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Chlamydia infections in women cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which often results in devastating consequences of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. The infection is largely asymptomatic.
To determine the seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in Enugu, South Eastern Nigeria.
A population-based prospective study comprising f...
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Background Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted infection in western countries. Most infections are asymptomatic and may cause severe complications. In the Netherlands, 3 years of Chlamydia screening implementation (CSI) have been performed. Here, we model its cost-effectiveness after 10 years.
Methods A cost-effectiveness...
Sepsis in pregnancy and the puerperium remains a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Major morbidity arising as a result of obstetric sepsis includes fetal demise, organ failure, chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, bilateral tubal occlusion and infertility. Early recognition and timely response are...
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) whole-proteome microarrays were utilized to identify antibody patterns associated with infection; pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), tubal factor infertility, chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and ectopic pregnancy in a subsample of the Netherlands Chlamydia cohort study. Serum pools were analyzed on whole-proteome arrays. The 12...
Citations
... [12] To prevent pelvic inflammatory diseases and its complications and improve early detection and treatment, the United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends annual chlamydia screening for all sexually active women younger than 25 years. [13] Based on the unique intracellular characteristics of CT, only certain antibiotics are effective in treatment. [13] Tetracycline and doxycycline inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by blocking attachment to the transfer of RNA amino acids to the ribosomes. ...
... [13] Based on the unique intracellular characteristics of CT, only certain antibiotics are effective in treatment. [13] Tetracycline and doxycycline inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by blocking attachment to the transfer of RNA amino acids to the ribosomes. Alternatives to doxycycline are the macrolide antibiotics: erythromycin and azithromycin. ...
... [20][21][22] Higher prevalence rates have previously been reported in Nigeria. [13][14][15][16] The differences in prevalence rates could be attributed to the varied characteristics of the populations studied and the laboratory methods used. Laboratory diagnosis, which is vital for early detection, remains a challenge in developing countries. ...
Background: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection affects over 131 million people annually.
It is one of the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infections. This study aimed at the
detection of CT infection among young adult females in the Okpoko community, Anambra State,
Nigeria. Patients and Methods: Self-collected vaginal swabs from 288 females aged 18–37 years
were tested for CT antigen using the Solid Chlamydia Rapid Test kit (USA). Results: CT antigen
was detected in 19 (6.6%) samples. The age group of 23–27 years had the highest prevalence
rate (10.7%), followed by 18–22 years (8.7%). The married participants were more infected (8.3%)
than singles (3.1%) (P < 0.05). A higher percentage of participants (99.3%) were not aware that CT
was sexually transmitted. Conclusion: Active CT infection was detected in the Okpoko community.
Regular screening of young females as well as propagation of information on sexually transmitted
infections should be encouraged to break the community transmission.
Keywords: Africa, chlamydia trachomatis, detection
... Nwankwo et al. [10] from Kano studied multiple specimens using lateral flow immunoassay and found Ct prevalence to be 9.6% amongst patients attending infertility and sexually transmitted The highest prevalence in this study was seen in the cohort of women aged 35-39 years. This finding is not in concordance with findings by Nwankwo et al. [10] from Kano, Ikeme et al. [14] from Enugu, and Arinze et al. [15] from Port Harcourt that reported the highest prevalence of Ct infection to be among women aged ≤ 30 years. This may be due to the different study populations used by the researchers that constituted largely of undergraduate students and a select age bracket of not more than 34 years. ...
Background:
Genital Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the commonest bacterial sexually transmitted infection globally. Acquisition of Ct infection is affected by biological and behavioural factors.
Aim:
Determine the prevalence of Ct infection and identify risk factors associated with Ct infection in sexually active fertile women in Northern Nigeria.
Materials and methods:
One hundred and fifty sexually active women presenting to the Obstetrics and Gynaecology department of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria were studied. Socio-demographic characteristics and history of risk factors for acquisition of genital Ct were obtained from the participants using a questionnaire. Their sera were tested for the presence of Ct immunoglobulin G using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.
Results:
The mean ages ± standard deviation of seropositive and seronegative women were 29.1 ± 7.3 years and 28.9 (SD 6.7) years respectively (P = 0.438). The prevalence of Ct infection was 6.7% (10/150). Occupation was associated with Ct seropositivity (P = 0.02). Number of sexual partners, age at coitarche; duration of sexual exposure and previous history suggestive of sexually transmitted infection were not associated with Ct seropositivity (P > 0.05).
Conclusion:
A low prevalence of Ct was found among fertile women. Lack of regular source of personal income was associated with Ct infection but the sexual behavioural factors studied were not.
