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We characterized the type and extent of grasshopper injury to above- and below-ground plant parts for four crops [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and canola (Brassica campestris L.)] commonly grown, or with potential to grow, in central Alaska. Cages were placed on 48 pots containing plants in seco...
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Context 1
... and photoperiod conditions of the chamber approximated interior Alaska Þeld condi- tions ( Fig. 1). Relative humidity was around 50%, and temperatures approximated mean daily highs and lows in June in interior Alaska (Fig. 1). The internal body temperatures of the grasshoppers were likely to be higher than ambient temperatures during the photo- phase because they were able to thermoregulate by climbing to the top of the cages (50 cm from the lights) and absorb thermal radiation from the incan- descent lamps. Cool-white, very high output (VHO) ßuorescent lamps and 100 watt incandescent lamps provided 250 Ð350 mol m-2 s-1 photosynthetic pho- ton ßux (PPF) at the top of the canopy inside the cages, as measured with a PAR-meter (Basic quantum meter, Spectrum Technologies, Inc., PlainÞeld, IL). Photoperiod was 20 h (Fig. 1), which provided enough light for plant growth. During clear days in interior Alaska (latitude 64 0 N) near the summer solstice, sunlight provides a mean daily PPF of 500 mol m-2 s-1 (Bonanza Creek LTER 2001). Even though the instantaneous PPF levels were lower than the mid-day PPF peak levels in the Þeld, the daily- integrated PPF levels are typical of Þeld values in interior Alaska. Partly cloudy days are very typical of the early summer weather patterns in interior Alaska. Further, Chabot et al. (1979) showed that leaf anat- omy and photosynthesis are more inßuenced by the daily-integrated PPF than the instantaneous PPF. Plants were harvested 22 d after planting. In each treatment, plants were separated into leaves, stems and roots. Leaf area (cm 2 ) was measured with a Li-Cor 3000 model leaf area meter. Plant material was dried for 24 h at 70C and dry weight of each fraction was determined. Measurements were expressed on a per pot basis. The leaf and stem parts were ground and 200 mg of each sample was analyzed with a LECO 2000 CHNS analyzer for dry combustion determina- tion of total C and N concentration in the leaf and stem part of the plants. In the case of wheat and canola, there was not enough stem or leaf tissue remaining in the highest grasshopper density treatment for analysis. As a result, crops for this particular variable were grouped as group 1 (barley and oats) with four levels of grasshopper densities and group 2 (wheat and canola) with three levels of grasshopper densities and analyzed separately. Therefore comparisons of the crops for CN data were made within each group (Table ...
Context 2
... and photoperiod conditions of the chamber approximated interior Alaska Þeld condi- tions ( Fig. 1). Relative humidity was around 50%, and temperatures approximated mean daily highs and lows in June in interior Alaska (Fig. 1). The internal body temperatures of the grasshoppers were likely to be higher than ambient temperatures during the photo- phase because they were able to thermoregulate by climbing to the top of the cages (50 cm from the lights) and absorb thermal radiation from the incan- descent lamps. Cool-white, very high output (VHO) ßuorescent lamps and 100 watt incandescent lamps provided 250 Ð350 mol m-2 s-1 photosynthetic pho- ton ßux (PPF) at the top of the canopy inside the cages, as measured with a PAR-meter (Basic quantum meter, Spectrum Technologies, Inc., PlainÞeld, IL). Photoperiod was 20 h (Fig. 1), which provided enough light for plant growth. During clear days in interior Alaska (latitude 64 0 N) near the summer solstice, sunlight provides a mean daily PPF of 500 mol m-2 s-1 (Bonanza Creek LTER 2001). Even though the instantaneous PPF levels were lower than the mid-day PPF peak levels in the Þeld, the daily- integrated PPF levels are typical of Þeld values in interior Alaska. Partly cloudy days are very typical of the early summer weather patterns in interior Alaska. Further, Chabot et al. (1979) showed that leaf anat- omy and photosynthesis are more inßuenced by the daily-integrated PPF than the instantaneous PPF. Plants were harvested 22 d after planting. In each treatment, plants were separated into leaves, stems and roots. Leaf area (cm 2 ) was measured with a Li-Cor 3000 model leaf area meter. Plant material was dried for 24 h at 70C and dry weight of each fraction was determined. Measurements were expressed on a per pot basis. The leaf and stem parts were ground and 200 mg of each sample was analyzed with a LECO 2000 CHNS analyzer for dry combustion determina- tion of total C and N concentration in the leaf and stem part of the plants. In the case of wheat and canola, there was not enough stem or leaf tissue remaining in the highest grasshopper density treatment for analysis. As a result, crops for this particular variable were grouped as group 1 (barley and oats) with four levels of grasshopper densities and group 2 (wheat and canola) with three levels of grasshopper densities and analyzed separately. Therefore comparisons of the crops for CN data were made within each group (Table ...
