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Territorial reproductive groups of jackals have been recorded recently inside Carpathian arch and in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve. Acoustic surveys in Romania have started in 2010. In total, jackal monitoring with acoustic method has been performed from 66 calling stations. The presence of golden jackals was confirmed in different habitat types t...
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... (5.4), Artificial/Terrestrial – Arable Land (14.1) and Artificial/Terrestrial – Pastureland (14.2). For Romania, we would like to add Temperate Shrubland (3.4) (Dobrogea silvosteppe) and Forest (1.) If we choose E lton and M iller (1954) and E lton (1966) habitat categories classification ( G ilbertson et al . 1985) for animal survey purposes, in Romania, we can say that jackals were reported in all of four types of terrestrial vegetation: open ground (Dobrogea), field layer (Calarasi), scrub (Alba) and woodland (Timis, Giurgiu and Alba) and in aquatic-terrestrial transition (Danube Delta). Every time we recorded jackals near perennial medium and large rivers like Mures, Timis, Danube or lakes and wetlands near Ogarca and Albele hunting terrains from Giurgiu County or maritime levees Chituc and Lupilor from Razim-Sinoe lagoon Complex in Danube Delta. Alba. After the data on shot jackals mentioned by D ragomir (2010), we made a survey with acoustic monitoring in spring, summer and autumn 2011 in this area. During spring and summer survey no response was recorded at any of the 8 calling stations covering 61.12-74.4 km 2 . In autumn 2011 we recorded one response, which is the first confirmed record of territorial jackals for this region. Density responds to approximately 0.43 territorial group/10 km 2 , but because the sample size, where we recorded the group, was less than 8-15 km 2 , considered as home range for sub adult male jackals radio collared during 12 months ( G iannatos 2004), it is not a reliable estimate. We also analysed 3 year old female specimen shot next to the horse carcass in Teleac hunting terrain on 2th August 2011. The ranger from the local hunting club saved the specimen and forensic physician performed a necropsy. We collected and measured all internal organs and analyzed stomach content which had more than 98% of corn Zea mays ( Fig. 3). For two nights we installed infrared video-trap, but no jackals were recorded, however, we detected presence of the Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx. On Teleac Hill we also recorded several dens of jackals (Fig. 6). Seven entrances to dens were found. Distances between individual entrances were 3-5 meters sited on north-west part of a small hill with 45o slope. Individual entrances were 40-50 cm wide, with deep cave in argyles type ground. The visibility around entrances was good, with wide view to Mures River and villages. The place was on top of a hill with shrub vegetation and pastureland being inside hunting terrain administrated by a private hunting association. Timis. Survey using acoustic method was performed from 6 calling stations in Cheveresu Mare hunting ground. The area covered was estimated to 45.84- 56.58 km 2 . We recorded one group of territorial jackals, which would correspond to density of 0.21- 0.17 territorial groups/10 km 2 . From this area we also collected tissues samples from 3 jackals killed in the winter 2010/2011 for future genetic analyses. Giurgiu. In Ghimpati Romsilva Local Unit in Giurgiu County we monitored jackals from 6 calling station covering 45.84-56.58 km 2 . We recorded presence of 8 jackal groups and estimated density to 1.74-1.41 territorial groups/10 km 2 . Presence of jackals was also confirmed by photo - material in autumn 2010. Calarasi. In Calarasi hunting ground, surveys were done in October 2010 and February 2011. We set 4 calling stations covering 40.72-50.8 km 2 . We recorded response of 3 groups, which corresponds to densities of 0.73-0.59 territorial groups/10 km 2 . During the field work we observed one group of jackals, 1 adult and 3 sub-adult. We also collected biological tissue from a specimen killed on the road. Local officials from NFD ROMSILVA reported that on average once jackal per month is recorded killed on road. Dobrogea. In Dobrogea (Fig. 4) study area we performed survey from 10 calling stations covering 95.3-109.3 km 2 . We recorded response of 5 ...
