Table 4 - uploaded by Ray Bollman
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... Canada, between 1981 and 2001, employment in the food processing sector in predominantly rural regions increased (marginally, by 6 thousand jobs, or 0.4 percent per year, on average) (Table 4). Thus, the manufacturing component of the agriculture plus agri-food sector did make a positive contribution to rural development (i.e. ...
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The paper examines how Kerala, a demographically and socially well advanced state in India, responded to the high population pressure during the 30 year period from 1975-76 to 2005-06. Indices of population pressure like density of population and size of operational holdings were used besides computing a coefficient using available land and the abs...
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... Agriculture is an important aspect to consider when identifying the rural areas, whether it is the traditional rurality in developing countries or the modern rurality of the developed countries (Pizzoli and Gong, 2007). Because there is much speculation around the fact that the traditional way of thinking rural as agriculture does not apply as much to the developed countries, that undergo modern urbanisation as it does to developing countries with predominant agrarian economy ( Bollman 2007). Which brings us to say that agriculture in the developed countries happens on the urban rural interface, where urbanisation invades the agricultural foodscapes, and generally takes the form of urban agriculture with attempts to regain these foodscapes. ...
As the cities expand, urban development seeps into the rural landscape whilst retaining some of the characteristics of the rural image, painting a rather hybrid picture of fragmented boundaries at this urban- rural interface. Thereby termed as the peri-urban areas, these spaces tend to urbanize rapidly where, their ever-changing boundaries create shifting paradigms of suburban communities trying to replicate something that used to be. A suburban ‘model’ of the past, which is often advertised as a means of inviting people to the outskirts; might have worked back then but doesn’t necessarily apply to the changing lifestyle of today or the morrow. These communities living in-between the peri-urban transition spaces, growing from urban towards rural have a transient identity, to which most cannot identify themselves with; thus lacking a sense of belonging and the social cohesion thereof.
All the while, as the demand for housing engulfs the agricultural land with little regard to retaining the farmlands, which in this new development, later crop up in the form of few unplanned plot allotments around parking lots or the likes of in-between lost spaces as urban agriculture.
This thesis will therefore attempt to study this new shift in the paradigm of the suburban community and the image it thereby projects as being ‘suburban’, and strive to reimagine the image of suburbia to balance out this urban encroachment on the rural landscape by means of foodscaping the architecture. Concepts of communal living and communal food growing will be explored spatially using design as research to better understand how foodscaping could create a sense of place and social cohesion. This role of design in comprehending, if bringing people together through communal food growing creates a new suburban image; or perhaps foodscaping the suburban image brings about social cohesion shall be a preface to broaden the views of sustainable urban living as a way of growing with architecture.
... Under these new circumstances, policy making in general, but also rural development policy in particular, needs to readdress its focus and direction in the new era, in order to be able to deal effectively with sustainable rural development objectives, namely social cohesion, competitiveness of the rural productive systems in a globalized world and environmental protection. As many researchers claim, rural development nowadays cannot be considered as identical to agricultural development, especially in the developed countries (Agriblue, 2004;Pizzoli and Gong, 2007;Bollman, 2007), although the role of the agricultural sector in rural regions is fully acknowledged as 'environmental safeguard' (EC, 2005;Walls, 2006); and as a sector that can support the development of other sectors of the rural economy (Giaoutzi et al, 2008). This is most evident in the manufacturing and food sectors (Hall, 2004;Clark and Chabrel, 2007;Fennell, 2008). ...
The contemporary era is based on knowledge and information as it directly affects the economic, social, cultural and political activities of all the regions of the world. There has been a recent surge of literature on the so-called 'digital divide' between developed and developing countries. Since early 90s Information and Communication Technologies are playing a pivotal role in the development process. Direct or indirect application of ICT, in rural development sector has also been referred to as "Rural Informatics". Majority of the population resides in rural areas and their isolation has restricted them from contributing to the national mainstream, adversely affecting the country's growth. Thus, in this globalized era, using ICTs is to promote the development programs as well as the reaches to poor for strengthening their livelihood. Information and communication technology is the powerful and productive systems that transform all human activities, including rural economy. It includes the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums. Thus, ICT has been seen as major tool for rural development as it has the potential to effectively address issues like health, education, agricultural productivity, agri-businesses, e-Governance etc. This paper mainly focuses on the scope and role of ICT intervention acting as a new initiative towards rural development.
