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Dorsal view of the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges and distal sesamoid bones of the horse. Here (a) 3D model and (b) original bones
Source publication
Background:
Three-dimensional (3D) scanning and printing for the production of models is an innovative tool that can be used in veterinary anatomy practical classes. Ease of access to this teaching material can be an important aspect of learning the anatomy of domestic animals. In this study, a scanner was used to capture 3D images and a 3D printe...
Citations
... However, it is important to note that gel-based printing methods may not match the required standards for biocompatibility and regulated biodegradability. Although there have been advancements in 4D printing, progress still needs to be made in order to realize the capabilities of intelligent materials and structures fully [183,185]. It is crucial to enhance industrial processes by integrating various materials and 3D printing techniques, as well as by advancing new printing methodologies [186][187][188]. ...
3D printing technology has revolutionized product development in numerous industries. Due to 3D printing, innovative ways of directly giving drugs to patients, anatomical models for surgical planning and training, and tailored prosthetics and other medical equipment are all within the realm of possibility in the medical industry. 3D printing in healthcare has sparked a paradigm shift in creating medical implants and prosthetics. As a result of their exceptional mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical qualities, polymers and composites made of them have gained widespread use in the medical industry. In this review article, we look at the most recent and cutting-edge benefits of 3D printing technology to create medical products out of polymers and composites. This article summarizes recent findings in patient-specific medical device and prosthesis design and manufacture and anatomical model development for surgical training and planning. Various 3D printing techniques, i.e., stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering methods, were examined, along with the pros and cons. Finally, we discuss the importance of 3D printing, which could significantly alter how medical devices are designed and produced, enhancing healthcare services and improving patient outcomes.
... 18 Furthermore, 3D scanning has been effectively used to generate skeletal models of the horse thoracic limb and bovine femur, which serve as valuable teaching aids for learning and practical application in the veterinary anatomy classes. 19,20 Understanding the complete topographical structure and spatial relationships of each bone in the head is more challenging compared to visceral organs and limb bones due to the presence of bone seam connections. For example, Chae et al. ...
Veterinary anatomy plays a crucial role in the curriculum for veterinary medicine and surgery. The integration of modern information technology in veterinary education can greatly benefit from innovative tools such as augmented reality (AR) applications. The aim of this study was to develop an accurate and interactive three‐dimensional (3D) digital model of an animal skull using AR technology, aiming to enhance the learning of skull anatomy in veterinary anatomy education. In this study, a canine skull specimen was isolated, and the skull bones were scanned using a structured light scanner to create a 3D digital model of the canine skull, which was found to be indistinguishable from the original specimen by measurement of skull proportions. Furthermore, the interactive AR model of the canine skull, displayed using Unity3D, was subjected to testing and evaluation by 60 first‐year veterinary medical students attending the gross anatomy of the animal. The students were divided into two groups: the traditional group and AR group. Both groups completed an objective test and a questionnaire. The evaluation of learning effectiveness in the test revealed no significant difference between the traditional group (which learned using textbooks and a canine skull specimen) and AR group (which learned using AR tools). However, in the questionnaire, students displayed high enthusiasm and interest in using the AR tool. Therefore, the application of AR tools can improve students' motivation for learning and enhance the comprehension of anatomical structures in three dimensions. Furthermore, this study exemplifies the use of AR as an auxiliary tool for teaching and learning in veterinary anatomy education.
... The use of 3D-printed materials is very advantageous. In addition, the accuracy and reliability of the printed models have been verified by visual analysis of their anatomical features, comparisons of their structures and sizes with bones (de Alcântara Leite Dos Reis et al., 2019). However, there are no 3D printers in order to obtain 3D printed materials at every university and it is difficult for students to reach them. ...
2D images view hardly measurement points due to the overlap of anatomical features. This challenge is overcome by 3D modelling. In particular, images obtained by computed tomography are converted into 3D models through certain software. In sheep breeds with high polymorphism, some changes have occurred in their morphology due to both environmental and genetic factors. In this context, determining the osteometric measurements of sheep and revealing breed-specific characteristics provide very important data for forensic, zooarchaeological, and developmental sciences. Mandibular reconstruction measurements are used to reveal differences between species and between sexes and for treatment and surgery in many fields of medicine. In the present study, morphometric characteristics were determined by 3D modelling from computed tomography images obtained from mandibles of Romanov ram and ewe. For this purpose, mandibles of 16 Romanov sheep (eight females and eight males) were used. They were scanned using a 64-detector MDCT device at 80 kV, 200 MA, 639 mGY, and 0.625 mm slice thickness. CT scans were recorded in DICOM format. Reconstructions of the images were made using a special software program. Volume and surface area measurements were made with 22 osteometric parameters of the mandible. GOC-ID had a statistically significant positive correlation with GOC-ID, PC-ID, GOC-MTR, GOC-PTW, GOC-FMN, PMU, MDU, PDU, DU, GOV-PC, GOV-IMD, MTR-MH, MO-MH, FMN- ID, BM, MG, and CG (p < 0.01). GOC-ID had a statistically significant correlation with MTR-ID, GOV-CR, PTW-MH and SI (p < 0.05). When the CR-PC measurement point was examined, it was observed that it had no statistically significant correlation with all measurement points (p > 0.05). As a result of the measurement, it was found that the volume and surface areas were higher in rams than in ewes. The morphometric data obtained would be a reference income in the fields of zoo-archaeology, anatomy, forensics, anaesthesia, surgery, and treatment.