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... The density was estimated to 0.46-0.52 territorial groups/10 km 2 . During the field work in Dobrogea, we also observed 5 separate jackals and 5 red foxes. We were also able to photograph several individuals. On the way to Bucharest we also found one jackal killed on the highway 10 km from the entrance to the capital. Danube Delta. We have collected data about jackal’s presence through 7 testimonies of local people since 2002 in Caraorman village inside central delta. The jackal expansion seems to have a south-north direction from southern levees to Saraturi levee near Sfantu Gheorghe locality and Caraorman forest ( Fig. 5). Since 2005 people from Periprava declared the presence in this area near Ukraine border and, in 2009 we observed jackal footprints on the sent dunes from Letea forest. On Caraorman levee we photo-trapped a jackal during the October 2010 stage (Fig. 7). In October 2011 we observed an individual 4 km south from Periprava village, at daylight, inside the Letea Forest Reserve during day surveillance on the maritime levee, Letea. Here we also deployed an IR camera on a tree, set for continuous video monitor - ing during three months, from August to the end of October 2011. From 105 video recordings, 1 of them had roe deer, 2 showed wild boar, 25 feral horses and more than 50 domestic cattle. Jackal presence was not confirmed with this method. In this area, domestic pasture activities and forest management is forbidden, because Letea Forest is national protected area. In Letea Forest Nature Reserve, 3 km south from the Periprava village, on 15th February 2011 we recorded a response of territorial jackal group to a play-back. In Danube Delta a total number of 6 ter - ritorial groups were recorded in October 2010 and February 2011. In October 2011 more systematic sur- vey was performed from 11 calling stations covering 74.5-83.2 km 2 at Grindul Lupilor and Grindul Chituc in the lagoon complex of Razim-Sinoe (Fig. 4). We recorded responses from 13 jackal groups and estimated density to 1.56-1.74 territo - rial groups/10 km 2 (0.55-0.61 territorial groups/10 km 2 for Grindul Chituc and 2.36-2.64 territorial groups/10 km 2 for Grindul Lupilor). In Chituc and Grindul Lupilor we also directly observed 5 jackals and one red fox and on several locations we found jackal footprints (Fig. 6) and scats. We were also able to photograph 2 jackals (Fig. 9) and recorded the vocal responses. In total from 66 calling stations in different areas of Romania, we recorded 30 vocal responses to acoustic stimulation. In most cases (70%) jackals responded for the first time after the first broadcast - ed howl and to a lesser degree after later ...
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... to densities of 0.73-0.59 territorial groups/10 km 2 . During the field work we observed one group of jackals, 1 adult and 3 sub-adult. We also collected biological tissue from a specimen killed on the road. Local officials from NFD ROMSILVA reported that on average once jackal per month is recorded killed on road. Dobrogea. In Dobrogea (Fig. 4) study area we performed survey from 10 calling stations covering 95.3-109.3 km 2 . We recorded response of 5 territorial groups. The density was estimated to 0.46-0.52 territorial groups/10 km 2 . During the field work in Dobrogea, we also observed 5 separate jackals and 5 red foxes. We were also able to photograph several ...
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... recorded a response of territorial jackal group to a play-back. In Danube Delta a total number of 6 ter- ritorial groups were recorded in October 2010 andFebruary 2011. In October 2011 more systematic sur- vey was performed from 11 calling stations covering 74.5-83.2 km 2 at Grindul Lupilor and Grindul Chituc in the lagoon complex of Razim-Sinoe (Fig. ...
Citations
... For the calculation of minimum average jackal density estimates in four areas with repeated surveys, we followed approach used in previous studies (e.g., Giannatos et al. 2005;Banea et al. 2012;Šálek et al. 2014;Trbojević et al. 2018) to enable comparison with other parts of Europe. Human hearing distance of jackal howling on windless nights with no background noise was estimated to be 1.8-2 km (Giannatos et al. 2005), which results in an average effective area for an audible response from jackals to 10.2-12.6 km 2 . ...
