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To respond to the lack of early warning in dealing with livestock diseases, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) developed and launched the Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES) programme in 1994. Emphasis was placed on the prevention of emergencies due to transboundary epidemic diseases o...
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... this GIS approach, HPAI disease observation data entered into EMPRES-i can be visualised as basic maps (Fig. 1) before being combined, for advanced disease analysis purposes, with additional geographical layers, such as land use, poultry density, remote- sensed imagery (Fig. 2) or other variables hypothesised as relevant to the epidemiology of the disease or ecology of the virus, host or environment (Fig. ...
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... Moreover, CP contents of the experimental diets (15. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].2%) were higher than those reported by Mmereole et al., (2011) who recorded levels between 12.1% and 16.0%. The levels of CF revealed a linear decrease with increasing BWMO in the diet with the bread waste containing the lowest levels. ...
... difference on the tick load across the different age groups on tick assessment following the use of acaricides. 28. 10 ± 5.43 ( 0-65) 40.20 ± 6.9 (5-78) >2 - 3 2.67 ± 0.33 (2)(3) 13.00 ± 5.13 (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) 18.33 ± 12.56 (2-43) >3 -4 ...
... 19.09 ± 8.79 37.18 ± 9.93 58.18 ± 19.50 3.60 ± 0.00 16.00 ± 0.00 (16-16) 10.00 ± 0.00 (10-10) Acaricide Mixture >3 -4 ...
Sixty mixed breeds of rabbits were allotted into four treatments in a completely randomized design along eight weeks in order to evaluate the effect of bread waste and Moringa oleifera leaf (BWMO) when added to the diet. Treatment (BWMO) at different levels (BWMO -0, BWMO -25, BWMO -50 and BWMO -100%) was added to mashed diet. The chemical composition of the diet was determined as well as the average daily gain of animals, digestibility, blood components and carcass quality. The chemical composition of bread waste consists of 85.0% DM, 11.0% CP, 0.10% CF, 19.4% EE, 1.60% Ash, and 54.0%NFE. The CP of diets containing BWMO was higher (p<0.05) than BWMO-0. The weight gain of the rabbits fed diet BWMO-100 (17.6g/day) was highest (p<0.05) compared to BWMO-50 (16.6g/day), BWMO-25 (12.1g/day) and BWMO-0 (10.8g/day). As the BWMO level increased in the diet, the digestible energy and protein of diets BWMO-100, BWMO-50 and BWMO-25 were higher (p<0.05) than BWMO-0. The blood cholesterol content of rabbits fed BWMO-0 (41.6) was higher (p<0.05) than diets BWMO-25 (33.8),
BWMO-50 (37.5) and BWMO-100 (35.9). The total protein and albumin was higher (p<0.05) in rabbits fed diets containing BWMO. The loin, hind limb and fore limb weights of rabbits fed diet BWMO-100 were higher (p<0.05) than those fed the other diets. It could be concluded that BWMO had positive effects on the performances of rabbits
... Its aim was to deliver early warning messages to the international community at risk of transboundary animal diseases. The Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests is another earlier example of a global effort by the FAO organization, with emphasis on the prevention of emergencies due to transboundary epidemic diseases and/or food security (11,12). The Predictive Livestock Early Warning System (PLEWS) is an example of a regional effort by researchers in Kenya for monitoring of forage condition and early warning system for the reduction of livestock loss and improvement of their resilience (13). ...
This study aimed at the development of an analytic web-based system for the assessment of animal health in Kuwait. The data sources were based on the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) repository with data gathered for the period (2005–2020). An on-line web-based system using TABLEAU Creator was developed for monitoring and surveillance of animal disease outbreaks. Five animal diseases were identified in Kuwait; namely, HPAI, FMD, glanders, LSD and MERS-CoV. The highest numbers of outbreaks were recorded for HPAI, followed by FMD. Examples of spatio-temporal visualizations of the web based mappings are presented and include disease cases, number of outbreaks and farm locations, among other features. The web-based system can serve as a monitoring tool to easily display the status of animal health in Kuwait. It can also serve to quickly identify and track disease outbreaks and monitor the spread patterns of new or emerging animal diseases between neighboring countries.
