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The problem of safe drinking water is one of the major challenges faced by the human population.
With the growth of human population to around seven billion, an estimated 780 million persons
(WHO/UNICEF, 2012) do not have access to clean drinking water, while 2.6 billion persons – half
the developing world, have no access to water for sanitation pu...
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... As per a report by UNICEF, less than 50% of the Indian population has access to clean drinking water (UNICEF, n.d.). There are health concerns related to consuming tap water, including dissolved fluoride and even arsenic in some states (Ghosh & Bose, 2016) in addition to possible transmission of water-borne diseases. Packaged bottled water provides travellers a convenient and cheap alternative. ...
Consumption of bottled water creates large amounts of non-biodegradable plastic waste that poses a serious threat to marine life. Single-use plastic bags have been banned in several states in India. However, bottled water usage is still widely prevalent. We use Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour to understand how beliefs, attitudes, social norms, perceived costs, and perceived benefits affect tourists’ intentions to reduce bottled water usage. We use visual cues to compare the effect of positive and negative framing on tourists’ behavioural intentions and their willingness to pay an environmental tax. Pro-environmental beliefs, attitudes, and social norms affect tourists’ intention to carry their own water. Perceived costs such as the inconvenience of carrying water and changing habits are the primary barriers to eco-friendly intentions. Negative visual cues that nudge the tourist to be aware of environmental costs increase the willingness to pay an environmental tax but do not affect behavioural intentions. Women are more environmentally friendly than men, both with respect to behavioural intentions and willingness to pay. This study is the first to provide insight into the pro-environmental behavioural intentions of Indian tourists. Increasing consumer awareness and providing alternatives for clean drinking water may reduce bottled water consumption.
6 Social vulnerability assessment is a dynamic process, which varies from place to place. In the present study, the 7 social vulnerability index (SVI) of Malda district has been prepared because of several impacts of flood 8 inundation. The flood inundation layer has been generated using multi-temporal remote sensing data. The flood 9 inundation layer is prepared from real-time Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. For social vulnerability 10 assessment, the most efficient indicators are household composition, age & sex composition, and underprivileged 11 population (SC& ST). Economic and educational data has been collected from the Census of India Handbook 12 2011. All these data are combined with the district's village database on the GIS platform. The weightage overlay 13 analysis method is applied to generate the social vulnerability index of the study area, where the multi-influencing 14 factor (MIF) technique has been used for determining the influencing factors. The social vulnerability index has 15 categories into Very High (4%), High (37%), Moderate (32%) and Low (27%). The social vulnerability index is 16 being further intersected with the flood inundation layer to build a database for the most vulnerable area of this 17 district. It has been observed that 70 villages are in Very High zones, 662 villages are in High, 578 villages are in 18 Moderate and 479 villages are in Low zones. This study will help the disaster manager and stakeholders about the 19 vulnerable situation of the study area and also depict the importance of geospatial techniques in disaster 20 management. 21
