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—Distributions of striped bass in Lake Murray during November 1999–December 2000. The solid circles indicated striped bass captured within Lake Murray, and the open circles indicate striped bass captured in the Saluda River. Locations are specified as distances upstream from Saluda Dam (km 0) to Greenwood Dam (km 81). The dashed line denotes the boundary between Lake Murray and the Saluda River. Months are in calendar order and are indicated by their first letter, starting with November on the left.
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Adult striped bass Morone saxatilis (n = 61; 597-914 mm total length) were captured by hook and line throughout Lake Murray, South Carolina, and by electrofishing in the Greenwood Dam tailrace and upper Saluda River above Lake Murray, implanted with temperature-sensitive radio transmitters, and tracked biweekly. During late winter-early spring, str...
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Citations
... In many southern reservoirs, during stratification in summer months, large striped bass are restricted to narrow bands of habitat between warm, oxygenated epilimnetic water and the cooler, anoxic hypolimnion (e.g. Coutant 1985, Matthews et al. 1985, Schaffler et al. 2002, Young and Isely 2002, Thompson et al. 2010). When severe, this restriction or " summer squeeze, " can cause mortality and reduce adult striped bass growth and condition in reservoir populations ( ...
Adult striped bass (Morone saxitilis) are vulnerable to high summer water temperatures and low dissolved oxygen (DO) in southern reservoirs,
potentially resulting in poor body condition and elevated mortality. In Lake Buchanan, Texas, mean relative weights for striped bass >500 mm
ranged from 77 to 84 from 2002–2007 in spring surveys when relative weight should be maximized. Two hypotheses were tested that could explain the
observed poor condition of Lake Buchanan adult striped bass in spring: (1) lack of available prey, or (2) lack of suitable habitat during the previous summer.
Striped bass condition was monitored monthly from August 2007 to March 2008 and additionally in October 2008 and February 2009. Sampling
of vertical and horizontal forage distributions was conducted concurrently from September 2007 to March 2008. Mean striped bass relative weights
increased from 68 in August 2007 to 91 in March 2008, an increase of 0.12 Wr/d; in contrast, vertical and horizontal forage distributions in the reservoir
did not vary seasonally. Additional sampling in October 2008 and February 2009 corroborated this seasonal trend in condition as mean relative weights
were 74 and 81 respectively. Lake Buchanan experienced prolonged periods (>2 mo) during summer when no preferred thermal habitat existed for
striped bass. Low spring condition of adult striped bass in Lake Buchanan was likely due to a hold-over effect of stress caused by a lack of preferred thermal
habitat (i.e., temperature <25 C and dissolved oxygen >2 mg L–1) during the previous summer. For reservoirs with warmer summer temperatures
or more extended warm water periods, maintaining quality striped bass fisheries may not be possible and management alternatives such as stocking the
more temperature-tolerant hybrid striped bass may be preferable.
... In severe cases, suitable habitat for adult striped bass may be entirely lacking during some portion of the summer. Since the development of Coutant's (1985) temperature–oxygen squeeze hypothesis, numerous striped bass telemetry studies have been conducted in reservoirs that fall into one of two categories: (1) systems with some suitable habitat (temperatures below 258C and DO above 3 mg/L) available throughout the summer (Cheek et al. 1985; Coutant 1985; Van Den Avyle and Evans 1990; Wilkerson and Fisher 1997; Schaffler et al. 2002; Young and Isely 2002) and (2) systems without any suitable habitat for at least a portion of the summer (Matthews et al. 1985; Farquhar and Gutreuter 1989; Zale et al. 1990; Van Horn et al. 1998; Jackson and Hightower 2001). Coutant (1985) mainly focused on habitat selection in reservoirs belonging to the first category, in which some suitable summer habitat is available but is spatially limited. ...
... To remain at preferred temperatures, striped bass move into oxygenated thermal refuges, such as creek channels and springs (Coutant 1985; Moss 1985; Van Den Avyle and Evans 1990), tributaries and tailrace habitats (Cheek et al. 1985; Wilkerson and Fisher 1997; Young and Isely 2002), or deep, downstream regions of the reservoir (Schaffler et al. 2002). Movement into refuge habitats occurs as the remainder of the oxygenated habitat in the reservoir warms to 23– 258C (Cheek et al. 1985; Coutant 1985; Van Den Avyle and Evans 1990; Wilkerson and Fisher 1997; Schaffler et al. 2002; Young and Isely 2002). ...