... Whilst the detection and control of livestock diseases are largely national concerns, there is a strong case for international cooperation with respect to early detection systems, contingency planning, movement tracing systems, sharing of outbreak data and coordination of control programmes (Domenech et al., 2006;Martin et al., 2007). ...
Epidemiological models of notifiable livestock disease are typically framed at a national level and targeted for specific diseases. There are inherent difficulties in extending models beyond national borders as details of the livestock population, production systems and marketing systems of neighbouring countries are not always readily available. It can also be a challenge to capture heterogeneities in production systems, control policies, and response resourcing across multiple countries, in a single transboundary model.
In this paper we describe EuFMDiS, a continental-scale modelling framework for transboundary animal disease, specifically designed to support emergency animal disease planning in Europe. EuFMDiS simulates the spread of livestock disease within and between countries and allows control policies to be enacted and resourced on per-country basis. It provides a sophisticated decision support tool that can be used to look at the risk of disease introduction, establishment and spread; control approaches in terms of effectiveness and costs; resource management; and post-outbreak management issues.
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... Whilst the detection and control of livestock diseases are largely national concerns, there is a strong case for international cooperation with respect to early detection systems, contingency planning, movement tracing systems, sharing of outbreak data, and coordination of control programs (Domenech et al., 2006;Martin et al., 2007). ...
Epidemiological models of notifiable livestock disease are typically framed at a national level and targeted for specific diseases. There are inherent difficulties in extending models beyond national borders as details of the livestock population, production systems and marketing systems of neighbouring countries are not always readily available. It can also be a challenge to capture heterogeneities in production systems, control policies, and response resourcing across multiple countries, in a single transboundary model.
In this paper we describe EuFMDiS, a continental-scale modelling framework for transboundary animal disease, specifically designed to support emergency animal disease planning in Europe. EuFMDiS simulates the spread of livestock disease within and between countries and allows control policies to be enacted and resourced on per-country basis. It provides a sophisticated decision support tool that can be used to look at the risk of disease introduction, establishment and spread; control approaches in terms of effectiveness and costs; resource management; and post-outbreak management issues.
... One good example of the use of GIS in the surveillance of animal diseases is, GIS applied to the international surveillance and control of transboundary animal diseases, a focus on highly pathogenic avian infl uenza. Occurrences and distribution of HPAI observed from 19 January to 19 July 2006 are represented by the use of maps Figure 5 [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. ...
A literature-based review was made to assess the applications of GIS in veterinary epidemiology and its relevance in the prevention and control of animal diseases. GIS is “a powerful set of tools for collecting, retrieving, transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real world”. Overall, a GIS is a platform consisting of hardware, software, data, and people and encompasses a fundamental and universally applicable set of value-added tools for capturing, transforming, managing, analyzing, and presenting information that is geographically referenced. These data can be combined with population data and previous disease records for the prediction of diseases. Applications of GIS are very wide in all human activities. It is used for marketing studies, telecommunications, and the location of restaurants, museums, and hospitals; in tracking truck traffic; in establishing maps of animal population density by species or maps of changes in vegetation; in locating forests, rivers, and mountains and in determining soil compositions. The application of GIS to the veterinary field has been developed over the last decade. Specialized software is becoming more affordable and user friendly. GIS can be applied in veterinary epidemiology for investigation of complex disease problems, GIS is used for early warning systems, for recording and reporting disease information and for planning animal disease prevention and control program. One of the most useful functions of GIS in epidemiology is its utility in basic mapping. It is believed that GIS will play an important role in the control and eradication of epidemic Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs). Thus training of veterinary staff on GIS, its tools, and applications are highly recommended.
... In [70] considered that GIS could act as more powerful methods when coupled with statistical methods for enhancing the validity and make robust conclusions. The combination of GIS and other spatial statistical methods provide a fuller exploration on the way diseases are distributed and affect the surrounding people [72]. To that, even more studies applied the GIS and multivariate analysis. ...