... reported an overall rate of 11%. [12] The same result is also higher to a study done in Enugu, [13] 9.8% reported in Ogun state. [14] and 33.0% reported on asymptomatic volunteers. ...
... [19] This study agrees with previous studies in some other places in Nigeria and outside Nigeria that reported higher prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in female when compared to their male counterpart. [13,14,20] Possible explanation for higher prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in female more than male in this study could be attributed to several factors such as antibody detection method used in this work which detect many more cases than the other screening methods. [15] no education and at a low socio-economic stratum with sex as the only bargaining tool. ...
Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular human pathogen, largely known to be asymptomatic, is the most common bacterial cause of sexual transmitted infection in men and women. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis associated infertility in men and women that came for treatment at Government Hospital Ekpan, Delta State. Two hundred and fifty subjects (250) comprising 200 (80%) patients that came for infertility treatment and 50 (20%) control subjects that made up of hospital staffs were screened. Venous blood were collected from all of them and screened for Chlamydia trachomatis by Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay (EIA) method. Semen were collected from men and processed for microscopy, count and morphology by standard methods. The overall prevalent rate of Chlamydia trachomatis in this study was 67.5%. The result of this study showed that Chlamydia trachomatis antigen was higher in female (70.8%) when compared to the male (64.4%). There is strong evidence that Chlamydia trachomatis infection may be one of the causative agents for male and female infertility in Ekpan community.
... Keywords: prevalence, chlamydia infection, pregnant women, antenatal clinic, tertiary hospital, south-south Nigeria have been closely associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as prematurity, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), chorioamnionitis, low birth weight, postpartum endometritis, spontaneous abortions, perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. 12 It results not only in infertility and ectopic pregnancy but also in infant morbidity and mortality. Ectopic pregnancy is responsible for 11 percent of maternal deaths. ...
... Ectopic pregnancy is responsible for 11 percent of maternal deaths. 12 About 60 percent of infected women can transmit the bacteria at birth to their infants. Women infected with Chlamydia are up to five times more likely to become infected with HIV, if exposed. ...
Incidence of chlamydia infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in a tertiary hospital in south-south Nigeria
... Another study reported 30.2% among female undergraduates in Port Harcourt 9 . A seroprevalence study in Enugu, Nigeria reported 42.9% in 2011 10 .Among HIV patients, a 29.4% prevalence rate has been reported in Abuja, Nigeria 11 and 17.3% in Lagos 12 . Although the pathogenesis of C. trachomatis genital infection is still poorly understood, evidence indicates that active C. trachomatis infection is an important risk factor for HIV transmission and vice versa 13,14 . ...
A cross-sectional study of Chlamydia trachomatis antibody seroprevalence was carried out among persons living with HIV in Enugu, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty persons diagnosed of HIV and receiving treatment at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu were recruited for the study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to assess the seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies among the participants. A structured PROFORMA was used to collect data on demographic factors and high-risk behaviours. The results showed a 60.7% (91/150) of Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies among the study participants. Among the participants with antibodies, the IgM prevalence was 51.6% (47/91), while IgG was 35.2% (32/91) and both IgM and IgG were 13.2% (12/91). Logistic regression showed that the risk of chlamydia infection was increased with the history of STD (OR = 1.4, (0.7-2.7)), history of multiple sexual partners (OR = 1.9, (0.9-3.7)), those currently sexually active (OR = 1.5, (0.7-3.1)), the use of unsterilized objects (OR = 4.9, (2.3-10.4)) and the irregular or non-usage of condoms (OR = 10.2 (4.6-22.7)). The findings of the study showed a high prevalence of C. trachomatis antibodies among the participants. Although these may not all represent active C. trachomatis infection, it can be inferred that a high percentage of the population has been exposed to the infection and many of them may still be harbouring this infection inadvertently. This may contribute to the high rate of spread of this infection as well as HIV in Nigeria.
... It could also be due to the fact that a highly specific test (PCR) was used for diagnosis unlike the rapid diagnostic Chlamydia test used in this case. A study carried out in Nigeria on 286 women gave a higher Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence of 29.4% [14]. Similarly, another study carried out in Port Harcourt in Nigeria using Strand Displacement and Amplification [SDA] Technique also found prevalence higher than that of our study [15]. ...
