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Distribution of fin ray counts of (a) the first dorsal fin and (b) the anal fin of Cottus gobio in the three investigated drainages.
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Starch gel electrophoresis and morphological characters were used to analyse the geographical variation of 16 populations of Cottus gobio, the bullhead, across three Central European drainage systems. Twenty out of 31 screened allozyme loci were polymorphic. Genetic varia-bility differed considerably among populations (H e between 0.008 and 0.099)....
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Badis badis is a threatened ornamental freshwater fish in the Indian scenario. We have studies RAPD based locus specific population genetic structure of this species in the eastern sub-Himalayan hotspot region of West Bengal state of India, known as the Terai and Dooars. We have studied six populations of Badis badis from the Terai and seven popula...
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... The early examination of allozyme markers from different populations across Europe provided evidence of heterozygosity that had not previously been observed. Studies were conducted across south-western Germany and the connecting water bodies of northern France (Riffel & Schreiber, 1995, north-east Bavaria (Hänfling & Brandl, 1998a, 1998b and southern France (Eppe et al., 1999), and showed significant allozyme diversity between populations of bullheads from the same drainage basin. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite loci have also been used to examine genetic relationships between populations in Finland (Kontula & Väinölä, 2004) and the drainage waters of the Adriatic (Šlechtová et al., 2004). ...
The European bullhead (Cottus gobio) is widely distributed across Europe, and within the UK is native to England and Wales, where it is protected under the Habitats Directive. In Scotland, however, the species is considered invasive and thriving populations are recorded in the Forth and Clyde river catchments, and the Ale Water in the Scottish Borders. The genetic identity of the Scottish populations has not been established. There is also debate about the status of the European bullhead and its validity as single species, a species complex with several unresolved species, or distinct different species in its European distribution range. There is therefore a need to determine the taxonomy and likely source of the novel Scottish populations. Genetic analyses using cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) mitochondrial DNA sequences were undertaken on specimens from the Forth and Clyde catchments, and combined with the results of morphological characteristics to provide a comprehensive assessment of the taxonomic classification for Scottish bullheads. There was considerable variation in morphological characteristics between populations within Scotland and a wider range of variability than previously recorded for English populations. Genetically the Scottish populations were very closely related to English specimens, supporting the hypothesis of introduction directly from England to Scotland. In terms of broader relationships, Scottish specimens are genetically more closely related to the ostensible species Chabot fluviatile Cottus perifretum, which has been suggested as one of a complex of species across Europe. Morphologically they exhibit characteristics on the spectrum between C. perifretum and C. gobio. There is an urgent need for the clarification of the taxonomy of Cottus sp(p). to avoid confusion in future publications, legislation and management practices relating to bullheads throughout the UK and Europe.
... European sculpins have been the focus of several biogeographic studies because of their wide distribution where population structure is thought to be relatively little impacted by contemporary human translocations. This is due to their current economical insignificance in contrast to other co-occurring freshwater fish such as trout (Hänfling & Brandl, 1998a;Vonlanthen et al., 2007;Neuenschwander et al., 2008). With one exception (Kontula & Vainola, 2001), biogeographic studies have involved almost only riverine populations and suggest that much of the currently occupied geographic range has been colonized during postglacial range expansions after the last glacial maximum ~12,000 years ago (Englbrecht et al., 2000). ...
... Strong genetic differentiation amongst European sculpin taxa commonly predates the last glaciation period, with distinct lineages restricted to particular drainage systems (Englbrecht et al., 2000;Hänfling et al., 2002). Consistent with postglacial colonization from distinct glacial refugia (Hänfling & Brandl, 1998a;Englbrecht et al., 2000;Hänfling & Weetman, 2006) we found three deeply divergent allopatric sculpin lineages, likely belonging to the so-called danubian lineage of C. gobio (Englbrecht et al., 2000) that are yet limited to distinct drainages ( Figure 2&3). Unexpectedly we found two less divergent lineages to coexist in one of these drainages, i.e. the Aare/Rhine catchment, where individuals are associated with different environments, i.e. lake and streams, depending on their respective lineage (Figures 2,3 & 5). ...
