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Distribution patterns of the non-lignified parenchyma (NLP) in the root and stem of Cactaceae and Portula- caceae, obtained from the specialized literature
Source publication
This work describes the occurrence and distribution pattern of non-lignified parenchyma in species of Cactaceae and Portulacaceae, of which samples of roots and stems of six species of Cactaceae and four species of Portulacaceae were analysed. The first records of non-lignified parenchyma in Portulacaceae were obtained and, in the case of Cactaceae...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... distribution patterns of NLP, observed in the present study, vary from continuous bands to bands in the axial or radial system (see Table 1). Table 1 also presents some data from the literature, consid- ering only cases in which NLP cells occur in fibrous wood (secondary xylem consisting of lignified axial and radial elements). ...
Context 2
... distribution patterns of NLP, observed in the present study, vary from continuous bands to bands in the axial or radial system (see Table 1). Table 1 also presents some data from the literature, consid- ering only cases in which NLP cells occur in fibrous wood (secondary xylem consisting of lignified axial and radial elements). ...
Citations
... Further, in C. vitifolium, cell elongation, rather that cell division, is the main process in parenchyma proliferation and there is no area of axial parenchyma that functions as a meristem with constant cell division. In other families with common succulent members such as Asteraceae, Cactaceae, Crassulaceae and Euphorbiaceae, the succulence of the stems is determined by the proliferation of parenchyma in the pith and cortex (Mauseth 2004;Melo-de-Pinna 2009). It would be interesting to study this phenomenon in the xylem of other members of Cochlospermum, as well as other taxa including Foqueriaceae and Caricaeae in which the presence of non-lignified parenchyma has been recorded. ...
Axial parenchyma proliferation (non-lignified parenchyma) in wood has been characterized for only a few species. In the present study, we characterized the proliferation, ontogeny, and seasonal variation of wood axial parenchyma in Cochlospermum vitifolium (Bixaceae). This study included material from natural populations from different sites in Mexico. We analyzed the wood anatomy and development in stems of different ages, and monthly sampling of the main stem during the growing season. The results show that the wood anatomy of C. vitifolium is characterized by features associated with efficient water transport, such as wide vessels and low vessel frequency. The wood has a high storage and radial transport capacity. Axial parenchyma is abundant and constitutes the main cell type of the wood. Rays are wide and tall with a high starch content. Ontogenetic development of the wood showed that non-lignified axial parenchyma differentiates after secondary growth has been established. Parenchyma proliferation does not occur in an axially orderly fashion and the results suggest that there is a relationship between maximum proliferation and precipitation. We found high variation in wood parenchymatization between trees. The maximum parenchymatization and succulence was found in trees with larger stem diameter. The ecological and ontogenetic implications of wood parenchymatization are discussed.
... We can thus expect that the main function of the non-fibrous Valeriana wood (types 2-4) is storage. However, the occurrence of unlignified parenchyma in axial wood of angiosperms appears to be very limited, including Cactaceae and Portulacaceae from very seasonal Brazilian semi-arid areas (IAWA 1989, Melo-De-Pinna 2009, Wheeler et al. 2020, which allows these plants to store water and possibly carbohydrates. A study of species of Senecio L. (Asteraceae) from the equatorial Andes revealed that, in representatives of Páramo, hydraulic safety is preferable to efficient transportation reflected by smaller tracheary elements that are more resistant to cavitation (Soukup et al. 2021). ...
Andean species of Valeriana are frequently pointed to as an example of island woodiness, i.e. plants with herbaceous ancestors that usually evolve woodier forms on islands. We investigated this phenomenon through morphoanatomical and phylogenetic analyses. Plants were collected in the Páramos of Ecuador and had their vegetative morphology described. Stems were sectioned for histological analyses. We mapped the morphoanatomical data plus the maximum reported size for these and other species of the genus, on phylogenetic trees reconstructed on the basis of previously published sequences. Bigger than their Holarctic counterparts, the ancestor of the South American Valeriana was likely to have had a maximum size of 132 cm, and then after evolved to bigger and smaller sizes in a pattern similar to Brownian motion, as supported by phylogenetic signal values. We classified the collected plants into six growth forms (rosette herbs, semirosette herbs, elevated rosettes, elevated semirosettes, shrubs, and lianas), that are not directly related to variable levels of woodiness, as pointed out by our histological analyses. However, the production of unlignified parenchyma in the wood is very frequent, except in older regions of shrubs. The ancestor of the South American Valeriana is also very likely to have unlignified parenchyma in its wood.
