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Distribution of hydroid substrate among different families in terms of number of species (a), number of hydroid records as hydroid host (b)
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The knowledge of cryptic epifaunal groups in
the Arctic is far from complete mostly due to logistic difficulties.
Only recently, advances in sample collection
using SCUBA diving techniques have enabled to explore
delicate hydroid fauna from shallow waters. This study is
the first attempt to examine the relationship between substrate
property (such...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... (F [ 10 %) species colonizing other hydroids were C. volubilis (36 %), C. syringa (28 %) and O. integra (13 %). There were significant but low differ- ences in hydroid colonists' composition among different hydroid substrate species (one-way ANOSIM: Global R = 0.152, p \ 0.05). Hydroids predominantly occupied hydroids of the order Leptothecata (Fig. 5). Species of the family Sertulariidae were most often colonized by other hydroids both in case of number of species (4 species of Sertulariidae, which made up 27 % of all hydroid substrates) (Fig. 5a) and number of records (48 %) (Fig. 5b). Regarding antoathe- cates, merely two species of the family Eudendriidae pro- vided a substrate ...
Context 2
... different hydroid substrate species (one-way ANOSIM: Global R = 0.152, p \ 0.05). Hydroids predominantly occupied hydroids of the order Leptothecata (Fig. 5). Species of the family Sertulariidae were most often colonized by other hydroids both in case of number of species (4 species of Sertulariidae, which made up 27 % of all hydroid substrates) (Fig. 5a) and number of records (48 %) (Fig. 5b). Regarding antoathe- cates, merely two species of the family Eudendriidae pro- vided a substrate for colonizing ...
Context 3
... ANOSIM: Global R = 0.152, p \ 0.05). Hydroids predominantly occupied hydroids of the order Leptothecata (Fig. 5). Species of the family Sertulariidae were most often colonized by other hydroids both in case of number of species (4 species of Sertulariidae, which made up 27 % of all hydroid substrates) (Fig. 5a) and number of records (48 %) (Fig. 5b). Regarding antoathe- cates, merely two species of the family Eudendriidae pro- vided a substrate for colonizing ...
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... The reproductive stages show variable levels of reduction, ranging from completely developed, freely swimming and feeding medusae, to reduced medusoids that can be released or not from the parental polyps, and to sporosacs (Petersen, 1990;Schuchert, 2001;Bouillon et al., 2006). The geographical distribution of Capitata as a whole is circumglobal, from polar to tropical regions and from shallow to deep waters (Peña Cantero et al., 2013;Ronowicz et al., 2013;Montano et al., 2015a;Mastrototaro et al., 2016), with some species showing wide distributional ranges, and others only known from restricted localities (e.g. Maggioni et al., 2017Maggioni et al., , 2021Maggioni et al., , 2022bMiglietta et al., 2019). ...
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... There have been a lot of studies focused on bryozoan diversity in relation to environmental factors in Svalbard waters, but the majority of comprehensive investigations were focused on Kongsfjord [24,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. Only a few studies have been undertaken in other areas of the archipelago [43,[47][48][49][50], but the bryozoan fauna of Grønfjorden (West Svalbard), especially in shallow waters, has not yet been well studied. ...
Simple Summary
Bryozoans are predominantly short-lived sessile organisms inhabiting both living and dead hard substrates. This group is considered a good biological indicator of environmental conditions. The Svalbard Archipelago is located at high latitudes, and the local benthic communities are affected by severe environmental conditions. In general, the bryozoan fauna in this region has been well studied, albeit to varying spatial degrees. Information regarding Grønfjorden is scarce and, therefore, we aimed to study species composition, diversity, and biomass of bryozoans in this glacier fjord. We found a rather diverse fauna with low biomasses for all species. Cluster analysis distinguished two groups of stations: one with lower diversity and biomass in warmer water, and the other with higher values in colder water. The most important factors shaping the bryozoan communities were water temperature and the proportional occurrence of macrophytes. Taking into account ongoing climate change, our results may be useful for further monitoring the effects of elevated temperatures on benthic organisms in the Arctic.
Abstract
Despite significant research efforts focused on benthic assemblages in West Spitsbergen, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the shallow water bryozoan communities in Grønfjorden, a glacier fjord belonging to the Isfjorden system, Norway. Here, we studied species composition, richness, distribution, and biomass of bryozoans in the intertidal and upper subtidal zones of Grønfjorden in summer. We found 62 bryozoan species, among which Celleporella hyalina (Linnaeus, 1767), Harmeria scutulata (Busk, 1855), and Tegella arctica (d’Orbigny, 1853) were most prevalent while the highest contributions to the total biomass were registered for Eucratea loricata (d’Orbigny, 1853), Tricellaria gracilis (Van Beneden, 1848), Turbicellepora incrassata (Lamarck, 1816), and Tricellaria ternata (Ellis and Solander, 1786). Alpha-diversity varied from 1 to 50 averaging 15.1 ± 2.6 species. Bryozoan biomass ranged from 0.008 to 10.758 g m⁻² with a mean value of 2.67 g m⁻² being lower than in the central and northern parts of the Barents Sea. For the first time, we registered the presence of the circumpolar bryozoan Amathia arctica in Svalbard waters probably as a result of stronger advection of Atlantic water into the fjord. Cluster analysis revealed two groups, mainly composed of stations in colder and warmer waters. A relatively high proportion of outlying stations reflected habitat heterogeneity in Grønfjorden. Redundancy analysis indicated that bryozoan diversity and biomass were strongly negatively associated with temperature. A positive relationship was found between bryozoan biomass and the proportional contribution of macrophytes to a pool of substrates. Our study provides a reference point for further monitoring of changing marine ecosystems at high latitudes.