... Much more surprisingly, we find genetic differentiation between lake and stream dwelling populations within the Aare catchment. Although sculpins are known to occur in either environment (Kontula & Vainola, 2001;Kottelat & Freyhof, 2007;Goto et al., 2015), such a lakestream differentiation within a drainage was unknown for Cottus gobio (Hänfling & Brandl, 1998a;Vonlanthen et al., 2007;Neuenschwander et al., 2008;Goto et al., 2015). Habitat dependent ecotype formation along a lake-stream axis is well known in some other freshwater fishes where it occurs with some regularity . ...
Ecological speciation and adaptive radiation are key processes shaping northern temperate freshwater fish diversity. Both often involve parapatric differentiation between stream and lake populations and less often, sympatric intralacustrine diversification into habitat‐ and resource‐associated ecotypes. However, few taxa have been studied, calling for studies of others to investigate the generality of these processes. Here, we test for diversification within catchments in freshwater sculpins in a network of peri‐Alpine lakes and streams. Using 8,047 and 13,182 restriction site associated (RADseq) SNPs respectively we identify three deeply divergent phylogeographic lineages associated with different major European drainages. Within the Aare/Rhine catchment, we observe populations from geographically distant lakes to be genetically more similar to each other than to populations from nearby streams. This pattern is consistent with two distinct colonization waves, rather than by parapatric ecological speciation after a single colonization wave. We further find two distinct depth distribution modes in three lakes of the Aare catchment, one in very shallow and one in very deep water, and significant genome‐wide differentiation between these in one lake. Sculpins in the Aare catchment appear to represent an early stage adaptive radiation involving the evolution of a lacustrine lineage distinct from parapatric stream sculpins, and the repeated onset of depth‐related intralacustrine differentiation.
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... During the last 2.5 MY, the ranges of European biota have been most strongly impacted by glacial cycles (Hewitt, 1999). These processes have been extensively studied, particularly in freshwater fishes, whose postglacial recolonization dynamics have been determined by the history of river drainage systems (Bănărescu, 1990(Bănărescu, , 1992Bernatchez & Wilson, 1998;Bianco, 1990;Hänfling & Brandl, 1998;Jeffries et al., 2016;Reyjol et al., 2006). For example, ephemeral rivers and periglacial lakes that result from glacial meltwater have provided opportunities for fish colonizations (Gibbard, Rose, & Bridgland, 1988) of otherwise isolated drainages (Arkhipov, Ehlers, Johnson, & Wright, 1995;Grosswald, 1980). ...
A fundamental consideration for the conservation of a species is the extent of its native range, that is, regions naturally colonized. However, both natural processes and human-mediated introductions can drive species distribution shifts. Ruling out the human-mediated introduction of a species into a given region is vital for its conservation, but remains a significant challenge in most cases. The crucian carp Carassius carassius (L.) is a threatened freshwater fish thought to be native to much of Europe. However, its native status in England is based only on anecdotal evidence. Here, we devise an approach that can be used to empirically test the native status of English fauna. We use this approach, along with 13 microsatellite loci, population structure analyses, and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC), to test hypotheses for the origins of C. carassius in England. Contrary to the current consensus, we find strong support for the human-mediated introduction of C. carassius into England during the 15th century. This result stimulates an interesting and timely debate surrounding motivations for the conservation of species. We discuss this topic, and the potential for continued conservation of C. carassius in England, despite its non-native origins.