... Presence of fibre dimorphism such as in C. indica has been reported in several other families (Carlquist 1958(Carlquist , 1961(Carlquist , 1988Gibson 1977;mauseth 1999;melo-de-Pinna 2009) and in the wood of other species of the Cucurbitaceae (Carlquist 1992;olson 2003. It appears that the non-septate fibres reported by Olson (2003) in Dendrosicyos and in the present study may be the transition between axial parenchyma and fibres, which perform the dual functions of storage of reserve metabolites and mechanical tissue. ...
Peduncles of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. undergo extensive secondary growth, which is a rare and unexplored feature so far. In the present investigation seasonal behaviour of vascular cambium was studied in fruit-bearing peduncles and compared with the vegetative branches of similar diameter. In peduncles, the cambium remained active throughout the year. The number of cambium cells and differentiating xylem cells increased from May and reached a maximum in July-August. Although cambial growth occurred throughout the year, it was relatively sluggish in February despite the development of new leaves and ongoing extension growth. In contrast, cambial cell division in young branches initiated in February, peaked in the same months as peduncle cambium while cambial cell division and differentiation of xylem remained suspended from October to January. Cessation of cambial cell division in the branches during this period may be correlated with the presence of mature leaves. In both (branches and peduncle), rapid cell division and increase in the number of differentiating xylem elements in April-May is positively correlated with the development of flower buds and new leaves. The present anatomical investigation revealed that cambial activity in both peduncle and vegetative branches are independent of phenology and climatic conditions. In conclusion, we believe that variations in the number of differentiating cambium derivatives in peduncles benefits from a dual source of growth hormone supply, i.e. from developing new leaves and flower buds.
... , and it is cited in other species of the family(Soffiatti and Angyalossy 2005, Soffiatti and Angyalossy 2007, Melo-de- Pinna 2009 and in ''Portulacaceae'' (Melo-de-FIG. 4. Transverse sections of the stem segments, showing vascular system with different phases of the pericycle. ...
In this study, the morpho-anatomical features of Hatiora salicornioides (Harworth) Britton & Rose, Rhipsalis floccosa Salm-Dyck Pfeiffer, Rhipsalis elliptica G. Lindb. ex K. Schum. and Epiphyllum phyllanthus (L.) Haworth. were studied during different phases of stem development. Primary (more developed) and terminal (less developed) segments showed variations of anatomical features as exhibited by the epidermal cells in surface view and transverse section. Features of the vascular system, e.g., the occurrence of non-lignified parenchyma in bands (H. salicornioides) or in small groups (R. floccosa and R elliptica), as well as pericycle fibers and lignified cells in the medullar region, were only observed on the primary segments. Nevertheless, based on our anatomical analysis of stem segments in different developmental phases, we conclude that some characters described and used in systematic interpretations should be revised, mainly in the vascular (secondary xylem; non-xylematic vascular fibers) and dermal systems (epidermis in surface view and transverse section).
... Presence of fibre dimorphism such as in C. indica has been reported in several other families (Carlquist 1958(Carlquist , 1961(Carlquist , 1988Gibson 1977;mauseth 1999;melo-de-Pinna 2009) and in the wood of other species of the Cucurbitaceae (Carlquist 1992;olson 2003. It appears that the non-septate fibres reported by Olson (2003) in Dendrosicyos and in the present study may be the transition between axial parenchyma and fibres, which perform the dual functions of storage of reserve metabolites and mechanical tissue. ...