... Franz Josef Land, Island of Hayes (4-18 m) [7]. Spitsbergen Archipelago (depth interval was not indicated, but judging from the substrate "algae" it should be a shallow water) [31]. The substrate where hydroids were recorded is stones, gravel, algae, bryozoans and erect colonies of other hydroids. ...
The hydromedusa Ptychogena lactea A. Agassiz, 1865 is a large and remarkable jellyfish; it has been found in many Arctic and even boreal localities and at various depths, from the mesopelagial to the surface. However, it is still regarded in the literature as a rare deep-water species, with an unknown polyp stage. The hydroid was reared from the medusa P. lactea in the Franz-Josef Land archipelago field laboratory. The hydroid was identified as Cuspidella procumbens Kramp, 1911: a poorly known Campanulinoidea, “Cuspidella-like” Arctic hydroid whose medusa stage was hitherto unknown. Both stages are here proposed to link taxonomically into a one nominal species. Co-distribution of the well-known medusa and the little-known hydroid is studied and mapped. Data on the distribution and ecology of both stages is added. Some data has already been published in Russian literature, but remains unknown to English-speaking scientists. New observations show that P. lactea is neither a deep-water species nor rare, and establish the continuity between medusae and polyp stages of the life cycle.
... The substantiation of such a mechanism is that the capability of free-living larvae to control their movement is very limited (see [88]). Recent bioclaustrated symbionts also show host preferences ( [20,89,90]; however, see [91]), and some of them are completely dependent on the host [92]. ...
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... The irregular development of the symbiont present in Devonian trepostome bryozoans might have been caused by interference with growth and functionality of zooidal and extrazooidal structures of the host colony. Ronowicz et al. (2013) reported hydroids from Svalbard epizoic on bryozoans showing no substrate specificity. Other studies on Recent hydroids have revealed that coevolutionary patterns leading to epibiosis, mutualism or parasitism with other organisms such as corals, bryozoans or sponges are unexpectedly widespread (Boero et al., 2000). ...
A new bioclaustration structure is described from the Emsian (Lower Devonian) Aguión Formation of Asturias, NW Spain. It is the result of intergrowth of two bryozoan species, Leioclema elegans and Loxophragma cf. leptum, hosting an unknown soft-bodied modular symbiont. These structures point to the development of host-specific symbiotic associations in which both partners grew simultaneously. The association is tentatively assessed as commensalism; no evidence suggesting parasitism or mutualism has been found. A revision of the existing literature on Devonian bryozoans reveals that tubular structures similar to those described herein have been observed in different regions of the world. Only a few trepostome genera developed this kind of association during the Devonian, and Leioclema seems to have been a suitable partner in intergrowths with a range of soft-bodied and skeletonized organisms. It is suggested that the association described herein was relatively common during the Devonian and that molecular factors such as chemical mediation may have played a role in conducting the development of these specific intergrowths.
... In Hornsund Fjord (Fig. 11.1b), a total of up to 308 animal species may live on kelps, at a mean of 11.5 and a maximum of 47 species on individual kelps (Włodarska-Kowalczuk et al. 2009). Neither species richness nor composition of (i) the total epifauna (Lippert et al. 2001;Włodarska-Kowalczuk et al. 2009), (ii) bryozoans (Carlsen et al. 2007), or (iii) hydroids (Ronowicz et al. 2013) varied significantly between different algal species, suggesting low host-specificity of the algal-attached macrofauna. The richness of epibiotic animal species depended on algal morphology, was variable among kelp parts (Lippert et al. 2001), but independent of algal age (Ronowicz et al. 2008). ...
Knowledge on the causes and consequences that structure benthic communities is essential to understand and conserve Arctic ecosystems. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the effects of abiotic and biotic factors on species interactions and community traits, i.e. diversity, structure, and functioning of Arctic coastal hard- and soft-bottom habitats, with emphasis on Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). Current evidence indicates that descriptive and mensurative studies on the distribution of species prevail and few studies allow inferences on the underlying processes generating observed patterns. Furthermore, Arctic hard- and soft-bottom communities show some fundamental differences in their ecology. The recovery in hard-bottom communities from disturbance, for instance, takes exceptionally long (i.e. > decadal) due to slow growth and/or sporadic recruitment, while it is considerably shorter in soft-bottom communities. Also, Arctic hard-bottom communities display strong competitive hierarchies that appear negligible in communities populating sedimentary shores. This review concludes with a suggestion to shift the focus in Arctic benthos research from pattern to processes and the identification of major research gaps. These include (i) the apparent demarcation of studies being devoted to either rocky or to sedimentary shores, which hamper studies on habitat connectivity, (ii) the lack of studies addressing the effects of pathogens and diseases on community ecology, and (iii) the incomplete assessment of potentially significant drivers of community ecology, such as trophic interactions, recruitment success, and competition.