... To remain at preferred temperatures, striped bass move into oxygenated thermal refuges, such as creek channels and springs (Coutant 1985; Moss 1985; Van Den Avyle and Evans 1990), tributaries and tailrace habitats (Cheek et al. 1985; Wilkerson and Fisher 1997; Young and Isely 2002), or deep, downstream regions of the reservoir (Schaffler et al. 2002). Movement into refuge habitats occurs as the remainder of the oxygenated habitat in the reservoir warms to 23– 258C (Cheek et al. 1985; Coutant 1985; Van Den Avyle and Evans 1990; Wilkerson and Fisher 1997; Schaffler et al. 2002; Young and Isely 2002). Temperatures in selected refuge habitats are generally 18–218C, with DO levels above 4 mg/L (Cheek et al. 1985; Coutant 1985; Van Den Avyle and Evans 1990; Young and Isely 2002), although these values may simply reflect ambient conditions in the available refuges and striped bass may select somewhat cooler temperatures given a wider range of oxygenated habitat (Bettoli 2005). ...
The traditional view of habitat requirements for inland striped bass Morone saxatilis suggests that these fish need dissolved oxygen (DO) levels above 2–3 mg/L and temperatures below 25°C to thrive. However, striped bass are found in reservoirs where hypolimnetic hypoxia forces them into warm temperatures (27–30°C) for much of the summer, and contrary to expectations, these populations do not consistently experience poor growth or mortality. We used telemetry of adult striped bass in Badin Lake, North Carolina, to characterize habitat selection by striped bass in systems with unsuitable summer habitat. As summer stratification developed, striped bass selected preferred temperatures of 20–23°C as long as the DO was at least 2 mg/L. Once hypoxia forced striped bass into warmer water, the fish concentrated at the top of the oxycline (defined as the depth just above the largest decline in DO occurring over a 1-m change in depth), which was 1–2°C warmer but had greater DO levels (4–8 mg/L) than the coolest water, with DO of 2 mg/L. Striped bass remained at the top of the oxycline into the fall, even after deeper water with preferred temperatures and a DO level of 2 mg/L became available. We suggest that these patterns, supported by observations in the literature, represent summer habitat selection rules for striped bass in reservoirs where all oxygenated habitat exceeds temperatures traditionally considered suitable for striped bass. We also show that the depth distribution of Badin Lake striped bass in response to physical habitat constraints causes them to overlap spatially with warmwater prey inhabiting shallow, warmwater depths both in the summer and early fall. Badin Lake striped bass continue to feed and grow over the summer, providing evidence that the availability of adequate prey resources can offset the costs of poor summer habitat. Warm, productive reservoirs without permanent thermal refuges may therefore provide better habitat for maintaining quality growth and condition than those systems where occupation of cooler temperatures segregates striped bass from their prey.
... Recently,Bettoli (2005)concluded that the thermal niche of adults includes lower temperatures. To maintain this thermal regime, striped bass in freshwater habitats are known to move to cooler tributaries, headwaters or spring-fed refuges, or to deeper, cooler portions of the main water body of reservoirs and rivers in response to rising water temperatures (>27°C) during the hottest summer months (Dudley et al., 1977;Cheek et al., 1985;Van Den Ayvle and Evans, 1990;Bjorgo et al., 2000;Schaffler et al., 2002). In addition, migrations along the Pacific coast and in the Saint Lawrence River, Canada, appear delayed or inhibited by cold, oceanic water temperatures below 18°C (Coutant, 1985;Rulifson and Dadswell, 1995), while migrations into the ocean along southeastern United States during summer are prevented by warm ocean temperatures (>27°C) (Dudley et al., 1977;Wooley and Crateau, 1983). ...
Striped bass, Morone saxatilis, were captured and released with temperature-measuring data storage tags in Salem Sound, Massachusetts, to collect data on their thermal preferences in coastal and marine waters and to identify environmental factors that may influence temperatures experienced during their summer residence. Striped bass recaptured during summer of 2006 (21 of 151 releases) experienced a wide range of temperatures (6.5–28.0°C) while at-large for 1–53 days. Overall mean temperature and standard deviation selected by striped bass recaptured in Salem Sound during the longest commonly-shared duration of time (3–12 July) were 17.8 and 3.57°C, respectively. Comparison of temperature data between fish and 13 vertical arrays in Salem Sound revealed that striped bass experienced higher and more variable temperatures, and that daily changes in temperature actually experienced were unrelated to daily changes in surrounding ambient temperature. Regular cyclical changes in temperature of all striped bass and vertical arrays were identified as influences of the local tide, which contributed about a 2°C change in temperature, on average, over the complete cycle. Most striped bass appeared to limit their activities to depths shallower than the lower limit of the thermocline, above which temperatures generally exceed 9.0°C in Salem Sound. Therefore, it is likely that the vertical distribution of striped bass is restricted by the low temperatures below this depth. An implication of this finding is that the spatial distribution of striped bass may be defined coarsely by knowledge of the distribution of temperature in coastal areas.