... Over the past few decades, the use of animal specimens in the teaching of veterinary anatomy has decreased due to a variety of pedagogical, ethical, and financial restrictions, while new resources and teaching techniques requiring less use of animals have grown. [21,22]. ...
... Data show that 3D printed models can be a reliable alternative to bone samples in the teaching of veterinary anatomy [21,22]. • Models for learning orthopaedic For owners of small animals suffering from bone damage to receive a good and sufficient diagnosis and treatment, a thorough understanding of normal skeletal architecture and the capacity to recognise the existence of fractures is necessary. ...
... 3D modeling of skeletal specimens is relatively straightforward. Highprecision digital models of skeletons can be constructed by 3D scanning technology and printed as substitutes for bone specimens (AbouHashem et al., 2015;de Alcantara Leite Dos Reis et al., 2019;Lima et al., 2019). However, owing to the limitations of 3D scanning technology, it is hard to obtain structural information about deep parts, vitiating the ability to reveal structures in many deeper layers (AbouHashem et al., 2015). ...
We propose an effective method for manufacturing human anatomical specimens in response to the shortage of cadaver specimens and the poor simulation results of anatomical specimen substitutes. Digital human data with high precision were used to create digital models and corresponding mapped textures. Different materials were chosen to print the digital models with full‐color and multimaterial 3D‐printing technology based on the histological characteristics of the anatomical structures. Anatomy experts and surgeons were then invited to compare the 3D printed models with authentic anatomical specimens in terms of morphological appearance, anatomical detail, and textural properties. The skull, brain, hand muscles, blood vessels and nerves of the hand, and the deep structure of the head and face were printed. The skull model used hard material, and the brain and hand muscles models used flexible and hard materials combined. The blood vessels, nerves of the hand, and the superficial and deep structure of the head and face used transparent materials, revealing the small vessels and nerves in the interior. In all the models, there were no significant differences from anatomical specimens in morphological appearance and anatomical detail. They also affected vision and touch in the same way as authentic specimens in the textural properties of color, roughness, smoothness, and fineness. Full‐color and multi‐material 3D printed anatomical models have the same visual and tactile properties as anatomical specimens and could serve to complement or supplement them in anatomy teaching to compensate for the shortage of cadavers.
... The total time involved in printing the 3D NUF model (approximately 16 hours) was considered high compared to the time involved in printing a 3D model of a canine skull (7 hours) (Hespel et al., 2014). However, it is worth noting that this amount of time can be justified by the settings used during our study (internal filling of the model, layer thickness, temperature, and support structures), which directly influence the precision and print quality of the created models (Chung et al., 2018;Reis et al., 2019). ...
The appearance of fracture complications can present itself as a difficult scenario in a veterinarian's practice, and it can be difficult to diagnose and have a poor prognosis. The recognition of the different types of nonunion fractures can enable quick guidance on the best way to act, thus reducing the cost of treatment and the patient's suffering. The objective of this study was to create 3D models of nonunion fractures in long bones (3D NUFs). The study was carried out in three stages: 1) creating biscuit models from representations of nonunion fractures; 2) scanning the biscuit models of nonunion fractures and 3D modeling; and 3) printing and finishing the 3D models of nonunion fractures (hereafter, 3D NUFs). The creation of biscuit prototypes and the respective digitalization were decisive in producing 3D NUFs, which reproduced the main characteristics of each type of nonunion fracture classification described in the literature. It took 31.1 hours to create and print all 3D NUFs using 95.66 grams of filament (ABS) for a total cost of $3.73. The creation of 3D NUFs from the biscuit dough presented a new way of obtaining didactic models for the teaching of veterinary medicine. The 3D NUFs represent the different forms of low-cost manifestations that characterize this disease, which can be used as a possible teaching-learning tool for veterinary education.
... 13 In clinical practice, 3D printing is reported to have been used in a variety of ways, including, but not limited to, planning surgeries, simulating operations, preoperative conversation between doctors and patients, and fabricating customised and personalised equipment during the recovery stage. 5 14-17 As far as anatomical education is concerned, 3D printing is also playing an increasingly significant role in some developing countries such as India 18 and Brazil. 19 3D printing can be used to make replicas of separate anatomical structures 20 or multiple structures combined to display the spatial relationship between them. ...
Objective
To evaluate the feasibility of a phone camera and cloud service-based workflow to image bone specimens and print their three-dimensional (3D) models for anatomical education.
Design
The images of four typical human bone specimens, photographed by a phone camera, were aligned and converted into digital images for incorporation into a digital model through the Get3D website and submitted to an online 3D printing platform to obtain the 3D printed models. The fidelity of the 3D digital, printed models relative to the original specimens, was evaluated through anatomical annotations and 3D scanning.
