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Distribution of genes encoding MRPs into various biological processes in Arabidopsis (a) and soybean (b).
Source publication
Oxidation and reduction of methionine (Met) play important roles in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and signaling in living organisms. To understand the impacts of Met oxidation and reduction in plants during stress, we surveyed the genomes of Arabidopsis and soybean ( Glycine max L.) for genes encoding Met-rich proteins (MRPs). We found 1...
Citations
... We investigated whether methionine-rich proteins would be among the ones depleted during cobalamin limitation given the direct involvement of this cofactor in methionine synthesis. Methionine-rich proteins are considered containing at least 6% methionine with a total length of at least 95 amino-acids (Chu et al., 2016). Among the 49 methionine-rich proteins identified this way in the detected proteome, only two (6.90 and 8.50% methionine) were depleted in cobalamin limitation vs. N limitation and one (6.73% ...
Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is a cobalt-containing enzymatic cofactor involved in methionine synthesis. Provided only by select bacteria and archaea in marine systems, this vitamin is known to limit primary production in different oceanic areas. Understanding the consequences of cobalamin limitation on phytoplankton physiology is of great interest, notably for cobalamin-dependent haptophytes that significantly contribute to oceanic carbon fixation and sulfur cycle through dimethyl sulfonio propionate (DMSP) synthesis. Here, the effect of cobalamin limitation was compared to nitrogen limitation on the model haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea grown in chemostats, combining comparative proteomics with the analysis of major macromolecules and specific osmolytes. Our results highlight the interconnection of carbon and DMSP metabolisms through the cobalamin-dependent methionine synthesis by showing that cobalamin scarcity impacts the mechanisms of carbon allocation and reduces DMSP quota. Conversely, proline production seemed to anticorrelate with cobalamin availability. In a boarder context, analysis of transcriptomes or genomes of main DMSP producers from different phytoplankton lineages suggests that most of them are cobalamin-dependent, which means that prokaryotic cobalamin synthesis exerts an important control on phytoplankton DMSP production in some regions of the world ocean.
... However, no research has been reported about the influence of methionine oxidation on legume-rhizobium symbiosis. A total of 121 and 213 methionine-rich proteins participating in various vital processes have been identified by genome-wide analysis in Arabidopsis and soybeans (Glycine max L.), respectively (Chu et al. 2016a). Methionine in proteins is not only involved in protein initiation but also plays important roles in other biological processes (Martinez et al. 2017, Jung et al. 2018. ...
Methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MsrB) is involved in oxidative stress or defense responses in plants. However, little is known about its role in legume-rhizobium symbiosis. In this work, an MsrB gene was identified from Astragalus sinicus and its function in symbiosis was characterized. AsMsrB was induced under phosphorus starvation and displayed different expression patterns under symbiotic and non-symbiotic conditions. Hydrogen peroxide or methyl viologen treatment enhanced the transcript level of AsMsrB in roots and nodules. Subcellular localization showed that AsMsrB was localized in the cytoplasm of onion epidermal cells and co-localized with rhizobia in nodules. Plants with AsMsrB-RNAi hairy roots exhibited significant decreases in nodule number, nodule nitrogenase activity and fresh weight of aerial part, as well as abnormal nodule and symbiosome development. Statistics of infection events showed that plants with AsMsrB-RNAi hairy roots had significant decreases in the number of root hair curling events, infection threads and nodule primordia compared with the control. The content of hydrogen peroxide increased in AsMsrB-RNAi roots while decreased in AsMsrB over-expression roots at the early stage of infection. The transcriptome analysis showed synergistic modulations of the expression of genes involved in ROS generation and scavenging, defense and pathogenesis, and early nodulation. In addition, a candidate protein interacting with AsMsrB was identified and confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Taken together, our results indicate that AsMsrB plays an essential role in nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by affecting the redox homeostasis in roots and nodules.
... Jacques et al. (2015) describe a proteome-wide study of in vivo protein-bound Met oxidation in A. thaliana upon oxidative stress and identified ~ 500 oxidation sites in ~ 400 proteins. Chu et al. (2016) surveyed the genomes of Arabidopsis and soybean (Glycine max L.) for genes encoding Met-rich proteins and reported that they participate in various vital processes under normal and stress conditions. However, HO1 was not among the proteins identified in these studies. ...
