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Diversity in Argentine Andean Potato landraces.
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The ABSTRACT The native potatoes (Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena and S. curtilobum) constitute a valuable genetic resource, adapted to grow under extreme environmental conditions in the Andean highlands. These landraces are grown by subsistence farmers and possess resistance to pests and diseases and environmental stresses that affect the potato c...
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... ex situ at the Argentinean Genebank of INTA, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce (Active Genebank) and by the Base Genebank, located at the Instituto de Recursos Biológicos (INTA, Castelar). The current germplasm holdings are de- tailed in Table 1. Almost all the local varieties are tetraploid belonging to the subspecies andigena (Fig. 1). Hawkes and Hjerting (1969) reported the presence in Argentina of other cultivated species such as S. juzepczukii Bukasov (2n=3x =36) S. chaucha Juz. & Bukasov (2n=3x=36) and S. curti- lobum Juz. & Bukasov (2n=5x=60). A few pentaploid ac- cessions, identified as S. curtilobum ('Luqui') have been identified recently and are conserved in ...
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Citations
... Andean native potato landraces own a high diversity that contributes as an important source of resistance against pests and diseases, and possess valuable qualities such as chipping quality, high solids content, resistance to frost, and medicinal uses [1]. Despite having a very low average yield (7 t/ha) [2], farmers keep them for cultural heritage and food safety, because of their good taste and softness after cooking [3]. ...
... Over the past few decades, this diversity is decreasing due to lack of access to water for irrigation, lack of recognition of indigenous people to own their land, changes in agricultural practices, migrations of inhabitants to urban areas, the impossibility of obtaining clean potato seeds of their local landraces, and the restricted access to markets [1,3]. In addition, forecasted scenarios state that climate change will increase temperatures in cold highlands that could promote the proliferation of pests and diseases in these areas [5]. ...
... Within the complete list of landraces, there were some accessions with the same folk name. According to Clausen et al. [1], this could be due to coming from a different locality or farmer and sharing morphological similarities, or the result of the exchange of varieties between farmers. In fact, time ago Zimmerer [12] stated that the spatial coalescence of endemic distributions conforms most closely to agricultural areas articulated through networks of seed exchange, so-called cultivar regions. ...
Background
The native Andean potatoes, despite their low yield, have a large diversity that is conserved by subsistence farmers in Peru, due to their culinary characteristics and other qualities. However, this diversity is threatened by the impacts of climate change, which would directly affect the food security of these people, and eventually ours. Among its qualities of resistance to pests and diseases, there could be a genetic source of resistance to late blight, one of the most damaging diseases of the potato crop in the world. In this assay, 103 native landraces collected from local farmers in the Pasco region of Peru were subjected to natural infection conditions with Phytophthora infestans to identify potential resistant landraces within them.
Results
The 103 landraces assessed showed a broad variety of responses and were classified as “resistant” (22%), “moderately resistant” (57%), and “susceptible landraces” (21%). A relative effect of the disease in the yield is also shown, which is already low for commercial intentions.
Conclusion
Within this representative sample of the native potato diversity of the Pasco region, at least 23 local varieties grown by subsistence farmers have resistance qualities against eventual late blight disease.
... For the cultivated species like Solanum tuberosum group Andigenum, clonal maintenance is required and in vitro conservation is implemented (12). There are 400 accessions of Andean potato landraces present in the genebank, mainly collected in the valleys and gorges of the Puna and Prepuna biogeographical provinces and also from local markets. ...