... Outbreaks in North America and Europe seemed transient in 2014-2015, while various subtypes of clade 2.3.4.4 contin- ued to circulate in China and Southeast Asia (EMPRES-i, http://empres-i.fao.org/, data recovered 22 March 2017, [66]). It is interesting to note that while the 2.3.4 viruses, represented by A/chicken/Hong Kong/AP156/2008 and A/ chicken/Lao/LH2/2010 in this study, were localized geo- graphically, descendants of this clade, specifically 2.3.4.4 viruses, have spread globally, aided by wild birds. ...
Among the diverse clades of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses of the goose/Guangdong lineage, only a few have been able to spread across continents: clade 2.2 viruses spread from China to Europe and into Africa in 2005-2006, clade 2.3.2.1 viruses spread from China to Eastern Europe in 2009-2010 and clade 2.3.4.4 viruses of the H5Nx subtype spread from China to Europe and North America in 2014/2015. While the poultry trade and wild-bird migration have been implicated in the spread of HPAI H5N1 viruses, it has been proposed that robust virus-shedding by wild ducks in the absence of overt clinical signs may have contributed to the wider dissemination of the clade 2.2, 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4.4 viruses. Here we determined the phenotype of two divergent viruses from clade 2.3.2.1, a clade that spread widely, and two divergent viruses from clade 2.3.4, a clade that was constrained to Southeast Asia, in young (ducklings) and adult (juvenile) mallard ducks. We found that the virus-shedding magnitude and duration, transmission pattern and pathogenicity of the viruses in young and adult mallard ducks were largely independent of the virus clade. A clade-specific pattern could only be detected in terms of cumulative virus shedding, which was higher with clade 2.3.2.1 than with clade 2.3.4 viruses in juvenile mallards, but not in ducklings. The ability of clade 2.3.2.1c A/common buzzard/Bulgaria/38 WB/2010-like viruses to spread cross-continentally may, therefore, have been strain-specific or independent of phenotype in wild ducks.
... The following techniques are used for prevention and control of Trans-boundary disease these are: Preventing incidence of trans-boundary diseases and disease transmitting vectors and minimizing the movement of animals across the borders is essential. Also, prompt practice of quarantine protocol would reduce many trans-boundary diseases [94], Reducing man-made disasters that have adverse implications on climate [79], Interrupting the human-livestock wildlife transmission of infections, Breaking the cycle of disease transmission [95], Establishing regional biosecurity arrangement with capacity for early disease warning system for surveillance, monitoring and diagnosis of emerging disease threats [96], Undertaking animal breeding strategies to create disease resistant gene pools [97], Strengthening government policies to enhance agricultural/animal research and training, and technology development [98], Ensuring appropriate preparedness and response capacity to any emerging disease and Intensification of international cooperation in preventing spread of TADs [96,99]. ...
Trans-boundary animal diseases pose a serious risk to animal production and jeopardze
internatonal trade. The objectves of this paper were to gve general overview about major trans boundary disease of ruminants and their economic effect in Ethiopia. Ethiopia has been facing devastating economic losses from major outbreaks of transboundary anima dseases (TADs) such as foot and mouth disease, contagious bovine pleuropneumona, lumpy skn dsease in cattle and pest des pettes ruminants, contagious Caprne peuropneumonia, sheep and goat pox and brucellosis in smal
ruminants. These diseases impose major economic costs and risks to the country, the neghbors, and
trading partners. Even though both the drect and indirect impact of these diseases causes devastating
economic losses to the country, the indirect effect is more serious. The trade implication of TADs can
cause a greater economic impact than the direct producton losses themselves. The trade ban due to the existence of these major transboundary dsease and other negative domestc mpacts on agriculture and other sectors, can be rased as an example. Among other factors affectng the economic benefit of the country from livestock sector, increased outbreaks of highy contagous trans-boundary anima diseases
(TADs) is consdered as major cause of economy losses.