... The hierarchical structure of stream networks and drainage basins provides a natural spatial framework for considering the effects of dispersal and resulting gene flow in resident species (Meffe and Vrijenhoek 1988;Grant et al. 2007). During the last decades, numerous studies have used these ideas to infer levels of dispersal from measured differentiation in gene frequencies among populations of freshwater fishes, insects and aquatic or semi-aquatic mammals (Jackson and Resh 1992;Hanfling and Brandl 1998;Hurwood and Hughes 1998;Hughes et al. 1999;Waters et al. 2001;Banguera-Hinestroza et al. 2002;Vignieri 2005;Burridge et al. 2008;Hughes et al. 2009;Pujolar et al. 2011;Pickles et al. 2012), and several models have been proposed to predict how populations of taxa with different life-history traits and dispersal capabilities interact within structured freshwater habitats (see Finn et al. 2007;Hughes et al. 2009 for review). For aquatic or semi-aquatic organisms gene flow typically occurs primarily within rather than among drainage basins (the Stream Hierarchy Model, Meffe and Vrijenhoek 1988). ...
The capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, is an herbivorous rodent widely distributed throughout most of South American wetlands that lives closely associated with aquatic environments. In this work, we studied the genetic structure of the capybara throughout part of its geographic range in Argentina using a DNA fragment of the mitochondrial control region. Haplotypes obtained were compared with those available for populations from Paraguay and Venezuela. We found 22 haplotypes in 303 individuals. Hierarchical AMOVAs were performed to evaluate the role of river drainages in shaping the genetic structure of capybara populations at the regional and basin scales. In addition, two landscape genetic models, isolation by distance and isolation by resistance, were used to test whether genetic distance was associated with Euclidean distance (i.e. isolation by distance) or river corridor distance (i.e. isolation by resistance) at the basin scale. At the regional scale, the results of the AMOVA grouping populations by mayor river basins showed significant differences between them. At the basin scale, we also found significant differences between sub-basins in Paraguay, together with a significant correlation between genetic and river corridor distance. For Argentina and Venezuela, results were not significant. These results suggest that in Paraguay, the current genetic structure of capybaras is associated with the lack of dispersion corridors through permanent rivers. In contrast, limited structuring in Argentina and Venezuela is likely the result of periodic flooding facilitating dispersion.
... During the last 2.5 MY, the ranges of European biota have been most strongly impacted by glacial cycles (Hewitt, 1999). These processes have been extensively studied, particularly in freshwater fishes, whose postglacial recolonization dynamics have been determined by the history of river drainage systems (Bănărescu, 1990(Bănărescu, , 1992Bernatchez & Wilson, 1998;Bianco, 1990;Hänfling & Brandl, 1998;Jeffries et al., 2016;Reyjol et al., 2006). For example, ephemeral rivers and periglacial lakes that result from glacial meltwater have provided opportunities for fish colonizations (Gibbard, Rose, & Bridgland, 1988) of otherwise isolated drainages (Arkhipov, Ehlers, Johnson, & Wright, 1995;Grosswald, 1980). ...
A fundamental consideration for the conservation of a species is the extent of its native range, however defining a native range is often challenging as changing environments drive shifts in species distributions over time. The crucian carp, Carassius carassius (L.) is a threatened freshwater fish native to much of Europe, however the extent of this range is ambiguous. One particularly contentious region is England, in which C. carassius is currently considered native on the basis of anecdotal evidence. Here, we use 13 microsatellite loci, population structure analyses and approximate bayesian computation (ABC), to empirically test the native status of C. carassius in England. Contrary to the current consensus, ABC yields strong support for introduced origins of C. carassius in England, with posterior distribution estimates placing their introduction in the 15th century, well after the loss of the doggerland landbridge. This result brings to light an interesting and timely debate surrounding our motivations for the conservation of species. We discuss this topic, and make arguments for the continued conservation of C. carassius in England, despite its non-native origins.
... Such phenomena are more likely to occur in organisms with limited dispersion ability and/or in organisms living in separated or narrowly connected habitats [15], [16], [17]. Many streamdwelling fishes have specific environmental needs and therefore form discrete populations, not only between geographical areas with separated catchment systems, but also between closely related sites of the same catchment [18], [19], [20], [21]. These isolated fish populations may then genetically differentiate with time, although they may still maintain their similar morphological appearance and ecological function [22]. ...