... Compared to the neighbouring regions in the Balkan peninsula and Pannonian basin that were experiencing exponential golden jackal population growth already in the 1990s and 2000s (e.g., Toth et al. 2009, Banea et al. 2012, Markov 2012, Ćirović et al. 2016, in Slovenia the substantial increase only started to occur in the 2010s, i.e., about 60 years after first arrival of the species and 30 years since regular presence in the country. When minimum densities of jackal territorial groups from our study in Slovenia are compared with data obtained with the same method elsewhere, densities are still considerably lower than values obtained from most other countries (Table 2). ...
Golden jackal (Canis aureus) has dramatically increased its distribution and abundance in Europe. Expansion is now reaching
parts of Central, Northern, and Western Europe, where jackal occurrences are mainly limited to vagrants or single territorial
groups. Currently, it is hard to predict future development of jackal populations in these regions, as it remains unclear
whether environmental conditions here could enable population growth similar to the jackal core areas in the South-eastern
Europe. We used a combination of a literature review, opportunistically collected data and systematic acoustic surveys to
study historic development of golden jackal population in Slovenia, a Central European country that jackals started colonizing
70 years ago and which could serve as a model for other countries at the expansion frontier due to its resemblance
in environmental conditions. After the initial expansion waves reached Slovenia in the 1950s and 1980s, jackal presence
became more permanent since 2000s. This is also the period when first territorial groups and reproductions were confirmed,
but it was not until the following decade for the number of records to start exhibiting an exponential growth. By 2016–2017,
the minimum densities in lowlands reached 0.06–0.29 jackal territorial groups/10 km2,
which is still lower compared to
the core areas in the Balkans and the Pannonian Basin. This study demonstrates that jackals can successfully colonize and
spread across a forested Central-European country with lower availability of anthropogenic food resources, although in such
conditions, it can take several decades of sporadic existence before population progresses into exponential growth similar
to jackal populations in the European core areas.
... 49 No. 7 2022 ASKEROV et al. range of the family is almost four times larger than in anthropogenic areas (Rotem, 2008). The jackal density is likely to be much higher in the vicinity of human settlements (Banea et al., 2012). Bears were recorded only in the southern part of the park, where the population density reached only 0.4 individuals/1000 ha. ...
Based on the random encounter model, the population densities of species that are potentially prey or competitor to the leopard (Panthera pardus) were estimated in Hyrcan National Park, Azerbaijan. Data obtained from 18 camera traps were processed, 11 of which were installed in the southern part of the park, and seven of which are in the northern part. The total operating time of the cameras amounted to 3950 traps per day for the period from
... The jackal expansion gradually crossed national borders, creeping northward. Since about the 1980s, the jackal populations of Romania (Banea et al. 2012), and Hungary (Tóth et al. 2009) began to rise. Jackals started being seen in Poland (Kowalczyk, Kołodziej-Sobocińska, and Wójcik 2015), and eventually as far north as Estonia (Maran 2015). ...
... The jackal expansion gradually crossed national borders, creeping northward. Since about the 1980s, the jackal populations of Romania (Banea et al. 2012), and Hungary (Tóth et al. 2009) began to rise. Jackals started being seen in Poland (Kowalczyk, Kołodziej-Sobocińska, and Wójcik 2015), and eventually as far north as Estonia (Maran 2015). ...
... Wolves were found to have a negligible effect on mesopredators in forested anthropogenic landscapes of Romania (Dorresteijn et al., 2015). However, the fact that jackals inhabit the region (Banea et al., 2012), but only foxes were recorded in the study, could provide further insights into interactions within the region's canid communities. We found that wolves influenced fox abundance in a region of the Arava Valley where jackals do not occur. ...