... The higher rates in daily movement observed in early summer may indicate that a portion of the population was still in search of suitable habitat to avoid the hypoxic conditions present in the lower two-thirds of the reservoir (Young and Isely 2002). Striped bass in southern reservoirs are usually required to undertake seasonal movements to cope with temporal and spatial heterogeneity of habitat quality, particularly during the summer (Combs and Peltz 1982; Farquhar and Gutreuter 1989; Schaffler et al. 2002). Striped bass activity typically declines throughout summer as suitable habitat constricts within southern reservoirs (Combs and Peltz 1982; Cheek et al. 1985; Wilkerson and Fisher 1997). ...
... 002). Striped bass activity typically declines throughout summer as suitable habitat constricts within southern reservoirs (Combs and Peltz 1982; Cheek et al. 1985; Wilkerson and Fisher 1997). The total daily movement rates reported here were higher than those we previously reported from bimonthly sampling of this population (Young and Isely 2002). Schaffler et al. (2002) similarly observed that the measures calculated from bimonthly sampling underestimated activity of adult striped bass within summer refugia. This study provides evidence that adult striped bass diel movement may be correlated with hydroelectric discharge. Although movement increased during hypolimnetic discharge, fish distribution chang ...
General patterns of summer diel distribution and movement were identified for adult striped bass Morone saxatilis using tailwater habitat influenced by the diel operation cycle of a hydroelectric dam during the summers of 2003 and 2004. Striped bass distribution within the tailwater was similar during each diel-tracking event and across both summers. The majority of fish remained within the tailwater the entire summer; however, some made periodic excursions to and from the tailwater throughout the summer. Further, most striped bass were located within 0.5 km of Richard B. Russell Dam during all stages of operation on all occasions—probably because of the constant availability of optimal habitat during all three stages of operation on all diel-tracking events. The diel cycle of dam operation, which included pumped storage during each summer, did not degrade tailwater habitat below optimal conditions, according to summer habitat suitability index values for inland adult striped bass. Movement was significantly higher during hydroelectric generation operations than during no-generation and pumped storage periods in summer 2003; this difference was not apparent during summer 2004. Mean absolute movement peaked during hydroelectric generation on six of eight diel-tracking events. During both summers, movement was directed up-reservoir during no-generation and generation periods and down-reservoir during pumped storage. Mean total daily movement rates ranged from 0.59 to 4.04 km/d and were greater than those previously estimated from bimonthly sampling for this population. Total daily movement rate peaked during the first tracking event each summer and then declined as summer progressed. These findings suggest that hydroelectric discharges affect adult striped bass behavior, but the effects are not adverse as long as habitat is not degraded by hydroelectric facility operations.
... Postrelease survival was also comparable with that of other species: 50– 99% for largemouth bass fitted with transmitters (Weathers and Newman 1997) ; 73–98% for largemouth bass held in captivity after weigh-in (Schramm et al. 1987; Kwak and Henry 1995); and 53–100% for walleyes (Goeman 1991; Fielder and Johnson 1994; Hoffman et al. 1996 ). Although transmitter implantation probably contributed to mortality and delays in dispersal, similar implantation procedures have resulted in postrelease survival of more than 90% in other telemetry studies of adult striped bass (Bjorgo et al. 2000; Schaffler et al. 2002; Young and Isely 2004). After release, all surviving striped bass dispersed from the release site. ...
We conducted a telemetry study from November 2004 to June 2005 at J. Strom Thurmond Reservoir in South Carolina and Georgia to quantify posttournament survival of striped bass and their dispersal from tournament weigh-in sites. During November-December 2004, 30 adult striped bass weighing 1.0-10.0 kg were angled, held in "striped bass tube" live-holding systems for 2-5 h, transported to a predetermined weigh-in and release site, and surgically implanted with telemetry transmitters. All striped bass survived transport, recovered from the surgical procedure, and were immediately released. The postrelease survival rate after 120 d was 87%. Surviving striped bass dispersed from the release site within 2-9 d. Fifty-four percent returned to their capture sites. Capture, holding, displacement, and weigh-in appeared to have no long-term adverse affects on behavior. Live release of striped bass may now be a viable option after tournaments during periods of cool water temperatures.
... We observed that the force of fishing was much greater than the force of natural death on the total mortality of this striped bass population. This is similar to other reports on striped bass mortality (Bjorgo et al. 2000; Hightower et al. 2001; Schaffler et al. 2002 ). Estimates of annual total mortality , fishing mortality, and natural mortality rates observed in this study are similar to those reported for other striped bass fisheries (Dorazio 1995; Hightower et al. 2001). ...