Although stream-dwelling gudgeons (Cyprinidae, genus: Gobio) are widespread in Central Europe, the taxonomy of this group and the distribution of its species are still unexplored in detail. The aims of our study are to ascertain taxonomic composition and distribution of the former Gobio gobio superspecies in the inner area of the Carpathian Basin. Since the presence of cryptic species is suspected in this area, we examined the taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of Central European Gobio taxa by sequencing the mitochondrial DNA control region (mtCR). Additionally, we characterized the genetic structure of 27 stream-dwelling gudgeon populations of this area by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). Results of mtCR analysis proved the presence of three species already known as G. obtusirostris (dominant in NW-Hungary), G. gobio (sporadic) and G. carpathicus (sporadic). Additionally, the analysis revealed the existence of one doubtful taxon, G. sp1 (dominant in NE-Hungary), and a new isolated haplogroup (dominant in SW-Hungary). Although Network analysis showed significant detachment among haplogroups, their genetic distances were quite small. Therefore Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed weak nodal support for the branching pattern both for newly described haplotypes, and for the already accepted species. AFLP data showed distinct population structure and a clear pattern of isolation was revealed by distance of stocks. At the same time, level of separation was not affected by the altitudinal position of sites. Moreover we found three major clusters of populations which were separated according to hydrographic regions, and corresponded to the findings of mtCR analysis. Our results suggest the on-going speciation of gudgeons in the Carpathian Basin, however the separation of haplogroups seems to only be an intermediate phase. The discovered natural pattern seems to be only slightly influenced by anthropogenic impacts. Additionally our results put into question the suitability of the recently accepted within Gobio genus taxonomy.
... After the LGM, it is likely that B. carpathicus began to expand its range and crossed the Black Sea-Baltic watershed in a number of stream captures. Such a mode of dispersal of montane fishes has been documented in other parts of Europe in the case of the bullhead, Cottus gobio [45], [46] [47], and may be regarded as effective [31], [48], [49]. The range expansion probably comprised of several episodes after which the newly established population grew in number and served as a source of individuals for subsequent colonization [50]. ...
As a result of specific adaptations and habitat preferences strongly rheophilic fish species may show high levels of endemism. Many temperate rheophilic fish species were subjected to a series of range contractions during the Pleistocene, and then successfully expanded during the Holocene, colonising previously abandoned areas. The Carpathian barbel (Barbus carpathicus Kotlík, Tsigenopoulos, Ráb et Berrebi 2002) occurs in the montane streams in three basins of the main Central European rivers in the northern part of the Carpathian range. We used genetic variation within 3 mitochondrial and 9 microsatellite loci to determine a pattern of postglacial expansion in B. carpathicus. We found that overall genetic variation within the species is relatively low. Estimate of time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of mitochondrial sequences falls within the Holocene. The highest levels of genetic variation found in upper reaches of the Tisa river in the Danube basin suggest that glacial refugia were located in the south-eastern part of the species range. Our data suggest that the species crossed different watersheds at least six times as three genetically distinct groups (probably established in different expansion episodes) were found in northern part of the species range. Clines of genetic variation were observed in both the Danube and Vistula basins, which probably resulted from subsequent bottlenecks while colonizing successive habitats (south eastern populations) or due to the admixture of genetically diverse individuals to a previously uniform population (Vistula basin). Therefore, B. carpathicus underwent both demographic breakdowns and expansions during the Holocene, showing its distribution and demography are sensitive to environmental change. Our findings are important in the light of the current human-induced habitats alterations.
... Both species occur in a number of drainage systems with limited potential for migration between them. Such geographical isolation is typical for freshwater organisms often leading to pronounced genetic population structure (Hänfling and Brandl, 1998;Liu et al., 2011;Sharma and Hughes, 2009;Ward et al., 1994). Furthermore, M. vollenhovenii occupies a wide range of habitats ranging from coastal brackish water to upstream riverine environments, providing the potential for local adaptations. ...