Development of Intra-anD Interxylary SeconDary phloem In CoCCinia indiCa (cucurbItaceae) vidya S. patil 1 , carmen r. marcati 2 and Kishore S. rajput 1, * SummAry Stem anatomy and the development of intraxylary phloem were investi-gated in six to eight years old Coccinia indica L. (Cucurbitaceae). Sec-ondary growth in the stems was achieved by the normal cambial activity. In the innermost part of the thicker stems, xylem parenchyma and pith cells dedifferentiated into meristematic cells at several points. In some of the wider rays, ray cells dedifferentiate and produce secondary xylem and phloem with different orientations and sometimes a complete bicol-lateral vascular bundle. The inner cambial segments of the bicollateral vascular bundle (of primary growth) maintained radial arrangement even in the mature stems but in most places the cambia were either inactive or showed very few cell divisions. Concomitant with the obliteration and collapse of inner phloem (of bicollateral vascular bundles), pa-renchyma cells encircling the phloem became meristematic forming a circular sheath of internal cambia. These internal cambia produce only intraxylary secondary phloem centripetally and do not produce any sec-ondary xylem. In the stem, secondary xylem consisted mainly of axial parenchyma, small strands of thick-walled xylem derivatives, i.e. ves-sel elements and fibres embedded in parenchymatous ground mass, wide and tall rays along with exceptionally wide vessels characteristic of lianas. In thick stems, the axial parenchyma de-differentiated into meristem, which later re-differentiated into interxylary phloem. Fibre dimorphism and pseudo-vestured pits in the vessels are also reported.
... In this phenomenon, patches of fibres have wider diameter, shorter length, living contents and thinner (but not always non-lignified) walls. Such a combination of the two cell types has been reported in certain cacti (Gibson, 1977b;Mauseth, 1999;Melo-de-Pinna, 2009). ...
... Within the Cactaceae-Portulacaceae clade (see Fig. 1), Portulaca has some rayless woods (Carlquist, 1998a;Melo-de-Pinna, 2009). The wood of Talinopsis A.Gray begins rayless but then develops rays; Talinopsis now belongs in Anacampserotaceae (Applequist et al., 2006;Nyffeler & Eggli, 2010). ...
... Axial parenchyma should seem simple to define, but in fact, there are two major kinds: strands of cells that are disposed in various patterns (Kribs, 1935) and apotracheal bands of cells not subdivided into strands to any appreciable extent, the bands resulting from fibre dimorphism. Parenchyma that has resulted from fibre dimorphism can be distinguished from ordinary axial parenchyma easily in Asteraceae (Carlquist, 1958a(Carlquist, , b, 2003a and in Cactaceae and Portulacaceae (Melo-de-Pinna, 2009), because all of these families are characterized by scanty paratracheal axial parenchyma in strands which is easily differentiated from the bands, in which cells are not subdivided into strands. In addition, apotracheal parenchyma cells in instances of fibre dimorphism are consistently shorter than the libriform fibres they accompany and they have thinner walls. ...
Definitions of character states in woods are softer than generally assumed, and more complex for workers to interpret. Only by a constant effort to transcend the limitations of glossaries can a more than partial understanding of wood anatomy and its evolution be achieved. The need for such an effort is most evident in a major group with sufficient wood diversity to demonstrate numerous problems in wood anatomical features. Caryophyllales s.l., with approximately 12 000 species, are such a group. Paradoxically, Caryophyllales offer many more interpretive problems than other ‘typically woody’ eudicot clades of comparable size: a wider range of wood structural patterns is represented in the order. An account of character expression diversity is presented for major wood characters of Caryophyllales. These characters include successive cambia (more extensively represented in Caryophyllales than elsewhere in angiosperms); vessel element perforation plates (non-bordered and bordered, with and without constrictions); lateral wall pitting of vessels (notably pseudoscalariform patterns); vesturing and sculpturing on vessel walls; grouping of vessels; nature of tracheids and fibre-tracheids, storying in libriform fibres, types of axial parenchyma, ray anatomy and shifts in ray ontogeny; juvenilism in rays; raylessness; occurrence of idioblasts; occurrence of a new cell type (ancistrocladan cells); correlations of raylessness with scattered bundle occurrence and other anatomical discoveries newly described and/or understood through the use of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. This study goes beyond summarizing or reportage and attempts interpretations in terms of shifts in degrees of juvenilism, diversification in habit, ecological occupancy strategies (with special attention to succulence) and phylogenetic change. Phylogenetic change in wood anatomy is held to be best interpreted when accompanied by an understanding of wood ontogeny, species ecology, species habit and taxonomic context. Wood anatomy of Caryophyllales demonstrates problems inherent in binary character definitions, mapping of morphological characters onto DNA-based trees and attempts to analyse wood structure without taking into account ecological and habital features. The difficulties of bridging wood anatomy with physiology and ecology are briefly reviewed. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 164, 342–393.
