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The linkages between land and water use are often neglected when considering resource management. Here, we examined regional changes in land and water use along the US–Mexico border in the decades following the North American Free Trade Agreement, using bi-national land cover maps from 1992–2011, a process-based hydrology and irrigation model drive...
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As the population increased, land use and/or land cover in the Menengai Landscape has been changing rapidly due to the increased interactions of human activities like geothermal energy development. These changes are likely to cause a shift in the generation of goods and services from the biophysical environment, and thus need to be understood. As a...
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... La situación mundial de la salud de los ecosistemas parece no ser la mejor actualmente (Sanaullah et al., 2020). El noroeste de México no es la excepción (Bohn et al., 2018), pues el uso no sustentable de recursos naturales parece estar poniendo en riesgo su funcionamiento ecosistémico y su biodiversidad (Romo-Leon et al., 2014). ...
El Desierto Sonorense presenta áreas con degradación de terrenos en los que su recuperación es lenta. Por ello es clave recuperar terrenos degradados para obtener servicios de los ecosistemas. Con este objetivo se evaluaron árboles nativos de Parkinsonia microphylla por cinco años, los cuales fueron transplantados en terreno árido degradado, con protección contra la herbivoría, riego el primer año y microclima a partir de ramas de poda los siguientes cuatro años. El riego fue semanal o quincenal durante los primeros 200 días, previo a las lluvias. La protección fue con un recipiente plástico, además se colocaron varas secas de árboles del sitio enterradas verticalmente a la planta, circundándola. El microclima se proporcionó con ramas de poda dispersas en el suelo en un área de 1 m2 por planta. Igualmente, se evaluó supervivencia, altura y ancho del dosel de las plantas. La supervivencia a los 200 días de las plantas sin protección con riego quincenal y semanal fue 0 vs. 100 % para los tratamientos de protección más riego (χ2 66.0; valor p < 0.0001). La supervivencia a los 5 años fue del 50 % de las plantas con protección, y 72 % con protección y microclima. Las alturas de las plantas a los 90 días fueron mayores para los tratamientos de protección que para las plantas sin protección (p < 0.0001). El dosel foliar de las plantas fue mayor para el tratamiento de protección con microclima a los 5 años (46 cm vs. 31 cm; p < 0.05). En conclusión, la protección contra herbivoría y el microclima favorece la supervivencia y crecimiento en terrenos degradados.
... (2) forest management (e.g., prescribed fires, forest thinning) could partially offset the Hot/Dry future impacts but would require large scale, expensive, and sustained treatments (Bennett et al., 2009); and future research is needed that (3) mimic realistic forest treatment options (Goeking and Tarboton, 2020) and that (4) account for consumptive water use from urban and agricultural growth (e.g., Bohn et al., 2018;Wang and Vivoni, 2022) to verify the benefits indicated by the current study. As with all "Guided Analysis" panels, this panel includes hyperlinks that encourage exploration of internal documentation pages with key model assumptions (e.g., a focus on forest disturbances, rather than urban or agricultural development impacts, employed according to the stakeholder engagement process; or that the meteorological forcings are not sensitive to the modelled forest disturbances). ...
Growing challenges of climate change require urgent shifts in scientific research to inform environmental decision-making. In the context of water management of the Colorado River Basin (CRB), the impacts of intensifying forest disturbances under climate change are not well understood but expected to have major consequences. To address this, we developed a web-based tool, CRB-Scenario-Explorer, that provides interactive visual assessments of modelled future CRB hydrology scenarios and detailed documentation of our approach to support mindful interpretations. Water manager feedback and user-experience principles were incorporated to achieve a user-centered design. Stakeholders confirmed the effectiveness of the web-based tool in assisting with the discovery that future CRB hydrology appears more sensitive to climate uncertainty than forest disturbances, which can be used to brief leaders and spark discourse around risk management. CRB-Scenario-Explorer thus exemplifies a novel and effective method to increase the accessibility, applicability, and transparency of environmental science research.
... The raft would be economically affordable because it can be modular and scalable, implemented as demand and financing becomes obvious to its owners. Using the raft's power generating potential, it is possible to forecast a desalination freshwater output of 35 km 3 which would result in effective obsolesce of voluntary xerophytic gardening and government-mandated curtailments of irrigation farming as well as ranching (Bohn et al., 2018). ...