... tower et al. (2001) for mortality rates derived from striped bass telemetry data. Total and annual exploitation were also similar to other telemetry studies of reservoir striped bass populations (Jackson and Schaffler et al. 2002). Segmented-regression, a method not previously applied to mortality studies, allowed us to partition the annual catch curve to determine exact time periods of increased mortality rates and also, more importantly, to quantify the seasonal differences in mortality. ...
Estimates of total mortality, fishing mortality, and natural mortality in the fishery for the adult striped bass Morone saxatilis in J. Strom Thurmond Reservoir, South Carolina–Georgia, were determined from long-term radiotelemetry data and high-reward radio transmitter return data using catch curve analyses. Annual total mortality rates were 0.81 ± 0.06 (mean ± SE) for year 1 (July 1999–June 2000) and 0.42 ± 0.04 for year 2 (July 2000–June 2001). We observed that the force of fishing was much greater than the force of natural death on total mortality in this fishery. Total exploitation of all implanted striped bass over the 2-year study period was 48%. Fishing mortality rates were 0.67 ± 0.04 for year 1 and 0.33 ± 0.02 for year 2, and natural mortality rates were 0.14 ± 0.02 for year 1 and 0.09 ± 0.02 for year 2. We also identified seasonal increases in total and fishing mortality rates from July to September. Fishing mortality was highest temporally and spatially during late spring and late summer near the tailrace below Richard B. Russell Dam owing to high angling pressure for striped bass while the fish were congregated in summer refugia. Natural mortality occurred only during mid to late summer in the middle section of the reservoir. These deaths were attributed to striped bass's becoming trapped in unsuitable summer habitat in the lower and middle sections of the reservoir. Mean postsurgery growth from 15 harvested study fish at large for a mean of 1.16 ± 0.81 years was estimated to be 1.71 ± 0.73 kg/year. Internal implantation of telemetry devices appeared to have no negative effect on long-term growth, health, and survival of adult striped bass and did not bias mortality and survival estimates.
... The selection of habitat exhibiting an above-optimal temperature and adequate dissolved oxygen has frequently been reported (Combs and Peltz 1982; Matthews et al. 1985; Farquhar and Gutreuter 1989). However, the selection of habitat with an optimal temperature but a suboptimal dissolved oxygen concentration over habitat with a higher level of dissolved oxygen has only recently been reported (Schaffler et al. 2002 ). Most studies demonstrating the use of the hypolimnion were conducted in systems with no thermal refuges, so that striped bass were spatially restricted to these minimally suitable areas throughout the summer (Combs and Peltz 1982; Matthews 1985; Farquhar and Gutreuter 1989 ). ...
... The concentrations of striped bass during both summers comprised fish from all three tagging locations. The selection of common summering areas by striped bass from different sources has been observed previously (Combs and Peltz 1982; Farquhar and Gutreuter 1989; Schaffler et al. 2002 ). The use of common and consistent summer areas by striped bass from different sources may be attributed to the limited availability of habitat within the reservoir on a regular annual basis. ...
... Similar striped bass telemetry studies also found the highest movement rates in spring and fall during periods of changing limnological conditions and the lowest movement rates when fish occupied summer and winter habitats (Combs and Peltz 1982; Cheek et al. 1985; Farquhar and Gutreuter 1989; Wilkerson and Fisher 1997). Variation in movement rates has been attributed to spawning (Braschler et al. 1989; Henley 1998 ), restrictions in seasonal habitat availability (Wilkerson and Fisher 1997), and sampling periodicity (Schaffler et al. 2002). Jackson and Hightower (2001) observed no significant differences in movement rates between seasons but also report high fidelity to the same areas in all seasons. ...
