguigal and Ghoshal, 1991b;Ocal et al., 1999;Kiełtyka-Kurc et al., 2014;Jerbi et al., 2016;Khairuddin et al., 2017). ...
... Although this study highlights multiple points of origin of the caudal cerebral artery, similar arteries have previously been identified as the rostral cerebellar artery (Kiełtyka-Kurc et al., 2015). Khairuddin et al. (2017) observed this distinction between the caudal cerebral and rostral cerebellar arteries in donkeys. The rostral cerebellar artery is a branch of the caudal cerebral artery in dogs, rabbits, goats, and sheep. ...
The artiodactyl brain has multiple levels of vascular pooling and the rostral epidural rete mirabile (RERM) at its base. The current study is the first of its kind to precisely demonstrate the arterial vasculature of the dromedary brain, utilizing a new casting method with colored latex and epoxy paint. In total, 35 freshly slaughtered dromedary heads were injected with colored latex or colored epoxy paint prior to dissection in order to reveal cerebral vasculature; Ten processed heads were chemically digested with 5% potassium hydroxide to obtain hard casts of cerebral arteries and anastomosing structures. The outcomes of this study ascertain the distinct vascular features of dromedaries that set them apart from other artiodactyls. In addition to the RERM, the dromedary possesses a well-developed ophthalmic and chiasmatic rete. The dromedary is similar to giraffe, goat, cat and pig in the contribution of middle meningeal artery to the rete mirabile; however, dromedaries have several arteries emerging directly from the cerebral arterial circle that supply the choroid plexus and pineal gland. Additionally, dromedaries exhibit a dominant basilar system that dominates the blood supply to the medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum. In our study, we were able to graphically prove the lack of connection between the areas supplied by vertebrobasilar system and carotid system in the dromedary. Furthermore, the vertebral artery does not branch into the basilar artery; instead, it acts as a contributing vessel to the ventral spinal artery that later fuse to form the basilar artery. This study employed the new casting method to illustrate a new arterial source to RERM and the various anastomoses among arterial sources supplying the brain in the dromedary. These anastomoses play an important role in maintaining an uninterrupted cerebral blood supply, decreasing the vulnerability of the fragile brain against ischemia and stroke, as well as, play an important role in maintaining blood pressure and flow in long-necked dromedaries when they raise or lower their heads.
... [11][12][13][14][15] The sacrum and coccygeal vertebrae as well as the carotid arterial anatomy have variations from the horse. [16][17][18] Physiological differences between donkeys and horses are also found in the literature. [19][20][21][22] For instance, normal values for temperature, respiratory, and heart rates are slightly different in the donkey than in the horse. ...
Purpose:
To determine intraocular pressure (IOP) reference intervals in eyes of healthy miniature donkeys (Equus africanus asinus) via rebound and applanation tonometry.
Methods:
Complete ophthalmic and physical examinations were performed by board-certified veterinary ophthalmologists. Inclusion criteria for animals participating in this study were dictated by the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) reference interval guidelines. Intraocular pressure estimates (TonoVet®and TonoPen XL®) were obtained in both eyes. Forty animals (San Angelo group) received intramuscular xylazine hydrochloride 10% and auriculopalpebral (AP) nerve blocks prior to obtaining measurements. Twenty-two animals (Austin group) received no sedation or AP block. Statistical analysis followed ASVCP reference interval guidelines. Analysis was performed using the software sas V9 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
Results:
Fifty-seven (114 eyes) healthy miniature donkeys were included in this study. The mean IOP ± standard deviation (SD) was 25.75 ± 5.70 mm Hg for rebound tonometry with reference limits of 14.34 and 37.15. The mean IOP ± SD was 20.69 ± 5.06 mm Hg for applanation tonometry with reference limits of 12.82 and 33.38. No significant difference in IOP was found between the Austin and San Angelo groups (P = .34). A significant difference was noted between rebound and applanation IOP estimates (P < .0001) with rebound tonometric values being higher.
Conclusions:
Reference intervals for IOP's were established for this species. Intraocular pressure readings obtained by the rebound tonometer were significantly higher than with applanation. Sedation and AP block did not affect IOP estimates.
The organs of vision comprise the eyes and adnexa that reside within the two orbits, which are the paired conical cavities of the skull at the junction of the face and cranium. Orbital disease may be unilateral or bilateral and visual inspection of the eyeball and superficial adnexa is usually sufficient to characterize morphologic abnormalities of these structures. The circulatory system comprises both the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems that allow movement of extracellular fluid including blood and lymph throughout the body for exchange of nutrients, delivery of hormones, wastes, and blood cells. Ear disease may be unilateral or bilateral and is most frequently recognized during physical examination as morphologic changes, pain, foul smell, or discharged localized to the ear. The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system that uses signaling molecules called hormones to regulate the function of distant target organs.
The objectives of this study were to describe the microvasculature of the guttural pouch and consider its provable function. We suggest a working hypothesis that the guttural pouch is an additional organ of thermoregulation. Vascular corrosion casts were prepared for scanning electron microscopy by injecting acrylic resin via the common carotid artery, and tissue sections were prepared for histologic examination in 10 equine cadavers. The arteries supplying the guttural pouch originated from the external carotid artery and its branches, and the arteries formed a capillary network in the pouch mucosa. Some of the superficial arterioles and capillaries extended toward the internal carotid artery (ICA) after supplying the pouch mucosa and formed a fine, compact network in the tunica adventitia of the ICA. The capillaries formed two types of vascular plexuses surrounding the ICA: one with capillary bundles parallel to the ICA in the outer layer of the tunica adventitia (outer periarterial plexus) and the other with vein–artery–vein triads in the inner layer of the tunica adventitia (inner periarterial plexus). The microvascular arrangement and the ICA in the guttural pouch were closely related and consisted of a countercurrent heat exchanger. Such an arrangement supports the hypothesis that the guttural pouch participates in selective brain cooling. Results of the present study help provide a better understanding of the function of the guttural pouch in horses.