Context 3
... and photoperiod conditions of the chamber approximated interior Alaska Þeld condi- tions ( Fig. 1). Relative humidity was around 50%, and temperatures approximated mean daily highs and lows in June in interior Alaska (Fig. 1). The internal body temperatures of the grasshoppers were likely to be higher than ambient temperatures during the photo- phase because they were able to thermoregulate by climbing to the top of the cages (50 cm from the lights) and absorb thermal radiation from the incan- descent lamps. Cool-white, very high output (VHO) ßuorescent lamps and 100 watt incandescent lamps provided 250 Ð350 mol m-2 s-1 photosynthetic pho- ton ßux (PPF) at the top of the canopy inside the cages, as measured with a PAR-meter (Basic quantum meter, Spectrum Technologies, Inc., PlainÞeld, IL). Photoperiod was 20 h (Fig. 1), which provided enough light for plant growth. During clear days in interior Alaska (latitude 64 0 N) near the summer solstice, sunlight provides a mean daily PPF of 500 mol m-2 s-1 (Bonanza Creek LTER 2001). Even though the instantaneous PPF levels were lower than the mid-day PPF peak levels in the Þeld, the daily- integrated PPF levels are typical of Þeld values in interior Alaska. Partly cloudy days are very typical of the early summer weather patterns in interior Alaska. Further, Chabot et al. (1979) showed that leaf anat- omy and photosynthesis are more inßuenced by the daily-integrated PPF than the instantaneous PPF. Plants were harvested 22 d after planting. In each treatment, plants were separated into leaves, stems and roots. Leaf area (cm 2 ) was measured with a Li-Cor 3000 model leaf area meter. Plant material was dried for 24 h at 70C and dry weight of each fraction was determined. Measurements were expressed on a per pot basis. The leaf and stem parts were ground and 200 mg of each sample was analyzed with a LECO 2000 CHNS analyzer for dry combustion determina- tion of total C and N concentration in the leaf and stem part of the plants. In the case of wheat and canola, there was not enough stem or leaf tissue remaining in the highest grasshopper density treatment for analysis. As a result, crops for this particular variable were grouped as group 1 (barley and oats) with four levels of grasshopper densities and group 2 (wheat and canola) with three levels of grasshopper densities and analyzed separately. Therefore comparisons of the crops for CN data were made within each group (Table ...
Citations
... Grasshoppers are an excellent ecological and biological indicator of ecosystem qualities and the efficacy of ecological networks (Gebeyehu et al., 2002;Bazelet & Samways, 2011;Bazelet & Samways, 2014;Zhang et al., 2019). Besides estimating species diversity and abundance (Latchininsky et al., 2011;Mariottini et al., 2013;Sergeev, 2021), they are also one of the causes of significant damage to crops (Begna & Fielding, 2003;Zhang et al., 2019;Dakhel et al., 2020). ...
Previously published works of literature were reviewed to prepare the checklist of grasshoppers under the family Acrididae from Nepal. The present checklist of grasshoppers under the family Acrididae includes 69 species belonging to 41 genera, and 18 tribes with 11 subfamilies. Oedipodinae (17) was the most species-richest subfamily followed by Gomphocerinae (12), Catantopinae (9), Oxyinae (7), Cyrtacanthacridinae (6), Acridinae (6), Eyprepocnemidinae (4), Coptacrinae (3), Hemiacridinae (2), Calliptaminae (2), and Spathosterninae (1). This checklist will be also helpful to forecast outbreaks of grasshopper species and apply appropriate management approaches.
Keywords: Acrididae , Checklist , Distribution , Diversity , Nepal , Oriental
... Ibrahim et al. (2018) reported that grasshoppers are one of the pests of bambara groundnut. Begna and Dennis (2003) reported that grasshoppers are also one of the insects that destroy soybean leaves. Apriliyanto and Setiawan (2014) reported that grasshoppers and aphids are the main pests of long bean plants, while predator ladybug species are among the natural enemies of aphids. ...
