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Distribution of pressure gauges and strain gauges. (a) Top view of the test specimen. (b) Distribution of pressure gauges. (c) Distribution of strain gauges.
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Large steel storage tanks designed with long-span structures, employed for storing oil and fuel, have been widely used in many countries over the past twenty years. Most of these tanks are thin-walled cylindrical shells. Owing to the high risk of gas explosions and the resulting deaths, injuries, and economic losses, more thorough damage analyses o...
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In this study, we report the analysis of a dynamic response process of a fiber-composite-reinforced shell when subjected to internal blast loading of different TNT equivalent by using a three-dimensional digital image correlation method. And it was compared with the dynamic response of the metal shell with the same TNT equivalent and the same surfa...
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The dynamic response of cylindrical shells and square plate with pre-formed holes under blast loading was studied by numerical simulation. The numerical model was calibrated by the experimental data of square plates with pre-formed holes. The dynamic responses and deformation of cylindrical shells with pre-formed holes subjected to blast loading wa...
Citations
... The ABAQUS software, known for its dynamic explicit module, offers a range of material models suitable for analyzing structures under extreme loading conditions. Researchers have extensively utilized this software to evaluate the performance of various building structures, such as concrete plates [13,14], steel trusses, and angles [15][16][17][18], as well as storage tanks [2,[19][20][21]. In this study, we employed ABAQUS to investigate the resilience of a water tank subjected to blast loads. ...
... Furthermore, extant literature exhibits a dearth of research employing numerical simulations to probe the dynamic behavior of slender-walled storage tanks with diameters surpassing their heights. The efficacy of numerical simulations in elucidating such phenomena has been demonstrated by Lu et al. [19] in their examination of a slender-walled cylindrical tank boasting a diameter of 101 m and a height of 22.39 m. Concurrently, other researchers [2,20,21] have investigated the structural response under varying internal liquid levels, diverse boundary conditions, and adjustments in blast intensities, while maintaining the tank's wall thickness, height, and diameter constant. ...
Cylindrical storage vessels with thin walls are extensively utilized across various industrial sectors, including oil, gas, and petrochemicals, serving as crucial repositories for substances relevant to these industries. However, their susceptibility to fire and explosions underscores the need for comprehensive understanding and mitigation strategies. Amidst the escalating frequency of subversive attacks, regional conflicts, and other destabilizing events, a thorough comprehension of blast loading dynamics becomes paramount. These imperatives are compounded by recent occurrences, notably the cataclysmic explosion at the Beirut port in 2020 and the conflagration at a chemical plant in Texas in 2019, which starkly emphasize the pressing necessity for enhanced safety protocols. Thin-walled structures are particularly vulnerable to explosions, making the prediction of their response crucial. This study focuses on developing a computational model tailored for a horizontally oriented, simply supported, thin-walled water storage tank, utilizing advanced Abaqus/Explicit software. The primary objective is to investigate the impact of water when exposed to the explosive load generated by a 50 kg-TNT detonation at a distance of 0.50 m. The novelty of this work lies in the integration of advanced computational techniques, including the use of ConWEP 2.0, a sophisticated software framework developed by the U.S. Army, which integrates established formulations outlined by Kingery and Bulmash, as well as the employment of the Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) Equation-of-State (EOS) alongside a sophisticated Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) technique. The results reveal a significant reduction in deformation and damage inflicted upon the storage tank when subjected to explosive forces, attributed to the presence of water. This crucial finding highlights the effectiveness of water inclusion in enhancing the structural resilience of these tanks against potentially catastrophic blasts, thereby providing valuable insights for improved safety and durability in industrial environments.
... Researchers presented methodology to perform a finite element analysis (FEA) of transport carriers, such as ISO tank containers, in the context of static and fatigue loads (Bhattacharyya and Hazra 2013;Lee et al. 2023). In several studies on blast analysis of large containment structures researchers employed commercial FEA software (Zhang et al. 2018;Lee et al. 2016;Lu et al. 2019;Mittal et al. 2014;Zhang et al. 2015;Li et al. 2022). In the published literature the blast scenario is modeled as detonation using either TNT or TNT-equivalent charge. ...
Blast analysis of a storage container inside a liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility needs rigorous Finite Element Analysis (FEA). This paper presents a detailed method of nonlinear dynamic analysis of LNG storage vessels subjected to blast load. The explicit dynamic solver of the commercially available FEA software Abaqus is used to perform the analysis. The finite element models of the LNG storage tanks include the static fluid pressure and internal pressure. Constitutive material models included strain-rate dependent elastic-plastic material effects. Based on the results of FEA, recommendations are made for safe practice of maintaining the structural integrity of vessels subjected to Vapor Cloud Explosion (VCE).