In the future, the coastal Californias territories of Mexico and the USA, here referred to as “the Region,” may be adversely affected by some degree of climate change and possibly by some sea-level rise social stress issues, but only if no infrastructural adaptation is undertaken to successfully cope with these geophysical and hydrometeorological stressors. Geoengineering efforts no doubt will be impacted by the drastic socioeconomic effects introduced during 2020 into the Region’s major metropolitan areas by the COVID-19 pandemic. Harshening Region-wide desert climate regime changes and seaport sea-level rise effects will necessitate vast and enormous geographical changes to the supportive economies as well as the demographics of Mexico’s Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California and the USA’s Southwest, which includes the coastal State of California. Basic governmental obligation is to ensure robust population health. In this incident of epistemic trespass, the authors speculate on some of the most important infrastructure developments and population shifts that might occur in the Region in the near-term (2030–2050). Comity is essential for peaceful bi-national prosperity in this aridic, internationally-shared hinterland of North America that includes part of the western USA’s Great Basin. For too many years, freshwater consumers on either side of the Region’s international border have been forced to live in suspension between advertised zombie megaproject plans and the bleak civil society engendered by aborted, unsatisfactorily modified or non-materialized megaprojects.KeywordsLaguna Salada MegaprojectShipping CanalPV ocean-water desalinationSeaport developmentArtificial ocean gulf dust-storm suppression
... Weather variability and climate change can potentially affect the availability of resources, possibly negatively, resulting in decreased environmental sustainability (Gutzler, 2013;Mu et al., 2018). However, population growth and increasing demand for food, energy, and water could result from climate change in the long term (Gutzler, 2013;Mu et al., 2018;Bohn et al., 2018). ...
... The second study area is the Middle Rio Grande Region an arid to a semi-arid region in the southwestern US-Mexico borderlands (Ward et al., 2006;Sheng, 2013;Wilder et al., 2016;Bohn et al., 2018;. It lies along the US -Mexico border and includes the Middle Rio Grande basin from Magdalena and San Antonio, New Mexico, in the north to the entrance of the Rio Conchos from Mexico in the south. ...
... Weather variability and climate change can potentially affect water availability, possibly negatively, resulting in a change in environmental sustainability (Gutzler, 2013;Mu et al., 2018). However, population growth and increasing their demand for food, energy, and water could result from climate change in the long term (Gutzler, 2013;Mu et al., 2018;Bohn et al., 2018). ...
... Furthermore, changes in IWU due to urbanization will depend on the relative amounts of irrigation applied prior to and after LULC change. For instance, Bohn et al. (2018) showed that growth around major southwestern U.S. cities from 1992 to 2011 affected water use depending on whether expansion occurred into surrounding croplands with a higher initial amount of irrigation than new residential areas or into natural areas without irrigation. ...
... To address these challenges, we employed the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model which has been previously used to assess impacts of climate and LULC changes (e.g., Christensen et al. 2004;Wong et al. 2017;Bennett et al. 2018). Prior model applications in the southwestern U.S. have also quantified the influence of irrigation (Haddeland et al. 2006;Bohn and Vivoni 2016;Bohn et al. 2018). In this study, we used the Integrated Climate and Land Use Scenarios (ICLUS) product (USEPA 2017) to specify urban growth patterns and a set of statistically downscaled General Circulation Model (GCM) outputs as future climate forcing. ...
... The dominant soil types include sandy loam (49%), loam (45%), and sandy clay loam (5%), as mapped from the SoilGrids250m product (Hengl et al. 2017). Previous studies have shown strong variations of land surface conditions between natural, agricultural, and urban land covers as a result of rainfall and irrigation inputs (e.g., Bohn et al. 2018;Wang et al. 2021). ...
Irrigation in agricultural and urban settings is responsible for nearly 80% of the water use in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. Over the last three decades, there has been a continuous decrease in cropland area and its water consumption. Meanwhile, urbanization has increased outdoor irrigation to maintain residential areas and parks. Given these trends, irrigation water use (IWU) is subject to large uncertainties which challenge land and water management. In this work, we used a land surface model with an irrigation module to quantify urban and agricultural IWU under the individualized and combined effects of future urban growth and anticipated climate change. A large set of scenario combinations (96 in total) allowed us to bracket plausible pathways of IWU change in the 21st Century. We found that land use change reduced IWU by À4.6% to À0.1% due to savings from crop-urban conversion, while climate change effects led to increases in IWU by +3.8% to +8.6%. When combined, total IWU changed from +2.5% to +5.8% in the intermediate future (2041-2070) and from À0.5% to 6.8% in the far future (2071-2100). These outcomes suggest that water savings from land use change will likely not be able to compensate for the increasing demand from urban irrigation when considering climate change, under current irrigation practices. Our approach to model the interconnections between land and water under climate change can be used to support sustainable water planning in cities in other arid regions.