The grey wolf (Canis lupus) is recovering globally due to increasing human acceptance, which can drive trophic cascades. An endangered subspecies, the Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs), inhabits arid regions of the southern Levant and Arabian Peninsula where it remains widely persecuted, and little is known about its ecology. Most of the Arabian wolf’s range is dominated by pastoralism, where tolerance of wolves is low. We assessed how acceptance of Arabian wolves, relative to human land-use and density, has cascading effects on other canids by comparing spatial and temporal interactions, and relative abundance of canids across a hyper-arid desert crossing the Israel-Jordan border. Canids responded by adjusting their spatial and temporal activity patterns in relation to human activity. Wolves were recorded significantly less in pastoralist landscapes, leading to cascading effects. We found that jackals (Canis aureus) and foxes (Vulpes spp.) are both suppressed by larger canids. Wolves and jackals both suppressed foxes, but wolves also facilitated foxes by reducing pressure from jackals. Representing the first documentation of the role of an apex predator in the Middle East, our findings highlight the strong ecological effects that Arabian wolves have on desert ecosystems. Conservation efforts should focus on increasing tolerance and working towards coexistence in pastoralist landscapes.
... In Dobrudja, the golden jackal returned since the 1990s (Angelescu, 2004), while in the Danube Delta, the first reports of the golden jackal on the sea shores and non-floodable areas were made by the inhabitants of Caraorman village only in 2002, and in Periprava, the northeasternmost delta locality, in 2005 (Banea et al, 2012). Considering the fact that in the first two or three years of establishment in new territories, the jackal has an elusive character and does not vocalize by hawling, which is characteristic of reproductive and territorial groups, we can say that the jackal became part of the Danube Delta fauna during the years 2000-2001, immediately forming reproductive groups. ...
Hunting is forbidden in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve since 2010. In 2018, Romanian authorities have reported more than 500 separate outbreaks of African swine fever in pigs, mainly in the Danube Delta and near the Hungarian border. For the 2018-2019 hunting season, 2000 golden jackals were supposed to be removed from the Danube Delta as a harvest quota was approved by the Environmental Board Authority. Recently, inhabitants and farmers living in the Danube Delta villages reported that jackals are producing damages on cattle and sheep livestock and claim to the authorities to reduce the species total number in the area. Ecology Department of Crispus NGO Sibiu Romania performed species monitoring in Danube Delta since 2010 and it seems that species reached habitat carrying capacity around 2015-2018 period.
... Такая низкая плотность является нормальной для природных районов ареала шакала, где площадь участка обитания семьи почти в 4 раза больше, чем в антропогенных районах (Rotem, 2008). Вероятно, плотность шакала будет значительно выше в окрестностях населенных пунктов (Banea et al., 2012). ...
... Strandja between Bulgaria and Turkey, Dalmatian Coast, Aegean in Macedonia). With these actions, the golden jackal recovered and not just recolonized its previous range but also dispersed into new areas (Arnold et al., 2012;Banea et al., 2012;Trouwborst et al., 2015). The dispersion of the golden jackal was recorded mainly along the eastern Adriatic coast (Kryštufek and Tvrtkovic, 1990;Jhala and Moehlman, 2008;Krofel and Potočnik, 2008) and the mainland lowlands of South-Eastern and Central Europe (Tóth et al., 2009). ...
Urban, P., Guimarães, N., Bučko, J., 2020. Golden jackal, a natural disperser or an invasive alien species in Slovakia? A summary within European context. Folia Oecologica, 47 (2): 89-99. This summary provides an overview of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) categorization in Europe with particular focus on its presence in Slovakia. The distribution range of this species in Europe has been expanding in recent decades. Currently, European population is in constant and fast increase, widening their ranges towards Central and Eastern Europe and more recently in some western countries. All over Europe, the ca-tegorization of the golden jackal status is discussed with some controversial. A recent genetic study helped to determine that golden jackals do not meet the established three criteria, which categorize a species as an invasive alien species. In Slovakia, golden jackals' numbers grown considerably in the last decade and with an increasing of their distribution through the country it became a permanent species of the Slovak fauna. The only internal status is the hunting Act no. 274/2009, which classifies it as, game species. The fast adaptation and dispersion through Slovakia can be considered similar to the behaviour of an invasive species, as suggested in previous studies in Hungary. Based on widely accepted definitions, agreed under international legal instruments, it is quite clear that the term 'Invasive Alien Species' only encompasses non-native species specifically introduced by humans (intentionally or accidentally). Following this Invasive Alien Species terminology, golden jackals cannot be categorized as such in Slovakia. The natural expansion, the growing ranges, and the increase in numbers of the golden jackal in Slovakia in the last decades points to a need to improve the knowledge of the species.
