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We describe a case of dicephalism in a yellow anaconda snake, Eunectes notaeus, from southern Pantanal, Brazil. The specimen exhibits two heads and two long necks, which are united on the anterior third of the body. Two hearts, three lungs, two livers, and two stomachs are also present. The left heart is larger and more cranial than the right heart...
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Citations
... ;Beane 2009;Jandzik 2009;Spadola and Insacco 2009;Albuquerque et al. 2010Albuquerque et al. , 2013Kim et al. 2013;Pezdirc et al. 2013; Wallach and Salmon 2013;Dieckmann et al. 2014; Gvozdenovic and Cavor 2015;Twombley 2015; Caviglioli et al. 2016; ...
The first report of dicephalism and scoliosis in Red spot-tailed green pit viper, Trimeresurus erythrurus. The individual is report from Chhipphir village, Lunglei district, Mizoram.
... However, bone malformations in reptiles seem to be rare, although the rising number of reported cases can indicate that such events are increasing, or could equally reflect greater effort by researchers irrespective of the actual incidence rate. The most common are dicephalus cases in Testudinids and Serpentes (Payen, 1995, Albuquerque et al., 2010, and polydactyly in Testudinids, Chamaeleonids, Iguanids, Gekkonids and Lacertids (Carretero et al., 1995, Cuadrado, 1996, Martínez-Silvestre et al., 1998, Pelegrin, 2007, Minoli et al., 2009, Bauer et al., 2009, Lazié & Crnobrnja-Isailović, 2012, Megía, 2012, Monte de Andrade et al., 2015. ...
... Some of the abnormalities that have been described include a bifid ventricle in a ball python (Python regius) (Jensen and Wang, 2009); ectopic cordis in a rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria) (Mitchell, 2009); incomplete development of the atrioventricular valves in a ball python (P. regius) (Mitchell, 2009) and in a boa constrictor (Boa constrictor) (Kik and Mitchell, 2005); and dicephalism with concurrent proarchodichotomous anomaly in a yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) (de Albuquerque et al., 2010). ...
The reptile class is divided into four orders: Chelonia, Crocodylia, Rhynchocephalia, and Squamata. The most diverse of these orders is the Squamata, which is further subdivided into Sauria (lizards), Amphisbaenia (amphisbaenians), and Ophidia (snakes). Snakes are a unique and very diverse group of reptiles that have become popular in zoological collections and in the pet trade. This popularity necessitates the veterinarian treating reptiles to be familiar with snakes and their related medical conditions. Knowledge of the unique anatomy and physiology of these species is paramount for successful management of the ophidian patient. As with most reptilian patients, husbandry related problems and infectious conditions are common. But as these conditions become less prevalent through proper husbandry and biosecurity, metabolic and degenerative disorders are beginning to be described more in snakes, including cardiovascular disorders. As reptilian medicine evolves, the responsible clinician will need to stay abreast of the growing knowledge of these disorders. This report is to serve as a literature review of cardiology as it applies to snakes.
... Some of the abnormalities that have been described include a bifid ventricle in a ball python (Python regius) (Jensen and Wang, 2009); ectopic cordis in a rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria) (Mitchell, 2009); incomplete development of the atrioventricular valves in a ball python (P. regius) (Mitchell, 2009) and in a boa constrictor (Boa constrictor) (Kik and Mitchell, 2005); and dicephalism with concurrent proarchodichotomous anomaly in a yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) (de Albuquerque et al., 2010). ...
... Dicephalism, also known as polycephaly or dicephaly, is a phenomenon of an animal having two heads (Kompanje & Hermans 2008). The existence of two-headed animals is well documented in mammals and reptiles (Hoser & Harris 1995, Swanson et al. 1997, Diong et al. 2003, McAllister & Wallach 2006, Wallach 2007, Spadola & Insacco 2009, De Albuquerque et al. 2010, Pezdirc et al. 2013). The first known appearance of dicephalism in reptiles is the 120 million-year-old fossil found in China (Buffetaut et al. 2007). ...