... Researchers presented methodology to perform a finite element analysis (FEA) of transport carriers, such as ISO tank containers, in the context of static and fatigue loads (Bhattacharyya and Hazra 2013;Lee et al. 2023). In several studies on blast analysis of large containment structures researchers employed commercial FEA software (Zhang et al. 2018;Lee et al. 2016;Lu et al. 2019;Mittal et al. 2014;Zhang et al. 2015;Li et al. 2022). In the published literature the blast scenario is modeled as detonation using either TNT or TNT-equivalent charge. ...
Blast analysis of a storage container inside a liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility needs rigorous Finite Element Analysis (FEA). This paper presents a detailed method of nonlinear dynamic analysis of LNG storage vessels subjected to blast load. The explicit dynamic solver of the commercially available FEA software Abaqus is used to perform the analysis. The finite element models of the LNG storage tanks include the static fluid pressure and internal pressure. Constitutive material models included strain-rate dependent elastic-plastic material effects. Based on the results of FEA, recommendations are made for safe practice of maintaining the structural integrity of vessels subjected to Vapor Cloud Explosion (VCE).
... The modeling and pulse duration will be based on former studies in the field, done by [16], who are concerned with spherical pressure vessels subjected to both temperature and pressure loading. The criteria for crack initiation include principal stress (tension mechanism) and Cowper-Symonds comparative criterion (shear and tension mixed mechanism), [17]. In addition, based on the proposed modeling suggested by [18], studies by [19], [20], [21], (thorough investigation of FGM cylindrical and spherical shell without ended cups under internal pressure and thermal pulse loading) and triple point modeling by [22]. ...
The current paper presents a finite element method (FEM) axisymmetric solution based on commercial software for an isotropic closed-ended container filled with fluid, located in the triple point phase (liquefied gas) while being converted into gas through a phase transition to critical point phase by a simultaneously rapid change of pressure and temperature to their critical values. The whole chemical process will be simulated through thermo-elastic analysis that is controlled by temperature-displacement dynamic coupling and subjected to step function boundary conditions alongside liquefied triple point initial conditions. In the process, the maximum principal stresses will be determined and illustrated as dependent on the container thickness. In the process, investigation will be carried out for prominent parameters, like, container hollow geometry type (spherical, ellipsoidal, and cylindrical) and raw material of the container. Commercial software solution calibration against existing literature solutions has been performed. Also, the solution accuracy was examined by element size mesh analysis to be coherent. In conclusion, the best materials to use were Molybdenum TZM and Tungsten while the preferred shape is the ellipsoidal shape. However, a typical vessel that is still durable with sufficient thermal strength for gas storage purposes is a cylinder body container with spherical ended cups made from Aluminum 6061 T6.
... This is a short list compared with accidents that took place during the last two decades, and they are taken as illustrations of accident mechanisms and their consequences. The list would be considerably increased if cases in Asia were included (see, e.g., Lu et al., 2019, Mishra et al., 2014. ...
... where ω 5 0.0199 and the c p n coefficients are values resulting from the tests. Tests carried out at Harbin University in China have been recently reported by Lu et al. (2019). Interest in this research was on the behavior of very large open-top vertical tanks. ...
... A very large open-top tank with a wind girder and intermediate ring stiffeners was recently reported by Lu et al. (2019) and the results presented there are summarized in this section. The dimensions of the tank were D 5 100 m, H 5 25 m, which is twice the height and almost seven times the diameter of the tank studied in the last section. ...
In the last decades, the concern about losses of containment of storage materials caused by extreme natural events has largely increased. Furthermore, the release of hazardous materials could lead to fires, explosions, or the emission of toxic clouds into the atmosphere with dramatic consequences for people and the environment. The present chapter deals with the effects of extreme wind on above-ground storage tanks designed under API-620 and API-650 standards. Some information about tank characterization, possible accidental scenarios, structural and natural hazard analysis, and storage tanks fragility analysis are discussed extensively.
... This is a short list compared with accidents that took place during the last two decades, and they are taken as illustrations of accident mechanisms and their consequences. The list would be considerably increased if cases in Asia were included (see, for example, Mishra et al., 2014, Lu et al., 2019. ...
... Tests carried out at Harbin University in China have been recently reported by Lu et al. (2019). ...
... A very large open top tank with a wind girder and intermediate ring stiffeners was recently reported by Lu et al. (2019) and the results presented there are summarized in this section. The dimensions of the tank were D = 100m, H = 25m, which is twice the height and almost seven times the diameter of the tank studied in the last section. ...
Evidence from past accidents indicates that the most common causes of damage and failure in tanks are fire and explosions, and they frequently lead to oil spills. This chapter describes typical tanks and tank farms and shows that blast loads due to explosions and thermal loads due to fire have the potential of causing structural and/or functional damage in oil storage tanks, and even their failure and collapse. A small sample of accidents in tank farms involving fire/explosions is briefly summarized to illustrate mechanisms of oil spill and ignition that have occurred in the past. The mechanics of shock waves induced by explosions reaching a target tank are next discussed with quantitative results for an open-top tank with a wind girder. Shell buckling and the development of extended plasticity are emphasized. The thermo-dynamics of flames and heat transfer are shown to be useful tools to identify the temperature distribution in a target tank due to fire. Thermal buckling and postbuckling are emphasized for a tank with a fixed conical roof. Finally, some potential lines of research to advance the state of the art in the structural mechanics of tanks under blast and temperatures, and to improve their structural design, are suggested.