... Pelagic hydrozoans are efficient predators, while benthic hydroids are successful suspension feeders that constitute an important link in bentho-pelagic coupling in the Arctic (Orejas et al., 2013) and the Antarctic (Gili et al., 1996). They promote diversity and enrich the structural complexity of the sea bottom by providing three-dimensional substrata (Gili & Coma, 1998;Ronowicz et al., 2013). By having two stages in their life cycle (pelagic medusa and benthic polypoid phases), hydrozoans offer the opportunity to study diversity aspects from two different perspectives: pelagic and benthic. ...
The Arctic and Antarctic share many oceanographical features but differ greatly in their geological histories. These divergent aspects lead to similarities and differences between the sets of species inhabiting the poles. However, the patterns are not unambiguously homogenous throughout the tree of life. For the first time, Hydrozoa (Leptothecata and Anthoathecata) is used as a model group to study patterns of diversity, distribution, bathymetry and life history strategies between the polar regions. The analyses are based on a comprehensive literature survey of hydrozoan records. Subtle differences in species richness and contrasting values of endemism are found between the Antarctic (252 species and 58% endemics) and Arctic (233 species and 20% endemics) regions. Shared trends include the lack of a medusa stage in most of the representatives, a high percentage of rarity (Arctic: 49%; Antarctic: 63%), and few common species (18% in both regions). A few species (Grammaria abietina, Obelia longissima and Paragotoea bathybia) and genera (Bouillonia and Gymnogonos) might be tentatively considered bipolar, but further molecular investigation is recommended. The bathymetric distribution mirrors the geomorphological characteristics of each region. The highest species richness occurred in the continental shelves of both polar regions. Updated inventories from each polar region are provided as supplementary material. The present work establishes a fundamental step towards an integrated bipolar framework for the study of diversity and ecology of polar regions, laying the foundation for future approaches on a wide array of topics, from origin and diversification, to changes in the distribution of polar biota.
... Outra explicação, a mais provável, para esse maior número de registros em substratos artificiais deve-se às muitas referências incluídas na criação do banco de dados se referirem aestudos conduzidos em superfícies artificiais. Vários estudos tem discorrido sobre essa natureza oportunística de diversas espécies de hidroides (CANGUSSU et al., 2010, RONOWICZ et al., 2013, MENDOZA-BECERRIL et al., 2017. , CANGUSSU et al., 2010, CABRAL, 2013 entre outros). ...
... Halecium minutum 9,10,13,15,19,22,37,53,56,58 Halecium mirabile 47,53,55,56,65 Halecium muricatum 8,9,10,13,15,17,19,20,30,31,35,37,39,42,47, ...
... Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) are an important component of benthic communities around the world, commonly found on natural and artificial hard substrates, as well as in epibiotic associations with other invertebrates (epizoism) and macrophytes (epiphytism) (Calder, 1991a;Gili & Hughes, 1995;Oliveira & Marques, 2011;Ronowicz et al., 2013a, b). Among the epiphytic hydroid fauna, several different species of macrophytes are usually colonized (Nishihira, 1965;Hughes et al., 1991;Oliveira & Marques, 2007Ronowicz et al., 2013a;Genzano et al., 2017), although a few hydroid species have been described in exclusive associations with particular species of seagrasses or macroalgae (Nishihira, 1965;Hughes et al., 1991;Genzano et al., 2017). The number of epiphytic hydroid species on fronds of macrophytes is often high and, although their abundance varies with season, a few dominant species might be constantly present (Calder, 1995;Fraschetti et al., 2002;Cunha & Jacobucci, 2010). ...
Habitat complexity is an important factor structuring macroinvertebrate communities on macrophytes, and epiphytic hydroids may offer additional habitats for the epifauna. Caprellids are known to benefit from the association with hydroids, but it is unclear if epiphytic hydroids affect their abundance. In this study, we investigated if caprellid abundance is related to epiphytic hydroid abundance on Sargassum cymosum, and whether this is related to caprellids’ clinging behavior. We found that hydroid abundance had a positive effect on caprellid abundance, irrespective of species, sex, developmental and reproductive stages of caprellids, with the exception of Caprella scaura that present maternal care behavior. Experiments also showed that caprellids are more abundant on fronds of Sargassum with hydroids. Moreover, juvenile caprellids prefer to cling directly to hydroids and also prefer portions of the alga with hydroids attached. Our results indicate that epiphytic hydroids add structural complexity to macroalgae, favoring the occurrence of caprellids. However, this effect may be conditioned by the reproductive behavior of caprellid species, since hydroids are particularly important for juveniles by offering suitable structures for their small pereopods to grasp. This, in turn, may indirectly benefit adult caprellids, contributing to their choice of habitats that favor the performance of their juveniles.