... F I G U R E 1 1 Annual water balance components for irrigation scenarios (1 through 4) for (a-d) PV and (e-h) EN study parks obtained over 15-year simulation periods Gomez-Navarro et al., 2019;Vivoni et al., 2020) would certainly help elucidate further the fate of irrigation and other water sources. Furthermore, the incorporation of these findings in regional simulations (e.g., Reyes et al., 2018;Bohn et al., 2018;Wang, Vivoni, et al., 2021) would allow an assessment of the water savings potential at the city or metropolitan area scale. Similarly, it would be useful to determine the sensitivity of these outcomes to a broader set of rainfall scenarios, including changes to frequency and amount. ...
Large amounts of water are consumed by urban parks in arid regions such that efficient irrigation practices are needed. In Phoenix, Arizona, extensive turf grass areas are supported using flood or sprinkler irrigation that also require fertilizers. Residential green waste compost has the potential to serve an alternative fertilizer if its higher costs can be offset through water conservation. In this study, we conducted an ecohydrological monitoring and modelling effort for a compost experiment in two urban parks with flood and sprinkler irrigation. Soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and turf greenness data along with a soil water balance model were used to determine if compost treated plots were different from control plots. After building confidence in the model through comparisons to data, we created long-term scenarios to explore differences between flood and sprinkler practices and analyze the effect of changes in irrigation scheduling. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that green waste compost applications did not appreciably change soil moisture or vegetation conditions in either urban park. Major differences, however, were noted between the two irrigation practices in terms of the seasonality of the soil water balance, plant water stress, and the sensitivity to interannual fluctuations in precipitation. Model scenarios showed that significant irrigation reductions from 15 to 30% could be achieved, in particular with small changes in watering depths. As a result, irrigation management in urban parks can meet water conservation targets that potentially offset green waste compost costs while also benefitting the soil water balance through reductions in water losses.
... Basically, the cooperation between the two countries regarding the sharing of these two rivers is old-with treaties dating back to 1906 and 1944 (Mumme, 2020). For several decades, all was well until drought due to climate change (Anon, 2010;Warren, n.d.;Woodhouse & Pederson, 2018) and the overexploitation of said rivers [man-made lakes, gigantic dams, and diversion canals] (Anon, 2020;Bohn et al., 2018) fueled tensions between riparians. Recall that Colorado has been plagued by drought for nearly 20 years (Mokry, 2021). ...
The need to ensure freshwater security remains sacrosanct to the survival and security of humanity. While various studies on water security continue to draw the world’s attention to future threats and risks against humanity’s better survival and security—following the current management of our various waterways. It is in this light that this paper proposes to explain why access to water may well be a major stake of conflicts in this 21st century. After debate and discussion, the results that emerge from this paper show that the multiplication of threats arising from climate change, which continues to worsen in this century, coupled with the hybrid policies and activities of various actors at stake, and combined with the singular characteristics of water—including, notably, a resource that guarantees our existence, a scarce resource, an unevenly distributed resource, and a resource that is shared among several states, nationalities and social categories—emerge two fundamental implications. The first is that of the great need for cooperation between riparian states, nationalities and various social categories; and the second is that exhibits the great likelihood of conflicts between them—to the competing uses of the shared water resource and the conquering spirits of one another. By using a few cases of bellicose rhetoric on the Tigris-Euphrates, Jordan, Indus, Syr-Daria, Nile, Congo, Colorado and Rio Grande watersheds, this paper makes a bitter observation of the predominant tendency of the second implication—the conflictual one—over the first—the cooperative one—in this twenty-first century that ostensibly denotes that water should be taken seriously as a major stake of conflicts in this century. Thus, this paper considers that it is important and time for humanity to promote transboundary water cooperation between states and nationalities of shared river basins; and integrated water management in the steps of good governance at all levels, in the sense of avoiding a flare-up of the situation and limiting to the maximum a worsening where the violins do not agree anymore.