Background: Information on the prevalence and Neonatal outcomes of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma spp in pregnancy is limited and interventions against these infections have received little or no attention in many Low-Income Countries. Hence, the impact of these infections in pregnant women remains a public health concern. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and neonatal outcomes of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma spp in pregnant women at the Limbe Regional and District Hospitals, Cameroon. Materials and methods: This was a hospital based prospective study conducted from April to June 2018 in Limbe, South West Region of Cameroon. A total of 250 pregnant women selected consecutively participated in the study. Samples of cervical mucus were collected using a sterile cotton swab and speculum. Specimens were analysed for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma Spp using the Rapid Diagnostic Kit for Chlamydia and Mycoplasma Identification Enumeration and Sensitivity Kit respectively. The neonatal outcomes were obtained after childbirth. Data obtained was analysed using SPSS version 20.0. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasma spp was found to be 6.9% and 3.3% respectively, with a co-infection rate of 1.6%(4)) among participants. Risk factors such as age, number of sexual partners, practice of oral or anal sex and history of miscarriage were significantly associated to these infections. The prevalence of neonatal outcomes such as preterm birth, stillbirth, low birth weight, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, jaundice and fever was significantly higher in Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma spp-positive participants compared to their negative counterparts (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma spp infections are associated with adverse outcomes in neonates. There is therefore a pressing need the inclusion of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma spp tests as routine checkup test for pregnant women is paramount in order to better manage the infection before it affects the baby.
... While some other studies have found significant association between lack and inconsistent condom use and C. trachomatis, [21,27,28] some studies did not. [29,30] The difference in the study population may be a reason for the observed variance. ...
... This finding is similar to a study in Enugu, Nigeria. [30] Chronic and persistent Chlamydia infection will result in PID, which is a known preventable cause of chronic pain, infertility, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. [23,36] ...
Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most prevalent bacterial‑causing urogenital infections in men and women worldwide. There have been increasing reports of the prevalence of C. trachomatis in Nigeria. Aims: This study aimed to detect the prevalence of C. trachomatis seromarkers immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and also to determine their associated risk factors among gynecology clinic attendees in the Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan‑Remo, Ogun State of Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross‑sectional study involving 145 consenting attendees of gynecology clinic of the hospital. Blood samples were collected and tested for C. trachomatis IgG and IgA using the enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay technique. Sociodemographic and sex behavioral factors were obtained by the interviewer‑based questionnaires, whereas statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23.
Results: Overall prevalence of combined IgG and IgA was 46 (31.7%). Among the infected, 30 (65.2%) were young women aged 15–25 years and majority, 109 (75%), had never used condom while 83 (57.2%) had only one sex partner in the preceding 3 months. Twenty‑three (15.9%) had a positive history of sexually transmitted infection (STIs), whereas 75 (51.7%) had ≥2 lifetime sex partners. Factors associated with the occurrence of both seromarkers on bivariate analysis included the previous history of STI and number of lifetime sex partners (P < 0.05), but with further analysis, only lifetime sex partners remained statistically significant (odds ratio = 5.63, confidence interval = 1.09–29.05, P = 0.007).
Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of active, chronic, and persistent C. trachomatis infection with number of lifetime sex partner being a significant risk factor among our clinic attendees in Ogun State. Appropriate sex education should be encouraged among young people to reduce the burden of the infection and its attendant sequelae in our community.
... Our study was able to show a relative high prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibodies and that of the Chlamydia trachomatis antigen from our study participants. This is in agreement with high prevalence of 29.4%, 38.3%, 56.1% and 74% in studies carried out in Enugu, Zaria, Jos and Port 10,13,20,21 Harcourt respectively. The higher prevalence could be due to the fact that as the infection remained endemic, its spread could be on the increase due to asymptomatic nature of the disease and non availability of facility to detect the organism in many health units. ...
... 20 25 This was also the finding in Zaria , Calabar , 26 27 Abeokuta and India where the prevalence was higher among infertile patients when compared to control group of family planning. This finding 10 however is contrary to reports from Enugu where the prevalence was higher among asymptomatic women. The finding in this study is in keeping with Chlamydia trachomatis being one of the commonest organisms causing tubal factor infertility. ...