... Dicephalism, an individual having two heads, is a type of malformation that occurs in less than 0.5% of vertebrates (Singhal et al., 2006). Although dicephalism has been reported in many different animal taxa, reports are more frequent in reptiles (Heasman, 1933;Blanc, 1979;De Albuquerque et al., 2010, 2013. Dicephalism has been reported in eight families of snakes and three families of lizards (Wallach, 2007;Spadola and Insacco, 2009). ...
... This might be simply explained by the presence of two long necks and duplicated internal organs within a shorter SVL (McAllister and Wallach, 2006). As shown in this study, it has been reported that two heads of a dicephalic snake often exhibit small differences in size (McAllister and Wallach, 2006;De Albuquerque et al., 2010). ...
In this report, we describe morphological characteristics of a dicephalic Steppes Ratsnake (Elaphe dione) collected from the wild in 2011 in South Korea. The specimen has two heads and two long necks. Unlike normal individuals, the dicephalic snake has divided ventral scales under the necks of the bifurcated columns. The snoutvent length (SVL) and overall total length of the individual are shorter than those of normal snakes of the same age. Nevertheless, the counts of nine different scale types that are often used for classification are all within the ranges of normal individuals. As far as we know, this is the first detailed morphological description of a dicephalic E. dione in the scientific literature.
... Currently, the total number of verified cases of dicephalic snakes is 1287 (including 190 species in 102 genera) (Wallach, 2007; Albuquerque et al., 2010). This paper reports the second case of dicephalism in a green racer snake, Philodryas patagoniensis (Girard, 1857), with information on its external morphology, coloration and internal anatomy. ...
This paper reports the second case of dicephalism in a green racer snake, Philodryas patagoniensis (Girard, 1857), with information on its external morphology, coloration and internal anatomy. The specimen is deposited in the Coleção Zoológica de Referência da UFMS (ZUFMS-REP 1268). It was collected in the 1960's at a poultry farm in Mendes, district of Água Fria, (22o31'36S, 43o43'58W, 446 meters altitude), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
... nce at least the late 1970's when numbers of live specimens were imported to Europe and the USA to satisfy the burgeoning reptile pet trade (see Fig 9.4 Reed and Rodda 2009). As a result of their abundance both in the wild and more recently in captivity, there are numerous excellent publications dealing with all aspects of these snakes, including, Albuquerque et. al. (2010), Barone (2003), Bellosa (2003), Bellosa and Mössle (2009), Calle et. al. (1994), , Cope (1869), Gay (1993), Gilmore and Murphy (1993), Infante-Rivero et. al. (2008), Lamonica et. al. (2007), Müller (1970), Petzold (1983) Rivas (1998, 2000, Rivas and Corey (2008), Rivas and Burghardt (2001), Rivas and Owens (2000), Rivas et. al. (1995Riv ...
A review of the taxonomy of the New World boids finds several genera as currently recognized to be paraphyletic. There are available genus names for those species within genera that have been found to be composite, should they be split to ensure monophyletic genera. The only potential exception to this is within the genus Eunectes Wagler, 1830 as currently recognized. There is a strong argument in favor of splitting the so-called Yellow Anacondas away from the so-called Green Anacondas, at the genus level as a result of clear and consistent differences between the relevant taxa. This paper formalizes this division by taking a conservative position and naming and defining a new subgenus, Maxhoserboa subgen. nov. for the Yellow Anaconda and related species.
We present four cases of rare developmental anomalies in the smooth snake Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768 from western Poland. These include brachycephaly, lordosis, a supernumerary row of ‘ventral’ scales, and the third reported case of dicephalism in snakes from Poland. All the cases are supported by X-ray radiography. One of the possible explanations for these anomalies is a low genetic variation in populations from western Poland.