Landraces breeding scheme of bambara groundnut from various regions of Indonesia since 2012 provides several potential lines which are uniform, high yielding and drought-tolerant. Evaluation of resistance to pests and diseases is aimed to select potential lines which are resistant to pests and diseases and potential for development in Madura dry land during the dry season. The present study used descriptive method through field observation technique on 10 selected potential lines of Bambara groundnut. The results showed that there were 5 (five) types of pests and 4 types of diseases found in bambara groundnut crops planted during the dry season in Bangkalan Regency of Madura. The pests attacking more than 25% per plot were aphids, ladybugs and grasshoppers. A symptom of pathogen attacking more than 25% per plot were Bean common mosaic virus and soybean common mosaic virus. The GSG 1.1.1 potential line had the lowest pest attack and the BBL 2.1.1 potential line had the lowest disease incidence.
... For host plant acceptance, no choice feeding bioassay was carried out with the plant species that significantly attracted Poot-Pech et al the CAL from the olfactometer test. Plants were prepared as described by Begna & Fielding (2003) with some modifications. Briefly, plants were established into plastic growing pots (0.2 m diameter × 0.4 m depth) that contained regular soil. ...
The Central American Locust (CAL) Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Walker is one of the most harmful plant pests in the Yucatan Peninsula, where an important gregarious zone is located. The attraction and host plant acceptance by the CAL have not been studied in detail thus far. In this work, the CAL attraction to various plant species was evaluated using an olfactometer test system, and the host plant acceptance was assessed by the consumption of leaf area. Results showed that the CAL was highly attracted to Pisonia aculeata. Evaluation of host plant acceptance showed that the CAL fed on Leucaena glauca and Waltheria americana, but not on P. aculeata or Guazuma ulmifolia. Analysis of leaf thickness, and leaf content of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) showed that the CAL was attracted to plant species with low leaf C content.
... An analysis of the retrieved literature showed a surprisingly low number of studies on acridid grasshopper host plant preferences that used both native and introduced plant species (13 out of 2146); of these, only six studies explicitly compared grasshopper feeding or performance on plants of different origin. This might be explained, in part, by the substantial economic importance of acridid grasshoppers due to their ability to outbreak; as a result, the focus of many experimental studies on the biology and ecology of grasshoppers has been often limited by grasshopper damage to different crop plants [39], grasshopper dietary selection based on plant quality [35,40], or their involvement in ecosystem nutrient cycling [41]. In the meantime, grasshopper feeding responses to introduced host plants and their contribution to the resistance of communities have remained largely unexplored. ...
Novel, non-coevolved associations between introduced plants and native insect herbivores may lead to changes in trophic interactions in native communities, as well as to substantial economic problems. Although some studies in invasion ecology demonstrated that native herbivores can preferentially feed on introduced plants and therefore contribute to the biotic resistance of native communities to plant invasions, the role of acridid grasshoppers as native generalist insect herbivores is largely overlooked. This systematic review aimed to identify patterns of grasshopper feeding preferences for native versus introduced plants and, consequently, a potential of grasshoppers to provide biotic resistance of native communities. The analysis of 63 records of feeding preference trials for 28 North-American grasshopper species (retrieved from 2146 studies published during 1967–2017) has demonstrated a preference of grasshoppers for introduced host plants, and identified 12 preferred introduced plants with high or middle invasive ranks. A significant effect of the life stage (p < 0.001), but not the experimental environment, plant material, and measurements, on grasshopper preferences for introduced plants was also detected. Overall, results suggest a potential of acridid grasshoppers to contribute to the biotic resistance of native communities. The review also provides methodological recommendations for future experimental studies on grasshopper-host plant interactions.
... Over the past 50 years in Canada and the United States it has been estimated to cause losses in the grasshopper annual crops 6 million; having higher losses of up to $200 million (Sultan and Fielding 2003). In Mexico Sphenarium purpurascens Charp causes significant losses in crops of beans, corn and pasture, in the United whose altitude is more than 2 000 meters as Chihuahua, Durango, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, State of Mexico, Michoacan, Puebla, Tlaxcala and Guanajuato (Garcia and Lozano 2011). ...