... The lack of geographic structuring among populations from habitats of the same salinity is consistent with a single origin of the freshwater populations through upstream speciation (Wowor et al., 2009). Given that freshwater organisms often show pronounced genetic differentiation among drainage systems (Hänfling and Brandl, 1998;Liu et al., 2011;Sharma and Hughes, 2009;Ward et al., 1994), it was expected that there would be geographic structuring between samples collected from Badagry Creek and Asejire Lake, on one hand, and Ebonyi, Itu and Calabar, on the other. After all, both areas are not only geographically distinct and lack freshwater connections, but they also lie on opposite sides of the Niger River system. ...
With a wide distribution across brackish and freshwater habitats in West African coastal regions, the giant prawns, Macrobrachium vollenhovenii and Macrobrachium macrobrachion, are potential candidates for aquaculture in the region. Here, we present the first molecular investigation of the phylogeography and systematics of these prawns. Morphological analyses unambiguously classed individuals into two clusters corresponding with the recognized species. However, phylogenies based on 3 mitochondrial DNA regions (CO1, 16S rRNA, 12S rRNA) consistently recovered two highly divergent clades. One clade comprised all individuals from two geographically distant upstream (freshwater) populations of M. vollenhovenii, the other all individuals from brackish water sites, comprised of both morphospecies. Within mtDNA clades, there was no apparent genetic differentiation between morphospecies or geographic location, which is most consistent with gene flow through human-mediated translocation. Our results indicate a cryptic Macrobrachium species which appears to be adapted to freshwater conditions and therefore highly suitable for freshwater aquaculture. Further investigations are required to determine whether the existence of two apparent morphospecies in brackish water results from intraspecific polymorphism, recent speciation or extensive hybridization.
... The spread of local populations of bullhead has been hampered by the low migratory ability of the species, its specific ecological requirements and river fragmentation (natural and man-made), which have prevented significant dispersal (Utzinger et al., 1998; Fischer and Kummer, 2000; Knaepkens et al., 2005). The current distribution of Cottus species across Europe is a result of colonization and re-colonization processes during interglacial periods (Riffel and Schreiber, 1995; Hänfling and Brandl, 1998; Englbrecht et al., 2000; Kontula and Väinölä, 2001; Volckaert et al., 2002; Šlechtová et al., 2004). After the most recent (Würm) glaciation the contact between bullhead populations inhabiting areas surrounded by mountain ridges or different drainage systems was interrupted and they became completely isolated. ...
... Primary freshwater fishes are restricted in their dispersal abilities. For this reason, they are well suited for biogeographic studies, since the genetic divergence among their regional populations in different rivers should reflect historical influences on their present-day population structure (Hänfling and Brandl, 1998). The complete mitogenome sequences have been widely used to resolve persistent controversies over phylogenetic relationships (Saitoh et al., 2006) as well as to investigate phylogeography and divergence time estimation (Saitoh et al., 2003;Inoue et al., 2005;Azuma et al., 2008;Setiamarga et al., 2009;Kim and Bang, 2012) across broad piscine taxa. ...
We determined the complete mitogenome sequences for four Coreoleuciscus splendidus strains (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) inhabiting the Han and Geum river drainages in the West Korea Subdistrict, and the Seomjin and Nakdong river drainages in the South Korea Subdistrict in the Korean peninsula. The gene contents and arrangement of C. splendidus were homogeneous to those of typical vertebrates. Phylogenetic analysis with the partitioned nucleotide matrix of concatenated mitochondrial genes revealed that C. splendidus formed a monophyletic group with gobionine species in the cyprinid lineage. The four river strains separated into two phylogenetically distinct groups, which were in accordance with the biogeographical distribution pattern in Korea according to subdistrict. The estimated divergence time among western and southern subdistrict populations was 37.9 ± 6.5 million years ago (Mya), whereas those between the two river strains in each subdistrict were estimated to be 3.2–3.4 Mya. The presence of such distinct historical lineages has great implications for biogeography of ichthyofauna in Korea and future management and conservation plans of C. splendidus populations.