Setting
The Morphologic Science Experimental Center, Central South University, China.
Participants
Specimens of four typical bones—the femur, rib, cervical vertebra and skull—were used to evaluate the feasibility of the workflow.
Outcome measures
The gross fidelity of anatomical features within the digital models and 3D printed models was evaluated first using anatomical annotations in reference to Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy. The measurements of the deviation were quantised and visualised for analysis in Geomagic Control 2015.
Results
All the specimens were reconstructed in 3D and printed using this workflow. The overall morphology of the digital and 3D printed models displayed a large extent of similarity to the corresponding specimens from a gross anatomical perspective. A high degree of similarity was also noticed in the quantitative analysis, with distance deviations ≤2 mm present among 99% of the random sampling points that were tested.
Conclusion
The photogrammetric digitisation workflow adapted in the present study demonstrates fairly high precision with relatively low cost and fewer equipment requirements. This workflow is expected to be used in morphological/anatomical science education, particularly in institutions and schools with limited funds or in certain field research projects involving the fast acquisition of 3D digital data on human/animal bone specimens or on other remains.
Background
The responsible use of 3D-printing in medicine includes a context-based quality assurance. Considerable literature has been published in this field, yet the quality of assessment varies widely. The limited discriminatory power of some assessment methods challenges the comparison of results. The total error for patient specific anatomical models comprises relevant partial errors of the production process: segmentation error (SegE), digital editing error (DEE), printing error (PrE). The present review provides an overview to improve the general understanding of the process specific errors, quantitative analysis, and standardized terminology.
Methods
This review focuses on literature on quality assurance of patient-specific anatomical models in terms of geometric accuracy published before December 4th, 2022 (n = 139). In an attempt to organize the literature, the publications are assigned to comparable categories and the absolute values of the maximum mean deviation (AMMD) per publication are determined therein.
Results
The three major examined types of original structures are teeth or jaw (n = 52), skull bones without jaw (n = 17) and heart with coronary arteries (n = 16). VPP (vat photopolymerization) is the most frequently employed basic 3D-printing technology (n = 112 experiments). The median values of AMMD (AMMD: The metric AMMD is defined as the largest linear deviation, based on an average value from at least two individual measurements.) are 0.8 mm for the SegE, 0.26 mm for the PrE and 0.825 mm for the total error. No average values are found for the DEE.
Conclusion
The total error is not significantly higher than the partial errors which may compensate each other. Consequently SegE, DEE and PrE should be analyzed individually to describe the result quality as their sum according to rules of error propagation. Current methods for quality assurance of the segmentation are often either realistic and accurate or resource efficient. Future research should focus on implementing models for cost effective evaluations with high accuracy and realism. Our system of categorization may be enhancing the understanding of the overall process and a valuable contribution to the structural design and reporting of future experiments. It can be used to educate specialists for risk assessment and process validation within the additive manufacturing industry.
Purpose
This paper aims to prompt ideas amongst readers (especially librarians) about how they can become active partners in knowledge dissemination amongst concerned user groups by implementing 3D printing technology under the “Makerspace.”
Design/methodology/approach
The paper provides a brief account of various tools and techniques used by veterinary and animal sciences institutions for information dissemination amongst the stakeholders and associated challenges with a focus on the use of 3D printing technology to overcome the bottlenecks. An overview of the 3D printing technology has been provided following the instances of use of this novel technology in veterinary and animal sciences. An initiative of the University Library, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, to harness the potential of this technology in disseminating information amongst livestock stakeholders has been discussed.
Findings
3D printing has the potential to enhance learning in veterinary and animal sciences by providing hands-on exposure to various anatomical structures, such as bones, organs and blood vessels, without the need for a cadaver. This approach enhances students’ spatial understanding and helps them better understand anatomical concepts. Libraries can enhance their visibility and can contribute actively to knowledge dissemination beyond traditional library services.
Originality/value
The ideas about how to harness the potential of 3D printing in knowledge dissemination amongst livestock sector stakeholders have been elaborated. This promotes creativity amongst librarians enabling them to think how they can engage in knowledge dissemination thinking out of the box.
The amalgamation of veterinary anatomy, technology and innovation has led to development of latest technological advancement in the field of veterinary medicine, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) imaging and reconstruction. 3D visualization technique followed by 3D reconstruction has been proven to enhance non-destructive 3D visualization grossly or microscopically, e.g., skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, ligaments, cartilage, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, and glands. The core aim of this manuscript is to document non-invasive 3D visualization methods being adopted currently in veterinary anatomy to reveal underlying morphology and to reconstruct them by 3D softwares followed by printing, its applications, current challenges, trends and future opportunities. 3D visualization methods such as MRI, CT scans and micro-CT scans are utilised in revealing volumetric data and underlying morphology at microscopic levels as well. This will pave a way to transform and re-invent the future of teaching in veterinary medicine, in clinical cases as well as in exploring wildlife anatomy. This review provides novel insights into 3D visualization and printing as it is the future of veterinary anatomy, thus making it spread to become the plethora of opportunities for whole veterinary science.