Key message
Here, a functional characterization of a wheat MSR has been presented: this protein makes a contribution to the plant’s tolerance of abiotic stress, acting through its catalytic capacity and its modulation of ROS and ABA pathways.
Abstract
The molecular mechanism and function of certain members of the methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) gene family have been defined, however, these analyses have not included the wheat equivalents. The wheat MSR gene TaMSRA4.1 is inducible by salinity and drought stress and in this study, we demonstrate that its activity is restricted to the Met-S-SO enantiomer, and its subcellular localization is in the chloroplast. Furthermore, constitutive expression of TaMSRA4.1 enhanced the salinity and drought tolerance of wheat and Arabidopsis thaliana. In these plants constitutively expressing TaMSRA4.1, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found to be influenced through the modulation of genes encoding proteins involved in ROS signaling, generation and scavenging, while the level of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA), and the sensitivity of stomatal guard cells to exogenous ABA, was increased. A yeast two-hybrid screen, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) interacted with TaMSRA4.1, and that this interaction depended on a TaHO1 C-terminal domain. In plants subjected to salinity or drought stress, TaMSRA4.1 reversed the oxidation of TaHO1, activating ROS and ABA signaling pathways, but not in the absence of HO1. The aforementioned properties advocate TaMSRA4.1 as a candidate for plant genetic enhancement.
... These proteins function in photosynthesis, translation and protection against oxidative stress (Tarrago et al. 2012). Quite recently, we used a bioinformatics approach and found 213 Met-rich proteins in soybean (Chu et al. 2016a). This finding could be useful to identify possible targets of GmMSR. ...
In plants, two types of methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) exist, namely methionine-S-sulfoxide reductase (MSRA) and methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase (MSRB). These enzymes catalyze the reduction of methionine sulfoxides (MetO) back to methionine (Met) by a catalytic cysteine (Cys) and one or two resolving Cys residues. Interestingly, a group of MSRA encoded by plant genomes does not have a catalytic residue. We asked that if this group of MSRA did not have any function (as fitness), why it was not lost during the evolutionary process. To challenge this question, we analyzed the gene family encoding MSRA in soybean (GmMSRAs). We found seven genes encoding GmMSRAs, which included three segmental duplicated pairs. Among them, a pair of duplicated genes, namely GmMSRA1 and GmMSRA6, was without a catalytic Cys residue. Pseudogenes were ruled out as their transcripts were detected in various tissues and their Ka/Ks ratio indicated a negative selection pressure. In vivo analysis in Δ3MSR yeast strain indicated that the GmMSRA6 did not have activity toward MetO, contrasting to GmMSRA3 which had catalytic Cys and had activity. When exposed to H2O2-induced oxidative stress, GmMSRA6 did not confer any protection to the Δ3MSR yeast strain. Overexpression of GmMSRA6 in Arabidopsis thaliana did not alter the plant’s phenotype under physiological conditions. However, the transgenic plants exhibited slightly higher sensitivity toward salinity-induced stress. Taken together, this data suggested that the plant MSRAs without the catalytic Cys are not enzymatically active and their existence may be explained by a role in regulating plant MSR activity via dominant-negative substrate competition mechanism.
... The survival rates were visually observed and recorded after two days of treatments. For paraquat leaf disc assay, the procedures described in the previous study were followed [7]. ...
Galactinol synthase (GolS) has been known to play a key role in raffinose biosynthesis by catalysing the formation of galactinol. The GolS gene family has been recently identified in various plant species. Among them, many individual GolS genes have been reported to function in plant stress tolerance. In this study, we reported the construction of transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing a soybean GolS gene, GolS2. There were no significant differences in the phenotypes of the transgenic and control plants during normal physiological conditions. We evaluated the performance of the transgenic plants under various stress conditions in relation to that of the control plants. The result evidenced that the overexpression of GmGolS2 gene in Arabidopsis improved the plant’s tolerance to salt stress but did not protect the plants against heavy metals and paraquat. Our study suggested that soybean GolS genes could be a potential candidate for genetic engineering to improve abiotic stress tolerance of plants.
