Figure 1 - uploaded by Matthias Halwart
Content may be subject to copyright.
Context in source publication
Context 1
... food fish consumed and the proportionate contribution is expected to increase as human populations grow and capture fisheries reach their biological limits of production (FAO 2009b). Improvements in aquaculture technology, animal husbandry, nutrition, larval rearing, genetics and breeding have lead to a great diversity of farmed aquatic animals ( Fig. 1) and more aquatic species are being farmed today than ever before: in 1950 countries reported farming 72 species from 34 families; by 2006 production was reported for over 336 species from 115 families (FAO ...
Similar publications
Segala puji dan syukur bagi Allah SWT penguasa alam semesta. Shalawat dan salam semoga senantiasa tercurah kepada junjungan dan tauladan kita Muhammad Rasulullah, keluarga, dan para shabatnya sampai akhir zaman. Syukur Alahamdulillah buku ajar Sorgum – Tanaman Multi Manfaat ini selesai penulis susun. Buku ini berisi tentang kajian tanaman sorgum di...
Genetic gains of crops could be improved by pyramiding physiological, agronomic and stress tolerant traits in single genotypes. Comprehensive foreground and background phenotypic information is a prerequisite for any molecular and strategic breeding program. A population of 465 local spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes was characterized u...
Understanding the level of genetic diversity and structure of landraces is
essential for economical use of genetic resources. In the present study, we
investigated the genetic diversity of 36 representative sample of cucumber
genotypes based on 10 quantitative traits and 17 polymorphic simple sequence
repeat (SSR) markers. Our result revealed varia...
Exploitation of the available genetic resources around the world requires information about the relationships and genetic diversity present among genebank collections. These relations can be established by defining for each crop a small but informative set of accessions, together with a small set of reliable molecular markers, that can be used as r...
Traditional paddy varieties are climate resilient, local stress-tolerant, low-input intensive and valuable sources of genetic diversity that have been under the threat of extinction from rising preferences for high yielding varieties. However, farmers in few pockets of the globe continue to cultivate traditional paddy varieties. This study therefor...
Citations
... In fact, closing the life cycle for the genetic improvement of aquatic species has recently been presented by the United Nation's Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) to help support future sustainable food production (FAO, 2019). However, increasing existing DA production or closing the cycle of CBA species can be constrained if technology, finances, enabling policies and/or knowledge sharing in limited (Bartley et al., 2009;Gjedrem, 2010;Gjedrem et al., 2012;Olesen et al., 2015), making our results a likely best-case scenario globally. ...
Aquaculture (freshwater and marine) has largely supplemented fisheries, but in theory could help reduce fishing pressure on wild stocks. Although not the sole factors, some potential benefits depend on aquaculture pressures on fished species, including collection of wild ‘seed’ material—earlier to later life stages—for rearing in captivity and the capacity of aquaculture to increase. Here we first classify 203 marine (saltwater and brackish) animal species as being produced by either open‐cycle capture‐based aquaculture ( CBA ) or closed‐cycle domesticated aquaculture ( DA )—based on their likely reliance on wild seed—and assess the extent to which these forms of aquaculture could support seafood production and greater wild biomass. Using a data‐limited modelling approach, we find evidence that current aquaculture practices are not necessarily helping reduce fishing to sustainable levels for their wild counterparts—consistent with emerging scientific research. However, if some wild capture species (87 equivalent spp.) were instead produced through CBA, almost a million extra tonnes could theoretically be left in the wild, without reducing seafood production. Alternatively, if reliance on wild seed inputs is further reduced by shifting to DA production, then a little less than doubling of aquaculture of the overexploited species in our study could help fill the ‘production gap’ to support fishing at maximum sustainable levels. While other ecological (e.g. escapes), social and economic considerations (e.g. market substitution) are important, we focused on a critical biological linkage between wild fisheries and aquaculture that provides another aspect on how to improve management alignment of the sectors.
... Aquaculture has been the justification for many introductions of species to regions or ecosystems where they are not native (Bartley et al., 2009;Benzie et al., 2012). There is a large literature on harm posed by introduced species, including introductions pertinent to aquaculture. ...