Background: Genital Chlamydia trachomatis is a common bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infection worldwide which is associated with significant morbidity and has a great impact on human reproduction and fertility. Infertility is a major health problem in Nigeria with a prevalence of between 20, -40% compared with global prevalence of 15%.Objective: To correlate genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection with tubal blockage among infertile women and to compare with women attending family planning clinic in AKTH.Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional prospective study that was carried out among 142 women with tubal infertility attending the gynaecological clinic and 142 fertile women from family planning clinic of AKTH. Endocervical swab and blood samples were collected and tested using Eugene Chlamydial Rapid test Device and ELISA IgG Chlamydia antibody kits following manufacturer’s instruction.Results: The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibodies in infertile women was 63(44.4%) while among the family planning women is 40(28.2%) and that of the Chlamydia trachomatis antigen is 21(14.8%) in the infertile women and 7( 4.9%) in the control group. These differences were found to be statistically significant when compared (X2=8.059, P<0.05, X2=7.766, P<0.05). The prevalence of the Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibodies was highest (33.0%) among age group 25-29years; while that of the antigen was highest (39.2%) among age group 30-34 years of the study population.Conclusion: The study showed that the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection was higher among women with infertility. There is need for routine screening of Chlamydia trachomatis in sexual transmitted infection clinics to prevent infertility.
... The prevalence of 4% noted for C. trachomatis is similar to reports for sub-Saharan Africa, in general (27) Kenya (28), and to the overall global estimate of 4.2% (29), but differs from the 30.2% reported by Arinze et al. (13) in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 29.4% reported by Ikeme et al. (30) in Enugu Nigeria, and 56% by Mawak et al. (18) in Jos Nigeria. The wide variation in prevalence rates of C. trachomatis as reported from parts of Nigeria may be due to the fact that those authors employed serological methods, which could show exaggerated prevalence rates, due possibly to cross-reactions with other organisms, or to detection of previous (not currently ongoing) infections (19). ...
p> Objectives: Chlamydia trachomatis remains a major cause of genital tract infection and can cause undesirable consequences, such as female infertility. Adolescent girls are physiologically more vulnerable to genital tract infection than older women and need regular screening for genital pathogens. We, therefore, saw the need to screen teenage high school girls in the Anambra State of Nigeria for Chlamydia trachomatis and other potential urogenital pathogens.
Study design: This was a Cross sectional study involving 100 randomly selected high school girls, aged 13-18 years, who consented to the study. High vaginal swab samples were collected from the subjects and were analyzed microbiologically; genomic DNA was extracted from each specimen and subjected to PCR analysis. Semi-structured, pre-tested, questionnaires were used to collect relevant bio-data from the participants. The results were analyzed using Chi-square test and percentages.
Results: Of the 100 girls, 47(47%) harbored sexually transmissible pathogens in the vagina. Overall, sixty five different kinds of potential urogenital pathogens were recovered, some in co-infection. Organisms represented were as follows: Chlamydia trachomatis, 4(4%); genital Mycoplasmas, 10(10%); Ureaplasmas, 10(10%); Gardnerella vaginalis, 10(10%); and Candida 31(31%). Majority of the girls sought medical treatment from sources other than the hospitals (X2 = 75.9017; p< 0.05).
Conclusion: Results showed that sexually transmitted pathogens were common in the high school girls, and alerts of the need for regular vaginal screening and proper medical enlightenment of the adolescents.</p
... [5] A higher prevalence of 29.4%, 38.3%, 56.1%, and 74% was found by Ikeme in Enugu, Tukur in Zaria, Mawak in Jos, and Jeremiah in Port Harcourt, respectively. [1,15,23,24] This may have resulted from increased sexual behavioral attitudes of individuals in that society and the difference in the cohort of patients studied. The diagnostic method used in Zaria where past and present infections are detected may have accounted for the high prevalence compared to that of the index study. ...
... [15,24] This finding, however, is contrary to that of Ikeme in Enugu where the prevalence was higher among asymptomatic women. [23] The finding in this study is expected, as C. trachomatis is one of the most common organisms causing tubal factor infertility. ...
Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the world. The organism causes silent infection in women and could remain unnoticed for a very long time. Nearly 80% of women are asymptomatic. It is an established and recognized cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility among women. In most parts of Nigeria, including the study area, the organism is not routinely screened for, hence the paucity of information about its prevalence. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with genital C. trachomatis infection among women attending the Gynaecological Clinic of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out among new patients attending the Gynaecological Clinic of UDUTH, Sokoto. The women were consecutively recruited as they presented to the clinic until the desired sample size was achieved. A structured questionnaire was administered, and related information and consent were obtained. Endocervical swab was collected and tested using Eugene Chlamydia Rapid Test Device following manufacturer's instructions. Results: Samples were collected from a total of 400 women aged between 15 and 49 years. The prevalence of genital C. trachomatis among gynecological patients was 3.5%. The risk factors identified include age of patients below 29 years, early age of onset of sexual activity, and marital status. Conclusion: The study showed that the prevalence of genital C. trachomatis was low. The rate was higher among respondents with infertility. There is a need for routine screening of patients with infertility.