... Also, prompt practice of quarantine 2013 protocol would reduce many transboundary diseases. Geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing could be utilized as early warning systems and in the surveillance and control of infectious diseases (Martin et al., 2007); Reducing man-made disasters that have adverse implications on climate. Global warming and climate change either due to natural or anthropogenic influences are likely to predispose the animal population to newer infections (FAO, 2008). ...
Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are greatly contagious epidemic diseases that can spread very rapidly, irrespective of national borders. They cause high rates of death and disease in animals, thereby having serious socio-economic and sometimes public health consequences while constituting a steady threat to the livelihoods of livestock farmers. With the development of technology, livestock production has gained an integral position in the national economy, socioeconomic development, poverty alleviation and nutrition supply for human. Livestock farming is one of the important sources of livelihood to rural peoples in Bangladesh. A healthy livestock is pleasure of any country including Bangladesh. However, rapid trend of globalization has brought upon challenges in maintaining healthy herds of livestock. The emerging infections of foreign origin could spread across national geographical borders and cause devastation in livestock population. As a result, there will be an emergence and spread of new disease in the region which was once free from the disease. Regional and international approaches have to be followed, and the FAO and OIE Global framework-TADs initiative provides the suitable concepts and objectives as well as an organizational framework to link international and regional organizations at the service of their countries to better prevent and control the risks on animal and human health and the economic impact of TADs and emerging animal diseases. In this paper, we have summarized the main diseases of livestock that are transboundary in nature, and sum up the challenges and necessary management strategies in controlling the transboundary diseases.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(1): 121-126, April 2016
... Although animal disease surveillance has traditionally been implemented at national and sub-national levels, the increasing number of transboundary animal disease epidemics has highlighted the need for establishing such systems at broader scales. As a result, data warehouses and disease reporting systems such as World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID) (Jebara et al., 2012) and EMPRES Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) (FAO: EMPRES transboundary animal disease bulletin, 2011; Farnsworth et al., 2010; Martin et al., 2007) were launched to encourage and facilitate data collection and sharing at a global level (Table 2). However, in addition to their original role, such data warehouses also provide researchers with cost-effective access to regularly updated spatial disease data, potentially leading to increased knowledge gains, without the need for costly and time-consuming primary research. ...
... EMPRES-i); (http://empresi .fao.org/eipws3g/) (FAO: EMPRES transboundary animal disease bulletin, 2011; Farnsworth et al., 2010; Martin et al., 2007) ...
... reports from the OIE, World Health Organization, national authorities, FAO country or regional projects, field missions and field officers, non-governmental organizations , laboratories and reference centers) and informal sources (e.g. media reports and those disseminated by the Global Public Health Intelligence Network and ProMED) (Farnsworth et al., 2010; Martin et al., 2007), and all outbreaks appearing in the database are followed-up until either confirmed or denied (Farnsworth et al., 2010). WAHID, on the other hand, comprises official information submitted by OIE member countries regarding immediate and follow-up notifications of exceptional disease events, or semester and annual reports on OIE-listed diseases together with background information on animal health and control programs. ...
During the last 30years it has become commonplace for epidemiological studies to collect locational attributes of disease data. Although this advancement was driven largely by the introduction of handheld global positioning systems (GPS), and more recently, smartphones and tablets with built-in GPS, the collection of georeferenced disease data has moved beyond the use of handheld GPS devices and there now exist numerous sources of crowdsourced georeferenced disease data such as that available from georeferencing of Google search queries or Twitter messages. In addition, cartography has moved beyond the realm of professionals to crowdsourced mapping projects that play a crucial role in disease control and surveillance of outbreaks such as the 2014 West Africa Ebola epidemic. This paper provides a comprehensive review of a range of innovative sources of spatial animal and human health data including data warehouses, mHealth, Google Earth, volunteered geographic information and mining of internet-based big data sources such as Google and Twitter. We discuss the advantages, limitations and applications of each, and highlight studies where they have been used effectively.
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