Forty-eight adult striped bass Morone saxatilis (3.2-19.1 kg) were captured by electrofishing in the tailrace of Richard B. Russell Dam and in the upper reaches of two major tributaries; they were implanted with temperature-sensitive radio transmitters and tracked approximately bimonthly for 20 months. As J. Strom Thurmond Reservoir downstream from the dam became thermally stratified in May, fish vacated the tributaries. From June to October, all striped bass were found within the reservoir's historical Savannah River channel. By August, most of the instrumented fish were found in the upper section of the reservoir, where optimal habitat was available throughout the summer owing to cool, artificially oxygenated hypolimnetic discharges from Richard B. Russell Dam. In mid-October the reservoir destratified, and fish dispersed from their up-reservoir summering areas and redistributed themselves throughout the reservoir. During early winter, the striped bass returned to tributary habitat or down-reservoir areas and generally used these locations throughout the winter. The fish exhibited a high degree of site fidelity to their summering areas, source tributaries (after fall dispersal and throughout the winter), and spring spawning areas. Mean movement rates were highest in the spring and fall, corresponding to the migration from tributaries in May and the return migration after fall dispersal. Mean movement rates were lowest in summer and winter, corresponding to the periods of high fidelity to summering and wintering areas. The average monthly temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations in areas used by striped bass were 19.0-20.4°C and 4.86-6.44 mg/L during May-October, which corresponded to average monthly habitat suitability index values of 0.76-0.98. Striped bass avoided temperatures above 25.1°C and dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 2.3 mg/L.
... striped bass distribution within the context of suitable temperatures and dissolved oxygen habitat ( Matthew et al . 1985 , Douglas and Jahn 1987 , Zale et al . 1988 , Matthews et al . 1989 , Coutant et al . 1990 , Van den Avyle and Evans 1990 , Zale et al . 1990 , Matthews et al . 1992 , Haeseker 1996 , Van Horn 1996 , Wilkerson and Fisher 1997 , Schaffler et al . 2002 , Young and Isley 2002 , Baker and Jennings 2005 , Bettoli 2005 ) . ...
Keywords: temperature, dissolved oxygen, growth, striped bass, forage, management, Bioenergetics, modeling, consumption. Thesis (M.S.)--North Carolina State University. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-66).
Grove L, Stell EG, Grove LJW, Wright RA, DeVries DR. 2022. Influence of blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis, on zooplankton in a southeastern US reservoir. Lake Reserv Manage. 38:256–267.
Forage fishes like blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) have been widely introduced, sometimes without careful consideration of potential ecological consequences. We compared biotic and abiotic factors before and after blueback herring introduction into Lewis Smith Lake, Alabama (United States), and tested for diet overlap among planktivorous species to quantify their potential ecological influences. Abiotic and biotic factors varied among regions of the lake, consistent with differences in agricultural practices and nutrient input within each region. Secchi depth increased and zooplankton density decreased, while chlorophyll a remained unchanged relative to before blueback herring introduction. Juvenile and adult blueback herring and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) consumed the same zooplankton taxa; however, blueback herring consumed significantly larger individuals and significantly greater numbers of zooplankton than threadfin shad. Blueback herring also selectively consumed larger zooplankton than the average size in the reservoir population, while threadfin shad did not. Threadfin shad and blueback herring positively selected Bosmina and cyclopoid copepods. The taxonomic overlap and size selectivity in prey choice suggest that if blueback herring reduce larger zooplankton, threadfin shad and blueback herring diets are likely to increasingly overlap. Because of their differences in feeding strategies (i.e., related to zooplankton size differences) and habitat preferences, current evidence for potential competitive interactions between these planktivores appears limited; however, longer term concerns are that blueback herring could eventually reduce larger zooplankton to the extent where they would increasingly compete with threadfin shad as the most abundant forage fish in Lewis Smith Lake.
Forty-eight adult striped bass Morone saxatilis (3.2-19.1 kg) were captured by electrofishing in the tailrace of Richard B. Russell Dam and in the upper reaches of two major tributaries; they were implanted with temperature-sensitive radio transmitters and tracked approximately bimonthly for 20 months. As J. Strom Thurmond Reservoir downstream from the dam became thermally stratified in May, fish vacated the tributaries. From June to October, all striped bass were found within the reservoir's historical Savannah River channel. By August, most of the instrumented fish were found in the upper section of the reservoir, where optimal habitat was available throughout the summer owing to cool, artificially oxygenated hypolimnetic discharges from Richard B. Russell Dam. In mid-October the reservoir destratified, and fish dispersed from their up-reservoir summering areas and redistributed themselves throughout the reservoir. During early winter, the striped bass returned to tributary habitat or down-reservoir areas and generally used these locations throughout the winter. The fish exhibited a high degree of site fidelity to their summering areas, source tributaries (after fall dispersal and throughout the winter), and spring spawning areas. Mean movement rates were highest in the spring and fall, corresponding to the migration from tributaries in May and the return migration after fall dispersal. Mean movement rates were lowest in summer and winter, corresponding to the periods of high fidelity to summering and wintering areas. The average monthly temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations in areas used by striped bass were 19.0-20.4°C and 4.86-6.44 mg/L during May-October, which corresponded to average monthly habitat suitability index values of 0.76-0.98. Striped bass avoided temperatures above 25.1°C and dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 2.3 mg/L.