El cultivo de amaranto (Amaranthus hypocondriacus L.), se ve afectado por el ataque de insectos plaga; entre las cuales Sphenarium purpurascens Charp, es uno de las principales plagas ocasionado pérdidas importantes, además de generar gastos fuertes en su control químico. Por lo anterior, es necesario contar con alternativas económicas de control que sean inocuas al ambiente y la salud humana. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer el efecto de Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) en combinación con extractos acuosos de chicalote (Argemone mexicana L.), chile (Capsicum frutescens L.) e higuerilla (Ricinus comunis L.) para el control de S. purpurascens en amaranto. Al probar en laboratorio el efecto de B. bassiana sobre S. purpurascens de cinco tratamientos y un testigo (agua) inoculados tópicamente e incubados a temperaturas de 26 ± 1 oC y HR= 70 ± 10%), a los ocho días después de la inoculación hubo el 100% de mortalidad en el 2o y 4o estadio ninfal con 1.0 X 108 y 1.0 X 109 conidios mL-1, mientras que en adultos la mortalidad fue de 76 y 81%, respectivamente. En campo se determinó el efecto de extractos de chicalote (Argemone mexicana) + higuerilla (Ricinus comunis) + B. bassiana; extractos de higuerilla + chile (Capsicum frutescens) + B. bassiana; B. bassiana (sin extractos) y testigo (agua) sobre el número de chapulines vivos chapulines por unidad experimental, porcentaje de defoliación y rendimiento de grano. El tratamiento de extractos de higuerilla + chile + B. bassiana presentó el menor número de chapulines (18. 88%), menor porcentaje de daño al follaje (11.77) y la mayor producción de grano 2001.48 kg ha-1.
... For host plant acceptance, no choice feeding bioassay was carried out with the plant species that significantly attracted the CAL from the olfactometer test. Plants were prepared as described by Begna & Fielding (2003) with some modifications. Briefly, plants were established into plastic growing pots (0.2 m diameter × 0.4 m depth) that contained regular soil. ...
The Central American locust (CAL) Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Walker is one of the most harmful plant pests in the Yucatan Peninsula, where an important gregarious zone is located. The olfactory response and host plant acceptance by the CAL have not been studied in detail thus far. In this work, the olfactory response of the CAL to odor of various plant species was evaluated using an olfactometer test system. In addition, the host plant acceptance was assessed by the consumption of leaf area. Results showed that the CAL was highly attracted to odor of Pisonia aculeata. Evaluation of host plant acceptance showed that the CAL fed on Leucaena glauca and Waltheria americana, but not on P. aculeata or Guazuma ulmifolia. Analysis of leaf thickness, and leaf content of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) showed that the CAL was attracted to plant species with low leaf C content.
... Growers use floating row covers and plastic tunnels, discussed above, to manage incidence of leaf miners, cutworms, and root maggots. Grasshoppers are pests of small grains, especially barley and canola (Begna andFielding, 2003, 2005). Costs of insecticide application in Alaska have been estimated at 32.00 U.S. dollars/ha (Begna and Fielding, 2005), making chemical control of grasshoppers costprohibitive except in extreme cases. ...
... Growers use floating row covers and plastic tunnels, discussed above, to manage incidence of leaf miners, cutworms, and root maggots. Grasshoppers are pests of small grains, especially barley and canola (Begna andFielding, 2003, 2005). Costs of insecticide application in Alaska have been estimated at 32.00 U.S. dollars/ha (Begna and Fielding, 2005), making chemical control of grasshoppers costprohibitive except in extreme cases. ...
... Grasshoppers are pests of small grains, especially barley and canola (Begna andFielding, 2003, 2005). Costs of insecticide application in Alaska have been estimated at 32.00 U.S. dollars/ha (Begna and Fielding, 2005), making chemical control of grasshoppers costprohibitive except in extreme cases. Prevention or at least minimization of outbreaks is much more economical and environmentally desirable than controlling outbreaks. ...
Agriculture is a severely underdeveloped industry in Alaska and throughout most of the Subarctic. Growers and entrepreneurs must overcome a diverse set of challenges to achieve greater sustainability in northern communities where resilience is threatened by food insecurity and challenges to northern agriculture have limited the industry. However, several field-based or social policy solutions to problems of high-latitude agriculture have been proposed or are being put into practice. Field-based solutions include the use of special infrastructure or farm management strategies to extend the short growing season, improve soil quality, integrate appropriate pest and irrigation management practices, and further develop the livestock sector. Social and policy solutions are resolutions or decisions reached by stakeholders and government, often through cooperative interaction and discussion. These solutions stem from meaningful discussion and decision making among community members, organizations, agencies, and legislators. Social and policy solutions for Alaska include addressing the high costs of land and the preservation of agricultural lands; improved markets and market strategies; more appropriate funding for research, education and infrastructure; and other integrative or cooperative efforts. Collectively, these solutions will work to improve the outlook for sustainable agriculture in Alaska.
... Previous studies on invertebrate pests have found a similar pattern for cereals and canola. For example, Begna and Fielding (2003) showed barley, oats, and wheat had signiÞcantly greater above-and below-ground biomass than canola plants after feeding by the grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes F. Cereal crops may be able to tolerate a higher degree of pest feeding than canola because of the greater level of nutrients stored in their seeds and faster germination rate. This results in the rapid establishment of a vigorous root system, enabling plants to obtain nutrients at a faster rate and thus recover more rapidly than canola (that have smaller seeds and a slower root development) (Begna and Fielding 2003). ...