Effective genetic management of the ~700 aquatic species cultured globally should be addressed for aquaculture to make a significant contribution towards meeting the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. This article aims to identify the current status and challenges relating to the management of farmed aquatic genetic resources (AqGR) and to make recommendations for its improvement. The lack of information on the genetic status of many farmed species is a critical constraint and there is a need to characterize these resources and develop information systems and tools to monitor farmed types used for aquaculture and their wild counterparts. Risk assessment is needed when introducing non‐native species and when managing native species including developed farmed types; policies need to be improved and increased awareness and training in risk assessment are required. To increase the uptake of selective breeding in aquaculture, there is a need for the development and adoption of better and more sustainable business models, including long‐term financial instruments such as public–private partnerships. Training and technology transfer between aquaculture sectors can have significant impact, especially for lower‐value species. Nationally and globally applicable instruments and regulations need to be adapted to AqGR and become operational and be effectively implemented by countries.
... Béné et al. [24] breached on it in their systematic review of the contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to food security and poverty reduction. Bartley et al. [25] considered it indirectly in relation to the use of genetic resources, and Brugere [26] in relation to the social conflicts stemming from institutional 'malfunctions' in coastal areas. The notion of equity and broader interpretation of benefit sharing as a fundamental underpinning of aquaculture's contribution to sustainable development, poverty alleviation as well as human wellbeing and food and nutrition security has, however, attracted little attention to date and is not explicit in the elaboration of principles for sustainable aquaculture [27], analysis of nutritional benefits [28] or technology and innovation [29]. ...
Aquaculture development is part of the Blue Economy narrative and it may offer opportunities for improving the well-being of coastal people and the wider population. However, unlocking its full potential is unlikely to occur through sole focus on increasing production. Using a framework for identifying the “people-policy gap” in aquaculture as a starting point, we introduce benefit sharing as a necessary and complementary concept to filling this gap, as well as the notion of policy coherence to achieve equitable aquaculture development. We examine these concepts in the context of mariculture development through an analysis of national mariculture policies and plans from a selection of Western Indian Ocean (WIO) countries. Our analysis shows that whilst important building blocks and a common thrust for equitable mariculture development exist at regional level, mechanisms through which the benefits from mariculture development are to reach stakeholders affected directly and indirectly by mariculture operations at national levels are not adequately considered. Lack of policy coherence at national level not only prevents progress towards closing the “people-policy gap” in mariculture development, but it may also jeopardise how the sector can live up to its expectations in the region. On the basis of these considerations, we extend our reflection to the aquaculture sector as a whole and argue that policy coherence and benefit sharing should become key considerations in the planning and future development of sustainable and equitable aquaculture.
... In addition, an assumption for local adaptation would be the absence of gene flow between subpopulations (Fraser, Weir, Bernatchez, Hansen, & Taylor, 2001) and high F ST values (McKay & Latta, 2002). According to Bartley, Nguyen, Halwart, and Silva (2009), the use of genetic resources adapted to the location is crucial for the success of genetic improvement programs. ...
... In 2014, aquaculture provided half of all aquatic products for human consumption [20], although this percentage was about 9% in 1980 [19]. More than 500 species and/or species groups had been farmed by 2014 (i.e., a sevenfold increase compared to 1950 [21]), including 362 finfishes, 140 molluscs, 62 crustaceans, and about 15 other aquatic animals [20]. The global aquaculture production (Figure 1) is dominated in 2016 by the farming of freshwater fish spe- cies (58%, i.e., 46.4 million tons) followed by the production of molluscs (21.4%), crustaceans (9.8%), diadromous fishes (6.2%), marine fishes (3.4%), and various aquatic animals (1.2%). ...
... In addition, an assumption for local adaptation would be the absence of gene flow between subpopulations (Fraser, Weir, Bernatchez, Hansen, & Taylor, 2001) and high F ST values (McKay & Latta, 2002). According to Bartley, Nguyen, Halwart, and Silva (2009), the use of genetic resources adapted to the location is crucial for the success of genetic improvement programs. ...
Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (CUVIER, 1818), is the most farmed fish in Brazil. Endemic to the Amazonas and Orinoco basins, it is currently raised in all Brazillian regions. The lack of basic genetic information on tambaqui broodstock has been one of the problems of improvement programs in the species. The goal of this study is to provide information on the genetic basis of tambaqui broodstock from six fish farms located in three different regions of Brazil for application in improvement programs. Thus, genetic analyses were conducted using 15 microsatellite loci. We observed that the broodstock of Biofish (NortB), Prosperidade (NortP), and Tajá (NortT) presented loss of genetic variability. However, their genetic diversity values are higher when compared with the broodstock from the AquaBrasil (improved, NortA) project, Brumado (SoutB), and Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra a Seca (DNOCS) (NorthD), respectively. Furthermore, the broodstock of DNOCS needs to be renovated or increased, and the AquaBrasil individuals need to be better evaluated to verify the improvement achieved in the improvement program. Thus, aimed at the improvement of tambaqui production in the fish farms analyzed, we recommend increasing the population size of the broodstock to avoid inbreeding.
... The majority of the aquaculture literature (67%) did not specify a country (Table 2, e.g. Bartley et al. 2009a;Olesen et al. 2008;Nguyen et al. 2009). The only countries specifically analysed were Bangladesh, China, Ghana, India, Norway, Philippines and Vietnam while regions specified were Asia, Africa and the Pacific (e.g. ...
The Convention on Biological Diversity provides a framework for countries to implement laws regulating the access, use and exchange of genetic resources, including how users and providers share the benefits from their use. While the international community has been preoccupied with resolving the unintended effects of access and benefit sharing (ABS) on domestication in agriculture for the past 25 years, its far‐reaching consequences for global aquaculture has only recently dawned on policymakers, aquaculture producers and researchers. Using a systematic quantitative literature review methodology, we analysed the trends, biases and gaps in the ABS literature. Only 5% of the ABS literature related to the use and exchange of aquaculture genetic resources. Most of this literature related to use in developing countries or global use, but its authors were predominantly from developed countries. The literature covered a narrow range of countries (7) and regions (3), a narrow range of taxonomic groups (9) and a narrow range of uses. Given that aquaculture is the fastest growing global food production sector with products primarily from developing countries using over 580 species, there are significant gaps in aquaculture‐related ABS literature. We conclude that the sector needs urgent analyses on the consequences of ABS restrictions, obligations and opportunities for its early stages of domestication and product development. We recommend priority areas for attention to ensure that rapidly evolving national ABS laws take into account the special characteristics and needs of the aquaculture sector.
... Jusqu'à la fin des années 1970, la production aquacole mondiale ne va progresser que très lentement, ne représentant toujours que 6% de l'ensemble de la production mondiale de produits aquatiques (Cressey, 2009). Mais à partir du début des années 1980, l'amélioration des technologies aquacoles, des conditions d'élevage et de la nutrition des animaux, de l'élevage larvaire, et plus récemment de la génétique vont permettre de fortement augmenter la production (Harache, 2002 ;Bartley et al., 2009). Le développement de l'aquaculture pendant cette période ( Figure 13) fût encouragé par la forte demande en produits aquatiques alors que les captures par pêche stagnaient voire diminuaient ( Figure 11). ...
... Parmi les 250 espèces actuellement répertoriées dans la FAO, 70% sont classées aux niveaux 1 à 3 car la totalité de leur cycle de vie n'est pas bouclé en captivité. Par conséquent, la grande majorité des espèces élevées dans le monde dépendent toujours aujourd'hui d'apports réguliers du milieu naturel, si bien qu'il n'existe pas de dichotomie au sein de la même espèce entre individus sauvages (exploités par la pêche) et individus en captivité (produits en aquaculture) (Balon, 2004 ;Bartley et al., 2009 ;Diana, 2009;Klinger et al., 2013). L'un des exemples les plus emblématique de ce lien entre individus sauvages et élevés est celui du thon rouge de l'Atlantique (Thunnus thynnus), dont la production est entièrement dépendante des individus capturés dans le milieu naturel, qui sont ensuite élevés pendant quelques mois à deux ou trois ans dans d'immenses cages en mer [48]. ...
... A l'inverse, seule une poignée d'espèces ont atteint un niveau de contrôle très poussé (niveau 5), comme le tilapia du Nil, la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ou le saumon de l'Atlantique (Salmo salar) (Balon, 2004 ;Bartley et al., 2009 ;Bostock et al., 2010 ;Gjedrem et al., 2012 ;Hedgecock, 2012). Pour ces espèces, l'ensemble du cycle de vie est contrôlé en captivité et a permis d'améliorer, entre autres, les performances de croissance, avec des gains génétiques généralement compris entre 10 et 15% par génération (Gjedrem, 2000 ;Vandeputte et al., 2009Gjedrem et al., 2012Hedgecock, 2012 ;Diana et al., 2013). ...