Wild potato species (WPS) are vital genetic resources to improve the productivity and sustainability of the third most important food crop worldwide. Although in situ conservation of this germplasm has been considered the most appropriate strategy, establishment of Genetic Reserves is still incipient. Northwest Argentina is among the priority regions for establishing WPS Genetic Reserves, whose designation within Protected Areas is accepted as the most efficient approach. In this work, we present results of the prospection and collection of WPS in Los Cardones National Park, a Protected Area with high environmental heterogeneity and diversity of plant communities. Four wild and one cultivated potato species were identified in different physiognomic vegetation units: Solanum acaule, S. brevicaule, S. boliviense, S. vernei and S. tuberosum group Andigenum. In the four WPS, characters of interest for plant breeding have been described. Through the development of environmental education workshops and the monitoring over two consecutive years within a worldwide priority site, we have established a baseline on which in situ conservation will be projected to preserve an essential component of the natural and cultural America's patrimony.
Highlights
Northwest Argentina is a priority region to develop in situ conservation programs of potato wild relatives.
Los Cardones National Park is a Genetic Reserve in which primary and secondary gene pool of the cultivated potato could be conserved.
Solanum acaule, S. boliviense, S. brevicaule and S. vernei were surveyed, monitored and collected in different physiognomic vegetation units within the Los Cardones National Park.
A baseline with distribution data and phenological stages of populations of the four wild potato species was established.
Communication, education and awareness activities related to the conservation of wild potatoes species and landraces were carried out.
... For the cultivated species like Solanum tuberosum group Andigenum, clonal maintenance is required and in vitro conservation is implemented (12). There are 400 accessions of Andean potato landraces present in the genebank, mainly collected in the valleys and gorges of the Puna and Prepuna biogeographical provinces and also from local markets. ...
... However, the landraces produce highly heterozygous seeds and clonal maintenance is required for the conservation of specific genotypes (Ashmore 1997). Therefore, these are conserved in vitro in slow growth media (Clausen et al., 2010). In Canada, the Canadian Potato Genetic Resources, or potato gene bank (which is part of Plant Gene Resources Canada (PRGC)), preserves nearly 180 breeding lines or potato varieties of importance to potato researchers and breeders http://agr.gc.ca/eng/news/scientificachievements-in-agriculture/biodiversity-andbioresources/keeping-potatoes-alive-we-ve-got-yourbackup/?id=1496186643119. ...
Plant genetic resources (PGRs) play an important role in agriculture, environment protection, cultural property and trade; they need to be conserved. There are two fundamental approaches for the conservation of PGRs: in situ and ex situ. In situ conservation is the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings. Ex situ preservation is the storage of seeds or plant materials under artificial conditions to maintain their long term viability and availability for use. Genebanks employ seed storage, field collections of living plants and in vitro storage (tissue culture or cryopreservation) for ex situ preservation of PGR. Storage of orthodox seeds, which are tolerant to low moisture content and low temperatures at appropriate temperature and humidity, is the most convenient ex situ conservation method. Plants that produce recalcitrant seeds or non-viable seeds are conserved in field genebanks as well as in-vitro in slow growth media for short-to-medium term and cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen at-196 0 C for long-term periods. Cryopreservation is very expensive and needs trained personnel; this could explain why this method is rarely used for conservation of plant genetic resources in most developing countries. Potato tubers are bulky and highly perishable; the crop is generally conserved as clones either in field genebanks (with annual replanting), in-vitro conservation in slow growth media for short-to-medium term and cryopreservation for long term. Field genebanks are expensive to maintain and the crop is exposed to many dangers; hence, cryopreservation is the only feasible method for long term conservation. However, given the high cost of cryopreservation, long-term conservation of potato genetic resources is poorly developed in most resource-poor countries leading to high rates of genetic erosion. This paper looks into the various methods that that can be applied to conserve potato genetic resources and the status of conservation of potatoes in major genebanks and some countries.
... The S. tuberosum Andigenum group, one of the most abundant and diverse group (de Haan et al., 2010), comprises landraces with a wide distribution in the Andes, from Venezuela through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and northwestern Argentina (Hawkes, 1990). The numerous local varieties differ in their growth habit, flower colour and tuber characteristics (shape, skin and flesh colour); these landraces are a valuable genetic resource possessing resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses (Clausen et al., 2010). ...