... These storage tanks are subjected to internal pressure, which subjects the tanks to a uniform loading, considering that the tanks have an inner-radius-to-wall-thickness ratio of 10 or more [4]. In the last few decades, a number of major industrial accidents have occurred around the world [5,6]. Blast loading to the exterior of a cylindrical shell pressure vessels imposes severe consequences [7]. ...
... However, hardly any progress has been made in understanding the dynamic response of liquid storage tanks under blast loading [11]. A review of the literature shows that several researchers [6,[12][13][14] have investigated the influence of blast intensity, tank fill conditions, and tank bottom constraints on tanks' failure mode, resultant displacement and deformation, structural energy, circumferential strain, and longitudinal strain. Moreover, small-scale model experiments have been mostly conducted to study the response of thin-wall cylindrical tanks subjected to blast load [3,6], and the findings have been verified using numerical simulations. ...
... A review of the literature shows that several researchers [6,[12][13][14] have investigated the influence of blast intensity, tank fill conditions, and tank bottom constraints on tanks' failure mode, resultant displacement and deformation, structural energy, circumferential strain, and longitudinal strain. Moreover, small-scale model experiments have been mostly conducted to study the response of thin-wall cylindrical tanks subjected to blast load [3,6], and the findings have been verified using numerical simulations. However, in order to study the dynamic response of large thin-walled cylindrical tanks, the applicability of numerical simulations has been widely discussed. ...
Thin-walled cylindrical shell storage tanks are pressure vessels in which the walls of the vessel have a thickness that is much smaller than the overall size of the vessel. These types of structures have global applications in various industries, including oil refineries and petrochemical plants. However, these storage tanks are vulnerable to fire and explosions. Therefore, a parametric study using numerical simulation was carried out, considering the internal liquid level, wall thickness, material yield strength, constraint conditions, and blast intensity, with a diameter of 100 m and height of 22.5 m under different blast loads using the finite element analysis method. The thickness of the tank wall is varied as 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, and 40 mm, while the fill level of internal fluid is varied as 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The blast simulation was conducted using LS-DYNA software. The numerical results are then compared with analytical results. The effects of blast intensity, standoff distance, wall thickness, and fill level of internal fluid on the structural behaviour of the storage tank were investigated and discussed.
... In recent years, with the increase of the number and capacity of crude oil storage tanks, large-scale tank accidents often occur, resulting in disastrous consequences [1][2][3][4]. As many tanks are built in coastal, soft soil and other areas with poor geological conditions, with the increase of service life of tanks, the tank foundation is prone to local settlement, resulting in tank tilt, wall plate deformation buckling, floating chuck and other safety accidents [5,6]. ...
The uneven settlement of large oil storage tank will not only cause the tank wall to be elliptical and the upper floating plate to be blocked, but also cause the tank body to fall. In order to study the influence of uneven settlement on the tank structure, this paper takes 50000m ³ oil storage tank as an example, uses the finite element simulation method to explore the influence of uneven settlement of different scales of large tank foundation on the overall stress characteristics of the tank, and obtains the storage. The influence of uneven settlement of tank foundation on the mechanics of tank body, tank bottom and large corner joint. It can provide some guidance for tank management and evaluation.
Given its excellent mechanical properties, the cylindrical shell is often utilized as a supporting structure, with the emphasis on its impact resistance. Three kinds of cylindrical shell supporting structure samples were experimentally subjected to multiple impact loadings for the purpose of its dynamic response study. A multi-stage numerical method for analyzing the buckling of cylindrical shells with multiple impacts is proposed, which agree well with the corresponding experiments, were subsequently conducted. The experimental and numerical results reveal that the plastic deformation of the cylindrical shell in the present work predominantly transpires 20 mm away from the bottom when subjected to multiple axial impact loadings. The transformation of bottom buckling from annular axisymmetric to triangular is triggered by an increase in peak acceleration. Furthermore, the over-buckling mode of the top structure area is primarily influenced by the escalation of the counterweight. As the diameter–thickness ratio of the structure increases, a transition of buckling forms from axisymmetric to non-axisymmetric is observed. Simultaneously, the bottom deformation shifts from convex to concave, with a corresponding gradual increase in the number of polygonal edges. And there is an approximate polynomial relationship between the deformation of the structure under multiple impacts and the influencing factors. The present work provides references for the design, analysis, and maintenance of cylindrical shell supporting structures subjected to multiple impacts in practical engineering.