Domestication is the process by which animals become progressively adapted, generations after generations, to both captive conditions and humans. In land, this process has started about 12 000 years ago, and has allowed modifying profoundly animals that are today domesticated and display numerous breeds. Contrary to land animals, domestication of aquatic animals is much more recent, thus reared animals have only slightly changed from their wild congeners. After a discussion of the main consequences for aquaculture, a new typology, based on the methods and concepts of systematics, will be described to promote the diversification of new fish species, particularly for European inland aquaculture. From this new typology, this research project aims at developing an approach of evolutionary developmental biology focused on European freshwater fish species, by realizing phylogenetic analyses and comparative biology in silico, as well as experimental studies. In the end, this project could allow a better understanding of the diversity of life strategies of fish and proposing “standard” protocols for the rearing of early life stages of new species in aquaculture, and thus enhance the diversification of fish production.
... The importance of conservation and the use of locally adapted genetic resources in aquaculture are pivotal to the success of fish breeding programs to develop more productive, resistant and cheaper production strains (Bartley et al. 2009). Because of the worldwide distribution of tilapia, their genetic resources have not yet been fully documented or assessed for use in aquaculture, and many of these resources have become threatened and irreversibly lost (Eknath & Hulata 2009;Hallerman & Hilsdorf 2014). ...
Different strains of Nile tilapia can be found worldwide. To successfully use them in breeding programs, they must be genetically characterized. In this study, four strains of Nile tilapia – UFLA, GIFT, Chitralada and Red-Stirling – were genetically characterized using 10 noncoding microsatellite loci and two microsatellites located in the promoter and first intron of the growth hormone gene (GH). The two microsatellites in the GH gene were identified at positions −693 to −679 in the promoter [motif (ATTCT)8] and in intron 1 at positions +140 to +168 [motif (CTGT)7]. Genetic diversity was measured as mean numbers of alleles and expected heterozygosity, which were 4 and 0.60 (GIFT), 3.5 and 0.71 (UFLA), 4.5 and 0.57 (Chitralada) and 2.5 and 0.42 (Red-Stirling) respectively. Genetic differentiation was estimated both separately and in combination for noncoding and GH microsatellites markers using Jost's DEST index. The UFLA and GIFT strains were the least genetically divergent (DEST = 0.10), and Chitralada and Red-Stirling were the most (DEST = 0.58). The UFLA strain was genetically characterized for the first time and, because of its unique origin and genetic distinctness, may prove to be an important resource for genetic improvement of Nile tilapia. This study shows that polymorphisms found in coding gene regions might be useful for assessing genetic differentiation among strains.
... Compared to the domestication of land animals, the domestication of aquatic animals is a recent phenomenon [5]. Except for few species, such as the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the goldfish (Carassius auratus), the bulk of farming has started in the past century [5,12,13]. Most fish species farmed today are not much different from their wild conspecifics [9,10,[13][14][15]. ...
... Except for few species, such as the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the goldfish (Carassius auratus), the bulk of farming has started in the past century [5,12,13]. Most fish species farmed today are not much different from their wild conspecifics [9,10,[13][14][15]. It is estimated that 90% of the global aquaculture industry is based on wild, undomesticated or non-selectively bred stocks [2,16]. ...
... The number of farmed marine species has strongly increased in the past decades, as observed for other fish groups [5,13,28]. However, only 10 percent of the marine species listed in the FAO in 2013 accounted for nearly 90% of global production ( Figure 6). ...
Domestication is a long and endless process during which animals become, generations after generations, more adapted to both captive conditions and humans. Compared to land animals, domestication of fish species has started recently. This implies that most farmed marine fish species have only changed slightly from their wild counterparts, and production is based partly or completely on wild inputs. In the past decades, global marine fish production has increased tremendously, particularly since the 1990s, to reach more than 2.2 million tons in 2013. Among the 100 marine fish species listed in the FAO’s database in 2013, 35 are no longer produced, and only six have a production higher than 100,000 tons. The top ten farmed marine species accounted for nearly 90% of global production. The future growth and sustainability of mariculture will depend partly on our ability to domesticate (i.e., control the life cycle in captivity) of both currently farmed and new species.