... More recently, a thorough survey of genomic data allowed identifying Met-rich proteins, MRPs, far more systematically in Arabidopsis and soybean. The search based on two criteria, peptide length of at least 95 residues and Met content higher than 6%, resulted in the isolation of 121 and 213 genes, respectively, coding for proteins meeting both conditions [118]. Of note, the function of 50% of encoded proteins is unknown. ...
... Several proteins participating in Ca 2+ -dependent signaling are potential MSR substrates. Thus, among the 13 soybean drought-induced genes encoding Met-rich proteins, five code for CAM-related proteins [118]. In G. soja, the search of partners of a CAM-binding kinase led to the isolation of a MSRB isoform (B5a) [60]. ...
... Finally, most proteomic strategies highlight the importance of the control of Met redox status in stress responsive proteins. Indeed, among the 121 and 213 Met-rich proteins in Arabidopsis and soybean, respectively, many respond to drought or high salt and participate in regulation of transcription, modification of proteins and transport of metals [118]. Consistently, among the proteins exhibiting MetO following treatment of Arabidopsis cell cultures with a cGMP analogue, proteins responsive to various stress conditions such as tubulin or aconitase, are substantially enriched [111]. ...
Oxidation of methionine (Met) leads to the formation of two Sand R-diastereoisomers of Met sulfoxide (MetO) that are reduced back to Met by methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs), A and B, respectively. Here, we review the current knowledge about the physiological functions of plant MSRs in relation with subcellular and tissue distribution, expression patterns, mutant phenotypes, and possible targets. The data gained from modified lines of plant models and crop species indicate that MSRs play protective roles upon abiotic and biotic environmental constraints. They also participate in the control of the ageing process, as shown in seeds subjected to adverse conditions. Significant advances were achieved towards understanding how MSRs could fulfil these functions via the identification of partners among Met-rich or MetO-containing proteins, notably by using redox proteomic approaches. In addition to a global protective role against oxidative damage in proteins, plant MSRs could specifically preserve the activity of stress responsive effectors such as glutathione-S-transferases and chaperones. Moreover, several lines of evidence indicate that MSRs fulfil key signaling roles via interplays with Ca 2+-and phosphorylation-dependent cascades, thus transmitting ROS-related information in transduction pathways.
... These include enzymes involved in osmolyte biosynthesis, water channel proteins, sugar and proline transporters, detoxification enzymes, antioxidant proteins, chaperones, osmotin, antifreeze proteins, late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, and various proteases [30][31][32]. The second group is composed of regulatory proteins, including transcription factors (TFs), protein phosphatases and protein kinases, and other signaling molecules such as calmodulin-binding protein [33][34][35]. ...
Background
The tea-oil camellia (Camellia oleifera) is the most important oil plant in southern China, and has a strong resistance to drought and barren soil. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance would greatly promote its cultivation and molecular breeding.
Results
In total, we obtained 76,585 unigenes with an average length of 810 bp and an N50 of 1,092 bp. We mapped all the unigenes to the NCBI ‘nr’ (non-redundant), SwissProt, KEGG, and clusters of orthologous groups (COG) databases, where 52,531 (68.6%) unigenes were functionally annotated. According to the annotation, 46,171 (60.8%) unigenes belong to 338 KEGG pathways. We identified a series of unigenes that are related to the synthesis and regulation of abscisic acid (ABA), the activity of protective enzymes, vitamin B6 metabolism, the metabolism of osmolytes, and pathways related to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. After exposed to drought for 12 hours, the number of differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) between treated plants and control plants increased in the G4 cultivar, while there was no significant increase in the drought-tolerant C3 cultivar. DEGs associated with drought stress responsive pathways were identified by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Moreover, we found 789 DEGs related to transcription factors. Finally, according to the results of qRT-PCR, the expression levels of the 20 unigenes tested were consistent with the results of next-generation sequencing.
Conclusions
In the present study, we identified a large set of cDNA unigenes from C. oleifera annotated using public databases. Further studies of DEGs involved in metabolic pathways related to drought stress and transcription will facilitate the discovery of novel genes involved in resistance to drought stress in this commercially important plant.
... Recently, Seneviratne et al. [41] investigated in planta the biochemical function of the DRR206 and reported that the metabolite associated with its gene induction is the pinoresinol monoglucoside. The pinoresinol is a member of a large, structurally diverse, class of lignans, which have a wide range of physiological and pharmacologically important properties [42,43]. Because of their pronounced biological (antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant and anti-feedant) properties, a major role of lignans in vascular plants is to apparently help confer resistance against various opportunistic pathogens and predators [41]. ...
Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are known for their powerful ability to stimulate the plant immune system but little is known about their mode of action in pea (Pisum sativum). In the present study, we investigated the elicitor activity of two fractions of OGs, with polymerization degrees (DPs) of 2–25, in pea against Aphanomyces euteiches. One fraction was nonacetylated (OGs − Ac) whereas the second one was 30% acetylated (OGs + Ac). OGs were applied by injecting the upper two rachises of the plants at three-and/or four-weeks-old. Five-week-old roots were inoculated with 10 5 zoospores of A. euteiches. The root infection level was determined at 7, 10 and 14 days after inoculation using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results showed significant root infection reductions namely 58, 45 and 48% in the plants treated with 80 µg OGs + Ac and 59, 56 and 65% with 200 µg of OGs − Ac. Gene expression results showed the upregulation of genes involved in the antifungal defensins, lignans and the phytoalexin pisatin pathways and a priming effect in the basal defense, SA and ROS gene markers as a response to OGs. The reduction of the efficient dose in OGs + Ac is suggesting that acetylation is necessary for some specific responses. Our work provides the first evidence for the potential of OGs in the defense induction in pea against Aphanomyces root rot.
The ethylene insensitive 3/ethylene insensitive 3‐like (EIN3/EIL) plays an indispensable role in fruit ripening. However, the regulatory mechanism that links post‐translational modification of EIN3/EIL to fruit ripening is largely unknown. Here, we studied the expression of 13 MaEIL genes during banana fruit ripening, among which MaEIL9 displayed higher enhancement particularly in the ripening stage. Consistent with its transcript pattern, abundance of MaEIL9 protein gradually increased during the ripening process, with maximal enhancement in the ripening. DNA affinity purification (DAP)‐seq analysis revealed that MaEIL9 directly targets a subset of genes related to fruit ripening, such as the starch hydrolytic genes MaAMY3D and MaBAM1. Stably overexpressing MaEIL9 in tomato fruit hastened fruit ripening, whereas transiently silencing this gene in banana fruit retarded the ripening process, supporting a positive role of MaEIL9 in fruit ripening. Moreover, oxidation of methionines (Met‐129, Met‐130, and Met‐282) in MaEIL9 resulted in the loss of its DNA‐binding capacity and transcriptional activation activity. Importantly, we identified MaEIL9 as a potential substrate protein of methionine sulfoxide reductase A MaMsrA4, and oxidation of Met‐129, Met‐130, and Met‐282 in MaEIL9 could be restored by MaMsrA4. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel regulatory network controlling banana fruit ripening, which involves MaMsrA4‐mediated redox regulation of the ethylene signaling component MaEIL9.
Nuclear factor-YB là một trong ba tiểu phần cơ bản của nhân tố phiên mã Nuclear factor-Y, đóng vai trò quan trọng trong các quá trình sinh học diễn ra trong tế bào thực vật. Trong nghiên cứu này, một số yếu tố điều hòa cis- đáp ứng hóc môn và đáp ứng bất lợi đã được tìm thấy trên vùng promoter của 17 gen MeNF-YB. Trong đó, vùng promoter của gen MeNF-YB12 và -YB14 đều chứa các yếu tố đáp ứng bất lợi. Xây dựng cây phân loại đã chỉ ra rằng MeNF-YB12, -YB14 và -YB16 nằm trên cùng nhánh với các NF-YB ở đậu tương và Arabidopsis thaliana được nghiên cứu trước đây, gợi ý 3 thành viên này có thể đáp ứng với điều kiện hạn. Dữ liệu microarray đã chỉ ra các gen có biểu hiện ở 7 bộ phận chính trên cây sắn trong điều kiện thường. Gen MeNF-YB2 và -YB12 được xác định có biểu hiện đặc thù lần lượt ở thân, củ và củ, chồi bên. Mặt khác, MeNF-YB5 và -YB14 cũng có biểu hiện mạnh ở củ. Những dữ liệu này gợi ý rằng 2 gen MeNF-YB14 và -YB12 có thể đáp ứng với điều kiện hạn.