... Methodology: Even though this method is mainly used with other canids, especially red foxes, some studies have included den surveys to estimate relative abundance also with golden jackals (Banea et al. 2012, Debnath & Choudhury 2013. Those surveys are done during pre-breeding season (Debnath & Choudhury, 2013), when the population is stable, and no new individuals are there. ...
... -Comparability: Compared studies with howling surveys have pointed out that the number of golden jackals is usually founded less (Banea et al. 2012, Debnath & Choudhury 2013. ...
... This method is usually supported by the direct observation of the golden jackals with spotlights or night vision goggles. Spatial analysis may be performed by ArcGIS (Banea et al. 2012). Mills and colleagues (2001) did also propose a probability model for estimating the population size in a given habitat based on the response counts. ...
This guidance reviews the methods for estimating relative abundance and density in nine large European wild carnivore species, somerepresenting relevant health concerns andprovides insights on how to obtain reliable estimations by using those methods. On a local scale, the appropriate method should take into accountthe characteristics of the study area, the estimated survey efforts, the expected results (i.e. a measure of true density or just an index of abundance to monitor the trend in space and time) the level of accuracy and precision, and a proper design so to obtain a correct interpretation of the data. Among all methods, the camera trapping (CT) methods, especially those recently developed, are the most promising for the collection of robust data and can be conducted in a wide range of species, habitats, seasons and densities with minimal adjustments. Some recently developed CT methods do not require individual recognition of the animals and are a good compromise of cost, effort and accuracy. Linear transects,particularly Kilometric Abundance Index (KAI) is applicable for monitoring large regions.A large challenge is compiling and validating abundance data at different spatial scales. Based on ENETWILD initiative, we recommend developing a permanent network and a data platform to collect and share local density estimates, so as abundance in the EU, which would enable to validate predictions for larger areas by modelling. It would allow to identify gaps in the data on wild carnivores (including the species not assessed in the present report) and to focus on these areas for improving predictions. This platform must facilitate the reporting by wildlife policy makers and relevant stakeholders, but also citizen science initiatives.Also, there is need to improve the reliability of local density estimations by developing practical research on methods able to derive densities in untested species and situations, making the application of methods easier for local teams.
... Die Populationsdichte kann lokal bei optimalen Bedingungen bis zu knapp fünf territoriale Familiengruppen/10 km² erreichen, wird aber schon bei rund einer territorialen Familiengruppe/10 km² als hoch angesehen. In weiten Bereichen sei nes Vorkommens mit konventioneller Landwirtschaft beträgt die Dichte 0,1 ter ritoriale Familiengruppen/10 km² (Banea et al. 2012, Šálek et al. 2014, Szabó et al. 2007 Balkanhalbinsel war der Goldschakal aus gestorben oder ausgerottet. ...
The golden jackal (Canis aureus) is a generalist and omnivorous
mesopredator with a correspondingly large Palearctic distribution.
After a population minimum due to direct persecution in
the 1960s, the golden jackal has recovered and, starting from
the relict populations of its original distribution in the Balkans,
has re-colonized former territories. In addition, in recent decades
it has expanded significantly beyond its previous distribution in
Europe to the north and west and established new reproductive
populations. Germany is one of the countries that currently
appear
to be at the front line of its expansion. Since the first
evidence in 1997 until August 2020, 25 records have been
documented
here with no evidence of reproduction so far. The
golden jackal is listed in Appendix V of the EU Habitats Directive.
Against the background of the current legal framework and to
evaluate its ecological impact, careful documentation of its
establishment
trends in Germany is required. Only on this basis
can the necessary favourable conservation status be defined and
a management plan drawn up.