... Water availability is a topic in this area due to water scarcity in arid regions and occasional floods. Land-use change and urban growth often exacerbate water scarcity, different on each side of the border, depending on different growth rates [54]. A watershed analysis is conducted as a basis for identifying flood zones in Nogales [16]. ...
Remote sensing applications of change detection are increasingly in demand for many areas of land use and urbanization, and disaster risk reduction. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the New Urban Agenda by the United Nations call for risk monitoring. This study maps and assesses the urban area changes of 23 Mexican-USA border cities with a remote sensing-based approach. A literature study on existing studies on hazard mapping and social vulnerability in those cities reveals a need for further studies on urban growth. Using a multi-modal combination of aerial, declassified (CORONA, GAMBIT, HEXAGON programs), and recent (Sentinel-2) satellite imagery, this study expands existing land cover change assessments by capturing urban growth back to the 1940s. A Geographic Information System and census data assessment results reveal that massive urban growth has occurred on both sides of the national border. On the Mexican side, population and area growth exceeds the US cities in many cases. In addition, flood hazard exposure has grown along with growing city sizes, despite structural river training. These findings indicate a need for more risk monitoring that includes remote sensing data. It has socioeconomic implications, too, as the social vulnerability on Mexican and US sides differ. This study calls for the maintenance and expansion of open data repositories to enable such transboundary risk comparisons. Common vulnerability variable sets could be helpful to enable better comparisons as well as comparable flood zonation mapping techniques. To enable risk monitoring, basic data such as urban boundaries should be mapped per decade and provided on open data platforms in GIS formats and not just in map viewers.
... Population growth is certainly one of the principal drivers of changing water consumption patterns in the border region today, which, coupled with drought and greater hydrological uncertainties, affects the demand for water in the border region. Water utilization in the border region remains dominated by agricultural uses, including farming and ranching, that today account for nearly 80% of the region's overall water demand, followed by municipal and industrial uses and energy production, a pattern that prevails on both sides of the boundary (Frisvold et al. 2013, 219;Wilder et al. 2013, 369 (Bohn et al. 2018). This data suggests that traderelated export production may have boosted Mexican agricultural water use in this period-which coincides with the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). ...
... This data suggests that traderelated export production may have boosted Mexican agricultural water use in this period-which coincides with the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The contraction in U.S. border area water use is at least partially attributable to greater water scarcity and shifts to less water-intensive crops, particularly evident in the central Arizona corridor (Bohn et al. 2018). ...
... Basically, the cooperation between the two countries regarding the sharing of these two rivers is old-with treaties dating back to 1906 and 1944 (Mumme, 2020). For several decades, all was well until drought due to climate change (Anon, 2010;Warren, n.d.;Woodhouse & Pederson, 2018) and the overexploitation of said rivers [man-made lakes, gigantic dams, and diversion canals] (Anon, 2020;Bohn et al., 2018) fueled tensions between riparians. Recall that Colorado has been plagued by drought for nearly 20 years (Mokry, 2021). ...
The need to ensure freshwater security remains sacrosanct to the survival and security of humanity. While various studies on water security continue to draw the world's attention to future threats and risks against humanity’s better survival and security—following the current management of our various waterways. It is in this light that this paper proposes to explain why access to water may well be a major stake of conflicts in this 21st century. After debate and discussion, the results that emerge from this paper show that the multiplication of threats arising from climate change, which continues to worsen in this century, coupled with the hybrid policies and activities of various actors at stake, and combined with the singular characteristics of water—including, notably, a resource that guarantees our existence, a scarce resource, an unevenly distributed resource, and a resource that is shared among several states, nationalities and social categories—emerge two fundamental implications. The first is that of the great need for cooperation between riparian states, nationalities and various social categories; and the second is that exhibits the great likelihood of conflicts between them—to the competing uses of the shared water resource and the conquering spirits of one another. By using a few cases of bellicose rhetoric on the Tigris-Euphrates, Jordan, Indus, Syr-Daria, Nile, Congo, Colorado and Rio Grande watersheds, this paper makes a bitter observation of the predominant tendency of the second implication—the conflictual one—over the first—the cooperative one—in this twenty-first century that ostensibly denotes that water should be taken seriously as a major stake of conflicts in this century. Thus, this paper considers that it is important and time for humanity to promote transboundary water cooperation between states and nationalities of shared river basins; and integrated water management in the steps of good governance at all levels, in the sense of avoiding a flare-up of the situation and limiting to the maximum a worsening where the violins do not agree anymore.