Opuntia brasiliensis (Willd) Haw. e uma Cactaceae nativa do Brasil utilizada como ornamental, que apresenta caracteres morfologicos semelhantes a outras especies do genero, o que dificulta sua identificacao. Dessa forma, foi realizado uma descricao morfoanatomica de O. brasiliensis com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento sobre a organizacao estrutural do genero e fornecer subsidios para a identificacao da especie, bem como observar caracteres importantes na adaptacao a ambientes xerofilos. Foram feitas seccoes transversais e paradermicas da raiz, caule principal e cladodios com especimes coletados na zona rural da cidade de Serra Branca (PB), localizada na regiao do cariri ocidental. O. brasiliensis apresenta raiz ramificada e caule clorofilado formando um eixo principal de onde partem inumeros cladodios delgados. Observam-se pelos e epiderme unisseriada irregular na raiz, que possui cortex formado por parenquima, seguido de endoderme multisseriada e periciclo. No cilindro central da raiz, ocorrem tecidos vasculares formando cinco polos seguidos de medula. O caule e o cladodio apresentam epiderme com paredes sinuosas, em que encontram-se estomatos paralelociticos que apresentam câmara subestomatica; e na camada subsequente, hipoderme com grande quantidade de drusas de oxalato de calcio. O cortex e formado por parenquimas clorofiliano e aquifero, onde observam-se feixes vasculares, com raios de floema voltados para o lado externo, seguido de xilema helicoidal. Porem, nos cladodios, o parenquima clorofiliano e bem mais denso e os feixes vasculares sao dispostos irregularmente, enquanto no caule estao distribuidos no sentido radial. O. brasiliensis apresenta varias caracteristicas importantes na sua identificacao, bem como adaptacoes estruturais a ambientes xerofilos. Abstract Opuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) Haw. (Cactaceae) is a native to Brazil and used as ornamental plant, which presents morphological characters similar to other Opuntia species, what hinders its identification. Thus, a morphoanatomical description of O. brasiliensis was conducted, with the aim of increasing knowledge about the structural organization of genus and provide subsidies for specie identification, well as observe important characters in adaptation to xerophilous environments. Sections of roots, main stem and cladodes were made, with specimens from Serra Branca (PB), located in the western cariri region. O. brasiliensis has ramified root and photosynthetic stem forming a backbone which was followed by numerous slender cladodes. The root has hair and irregular single cell layer epidermis, with cortex composed of parenchyma, followed by multiple cell layers endoderm and pericycle. In central cylinder of root occurs vascular tissue forming five points followed of pith. The stems and cladodes have epidermis with sinuous walls, where occur paralelocytics stomata with substomatal chambers; and in subsequent layer, hypodermis with large amount of druses of calcium oxalate. The cortex consists of aquifer parenchyma and chlorenchyma, where observed vascular bundles, with phloem rays toward the outside, followed of helical xylem. However, in the cladodes, the chlorenchyma is much dense and the vascular bundles are irregularly arranged, while the stems are distributed in radial direction. O. brasiliensis has many important characteristics intheir identification, and structural adaptations to dry.
