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Distribution pattern of nerve cells immunoreactive to protein gene-product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)—used as a pan-neuronal marker and neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the submucous plexus (SG) of the mouse stomach under physiological conditions (C) and after administration of bisphenol A in a lower (AI) and higher dose (AII) and bisphenol S in a lower (SI) and higher dose (SII). The pictures are the result of the overlap of both stainings. The arrows are pointing to neurons immunoreactive for both—PGP 9.5 and nNOS.
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Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor commonly used in the production of plastics. Due to its relatively well-known harmful effects on living organisms, BPA is often replaced by its various analogues. One of them is bisphenol S (BPS), widely used in the plastics industry. Until recently, BPS was considered completely safe, but currently, it i...
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IntroductionBisphenol A (BPA) is used in large quantities for the production of plastics and is present in various everyday objects. It penetrates living organisms and shows multidirectional adverse influence on many internal organs. For this reason, BPA is often replaced in plastic production by other substances. One of them is bisphenol S (BPS),...
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... * Rui Xu xurui7@csu.edu.cn 1 plastics, epoxy resins, and various other materials, BPA is present in infant bottles, containers, thermal sheets, water pipes, etc. (Chen et al. 2016). Consequently, its ubiquitous use has resulted in the contamination of diverse environmental compartments, such as water (Dong et al. 2009), sediment/soil (Careghini et al. 2015), atmosphere (Fu and Kawamura 2010), and living organisms (Makowska et al. 2023). BPA, classified as a weak estrogenic chemical, has been linked to feminization in animals, as well as potential health issues such as breast cancer, hormonal imbalance, and abnormal reproductive and developmental behavior (Maffini et al. 2006). ...
The widespread use of bisphenol A (BPA) has resulted in the emergence of new pollutants in various environments, particularly concentrated in sewage sludge. This study investigated the effects of BPA on sludge anaerobic digestion, focusing specifically on the interaction of microbial communities and their metabolic responses. While the influence of BPA on methane accumulation is not significant, BPA still enhanced the conversion of soluble COD, protein, and polysaccharides. BPA also positively influenced the hydrolysis-acidogenesis process, leading to 17% higher concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Lower BPA levels (0.2–0.5 mg/kg dw) led to decreased hydrolysis and acidogenesis gene abundance, indicating metabolic inhibition; conversely, higher concentrations (1–5 mg/kg dw) increased gene abundance, signifying metabolic enhancement. Diverse methane metabolism was observed and exhibited alterations under BPA exposure. The presence of BPA impacted both the diversity and composition of microbial populations. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi dominated in BPA-treated groups and varied in abundance among different treatments. Changes of specific genera Sedimentibacter, Fervikobacterium, Blvii28, and Coprothermobacter in response to BPA, affecting hydrolysis and acetogenesis. Archaeal diversity declined while the hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanospirillum thrived under BPA exposure. BPA exposure enabled microorganisms to form structured community interaction networks and boost their metabolic activities during anaerobic digestion. The study also observed the enrichment of BPA biodegradation pathways at high BPA concentrations, which could interact and overlap to ensure efficient BPA degradation. The study provides insights into the digestion performance and interactions of microbial communities to BPA stress and sheds light on the potential effect of BPA during anaerobic digestion.
... The knowledge of the bisphenol impact on the digestive system is relatively scant [1,2,[10][11][12][13][14][15], and the least is known about the effects of these substances on the ENS located in the gastric wall. Namely, in the light of previous studies, it is only known that BPA may affect the enteric neurons in the stomach of the domestic pig [16], and BPA and BPS change the number of nitrergic neurons in the gastric wall in mice [17], but the influence of these substances on other population of neurons in the gastric ENS in the rodents is unknown. ...
... The discrepancies may result, first of all, from significant disparities in the anatomy of the stomach between the mouse and domestic pig, as well as the differences in the organization of the ENS. It should be underlined that the interspecies differences in the organization of the ENS and the neurochemical characterization of the enteric neurons are commonly known [11,17,23]. ...
... The current knowledge about the effect of BPS on the enteric nervous system is even more limited. It is known that BPS may affect the ENS in the mouse colon [32] and change the number of nitrergic enteric neurons in the stomach [17]. Comparing the results of previous studies to this investigation, differences in the effects of bisphenols on the ENS between the stomach and the colon can be found [32]. ...
Bisphenol A (BPA), an organic chemical compound which is widely used in the production of plastics, can severely damage live organisms. Due to these findings, the plastic industry has started to replace it with other substances, most often with bisphenol S (BPS). Therefore, during the present investigation, with the use of double immunofluorescence labeling, we compared the effect of BPA and BPS on the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the mouse corpus of the stomach. The obtained results show that both studied toxins impact the amount of nerve cells immunoreactive to substance P (SP), galanin (GAL), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT is used here as a marker of cholinergic neurons) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Changes observed under the impact of both bisphenols depended on the neuronal factor, the type of the enteric ganglion and the doses of bisphenols studied. Generally, the increase in the percentage of neurons immunoreactive to SP, GAL and/or VIP, and the decrease in the percentage of VAChT-positive neurons, was noted. Severity of changes was more visible after BPA administration. However, the study has shown that long time exposure to BPS also significantly affects the ENS.