... In the Andean region, potatoes are cultivated by subsistence farmers and represent a significant contribution to their daily food and household economic support (Franco and Main, 2008). In Argentina, potato landraces are grown in the northwestern region (Jujuy, Catamarca and Salta provinces), in the high mountain valleys and the Puna and Prepuna phytogeographic areas (Clausen et al., 2010). Despite its low production (about 600 tons per year) (Fernández and Failde de Calvo, 2008), this crop is a substantial support for the economy of numerous families in the region. ...
Landraces of the Solanum tuberosum Andigenum group are abundant and diverse. They are a valuable genetic resource possessing resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses. In the Andean region, populations of the false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans became specialized to infect native potatoes, being one of the major limiting factors affecting this crop. A better understanding of the host plant-parasite interactions is important in order to select tolerant or resistant plants to be included in management programs. Despite the close of association of N. aberrans with potato, and the great diversity of the S. tuberosum Andigenum group, few histopathological studies have been conducted. The aim of this work was to analyze histological alterations induced by different Argentine populations of the nematode in naturally infested roots of four Andean potato varieties (Collareja, Negra Imilla, Ojo de Señorita and Colorada). All the varieties showed hyperplastic tissue in the central zone of galls, where syncytia developed in close association with the nematode female. Syncytia were composed of modified hyperplastic tissue and parenchyma xylem cells. The results showed differences among varieties in their response to nematode populations, with Ojo de Señorita and Negra Imilla being the most susceptible ones. This study is the first describing histopathological alterations induced by N. aberrans in susceptible Andean potato landraces.
... Typically, we obtained 1-2 mg/ml of protein in the extracts. 5 www.bio-protocol.org/e2032 ...
... Note: We typically assay a total of 15 different extract final concentrations, containing 0, 1,2,3,5,10,15,20,30,75,100,150,200,250 and 300 μg/ml of protein. ...
Metallocarboxypeptidases (MCP) are zinc-dependent exopeptidases that catalyze the hydrolysis of C-terminal amide bonds in proteins and peptides. They are involved in a wide range of physiological processes and have recently emerged as relevant drug targets in biomedicine (Arolas et al., 2007). In this context, the study and discovery of new MCP inhibitors from plants constitute a valuable approach for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Herein we describe a simple and accessible microplate method for the study of the specific and dose-response carboxypeptidase A inhibitory activities present in Andean potato tubers. Our protocol combines an extraction method optimized for small protein inhibitors in plant tissues, with the measurement of enzyme kinetics using a microplate reader. These instruments are capable of reading small sample volumes, for many samples in a very short time-frame, therefore reducing the time and costs of high-throughput screening experiments. Although this protocol describes the study of Andean potatoes, our approach is also applicable to the analysis other plant samples.
In the present chapter, we summarize the knowledge of wild and cultivated potato species, diversity, a taxonomic update including group concept classification and description, species valid names, and a complete synonymy, distribution, and habitat. Likewise, the importance of reproductive characters, breeding barriers, interspecific hybridization, and gene flow, introgression, polyploidy in potato evolution and ecological adaptation, and conservation strategies is explained. Also a comprehensive taxonomy of all wild and cultivated potatoes, based on the integration of multiple evidences and phylogenetic relationships between taxa is discussed, providing a framework for further investigation of complex groups as well as rare endemic species. Hypothesis regarding patterns of species diversity and distributions, and adaptive mechanisms to different extreme environments are proposed. More recent genomic approaches are promissory not only to investigate wild potato genome evolution but also to detect alleles related to important agronomic traits. Germplasm of more wild species or potato landraces can be explored considering hypothesis of relationships. A taxonomic framework could be useful for harmonizing names and classification of potato collection among genebanks. The knowledge of species diversity and distribution patterns is fundamental for collecting strategies and the establishment of natural protected areas as well as agrobiodiversity zones, and for management and sustainable use of potato genetic resources.