... For example, Begna and Fielding (2003) showed barley, oats, and wheat had signiÞcantly greater above-and below-ground biomass than canola plants after feeding by the grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes F. Cereal crops may be able to tolerate a higher degree of pest feeding than canola because of the greater level of nutrients stored in their seeds and faster germination rate. This results in the rapid establishment of a vigorous root system, enabling plants to obtain nutrients at a faster rate and thus recover more rapidly than canola (that have smaller seeds and a slower root development) (Begna and Fielding 2003). Consistent with this notion, damage to canola by the ßea beetle, Phyllotreta spp., is reduced when canola seedlings are grown from larger seeds, which results in more vigorous growth (Elliott et al. 2008). ...
Tolerance and compensatory ability after invertebrate damage are important components of plant defense and are affected by various endogenous and exogenous factors. Here, we examine the impact of feeding damage caused by different densities of the redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor Tucker) on the performance and recovery of canola and wheat seedlings at different plant developmental stages, and when grown under three levels of moisture stress. Both canola and wheat were susceptible to feeding damage caused by H. destructor at early growth development stages (canola-cotyledon, first and second true leaf stage; wheat-GS10 and GS12), but tolerated damage at the later growth stages (canola-third true leaf stage; wheat-GS14). Wheat plants compensated completely for mite feeding damage, while canola plants showed partial compensation when feeding occurred at the cotyledon and first true leaf stages. Canola was susceptible to immediate feeding damage from H. destructor under all levels of moisture stress and did not compensate for this damage over time when grown in the unstressed and moderately stressed treatments. Under severe moisture stress conditions, plant performance traits and mite density often showed a nonlinear relationship, with growth initially increasing as mite density increased, but then decreasing markedly as densities exceeded 30 mites/100 cm(2). Wheat seedlings were susceptible to immediate feeding damage when grown in the unstressed and severe stress conditions, but were generally able to compensate for this damage regardless of moisture conditions. The implications of these results for the management of H. destructor are discussed.
... crops in the State of Pará, because it is the most frequent and numerous species and their adults and nymphs have great defoliation and scraping potential of the husk leaf of these plants ( Fig. 2A). This injury causes darkening of the consumed area, inflicting great damages, and negatively reflecting in the final production and in the flowers quality produced for commercialization (Begna & Fielding 2003). ...
Despite the expansion of floriculture, little is known about insects associated to this crop in northern Brazil. The objective was to identify the main species of defoliator grasshoppers, associated to crops of Heliconia spp. in the northeastern region of State of Pará, Brazil , in the municipalities of Castanhal, Belém and Benevides, from Aug 2004 to Mar 2005. Representatives with higher abundances in these municipalities were the orders Coleoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera and Orthoptera. The collected species of Orthoptera were Cornops frenatum frenatum (Marshall) and Eutropidacris cristata L. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), Prionolopha serrata L. and Chromacris speciosa Thunberg (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), which present a substantial potential to damage heliconias crop in northeastern Pará, Brazil.
... All forbs, native and non-native were preferred over the non-native grass B. inermis. Forbs may be more vulnerable to grasshopper feeding because meristems are more exposed to predation (Begna and Fielding 2003). Other studies have shown that M. borealis is a mixed feeder, with a bias toward forbs (Mulkern et al. 1969, Brusven 1972, Padft 2002. ...
Crepis tectorum L., narrow leaf hawksbeard, first was collected in Alaska in 1974 and by 2004 was a common weed in agricultural fields. Introduction and establishment of a new plant species in a region represents a potential new resource for herbivores, as well as a new competitor for plant species already present. Objectives of this study were to determine the preference for C. tectorum, relative to other common plant species, by Melanoplus borealis (Fieber), a generalist herbivore grasshopper common in Alaska, and to determine the potential impact of grasshoppers on this weed. In choice tests, M. borealis preferred C. tectorum over two native forbs, and a grass species, but dandelion, Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers, was preferred over C. tectorum. In field cages, in each of 3 yr, grasshoppers reduced biomass of mature plants, flowers, and seedlings of C. tectorum, but not other forbs. We conclude that this weed is a readily accepted new food resource for generalist-feeding grasshoppers, and although grasshoppers could potentially limit seed production of C. tectorum, generally grasshopper densities are not high enough to have significant impact on the weed populations.