... The boundaries between urban and rural areas have become further integrated due to processes such as urbanisation, changes in human demographics and globalisation (Swaffield and Primdahl, 2006). All of these have altered the rural economy, and as a consequence, agriculture now playing less of a role (Bollman, 2007;Pizzoli and Gong, 2007). In response to these transformations, a more widely used approach for defining rural areas was developed in 2005 by the OECD based on human population density criteria (see Fig. 1) (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD, 2005). ...
This study aims to evaluate Rural Development Policy (RDP) and its ability to meet environmental objectives at European, national and regional levels. Policy evaluation is necessary to assess the processes and impact of policies and programmes to meet desired outcomes, to further ensure accountability of public funds. There a number of evaluation approaches that have varying abilities to examine the variety of interacting policy determinants. This study explores both quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate the Scottish RDP Rural Priorities scheme performance for the programme period 2007-2013. The Rural Priorities scheme is an important mechanism for achieving environmental objectives through regionalisation. Spatial econometrics, in-depth interviews, and stakeholder power mapping were used to assess policy determinants, such as; farming characteristics, land capability, designated sites status, and accessibility and population as well as less tangible policy aspects such as; policy design, stakeholder power balances, and governance structures. Furthermore these methods were assessed singularly and in collaboration in their abilities to identify strengths and weakness in RDP participatory and environmental performance. This diversity of information contributes to the European Commission funded research project, SPARD (Spatial Analysis of Rural Development), which aims to help policy-makers understand the causal relationships between rural development measures and their consequences in a spatial dimension.
... In 2005, in OECD countries on average, the share of agricultural employment was 11% in predominantly rural areas and 7% in intermediate rural areas, while in 1995 the equivalent shares were 14.6% and 8.8%. As Bollman (2006) expresses it, the historically tight overlap between rural and agriculture no longer exists, at least in a demographic (or 'jobs') sense. ...
The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between agricultural and socioeconomic development in Finnish rural areas (later expressed as rural development) since 1995. The statistical analyses being employed are mainly based on municipal (i.e. LAU-2 level) income, employment and population indicators. The results show that agricultural and rural development and the relationship between them vary remarkably between regions. In addition, the regional structures and developments of agriculture and their links to rural development are multidimensional. In general, it can be stated that there is no significant correlation between agricultural and rural development. The results of this study support the demand for tailor-made agricultural and rural development policy for different rural regions.
... As many researchers claim, rural development nowadays cannot be considered as identical to agricultural development, especially in the developed countries (AGRIBLUE,2004;OECD 2005aOECD , 2005bOECD 2006;Pizzoli and Gong, 2007;Bollman, 2007), although the role of the agricultural sector in rural regions is fully acknowledged as 'environmental safeguard ' [COM(1999)22;COM(2005) Giaoutzi et al. 2008]. This is most evident in the manufacturing and food sectors (Hall 2004;Clark and Chabrel 2007;Fennell 2008), but also in the tourism and leisure sectors, as many of the beautiful landscapes are in fact farmed landscapes (Scarpa and Cicia 2000). ...
Rural policy nowadays is at the heart of the policy discussion in many countries all over the world, in the effort to address and effectively support the specific needs and opportunities of rural places and their population in the new era. Along these lines, the focus of the present paper is twofold: on the one hand it attempts to shed light on the role of ICTs and their applications as enabling tools empowering rural development; while on the other hand it explores the barriers appearing towards the adoption and use of ICTs in rural regions. In such a context, it firstly places emphasis on the evolving new rural development paradigm. Then, the range and potential of ICTs applications is explored, that can serve the implementation of the new policy paradigm in rural regions. It follows a discussion on the steps that are needed in order to develop value-added ICTs applications in rural regions and the barriers appearing in the adoption and use of ICTs in these regions. Finally, are presented some issues of policy concern in respect to the adoption and use of ICTs in a rural development perspective.
... There is a doubt that the traditional way of thinking "rural" as the same of "agricultural" may not be true anymore for developed countries (Bollman, 2007) and the same transformation is going on in several developing ones (UNECE, 2005); despite the fact that while in the large developing countries, such as Brazil, China, and India, however, agriculture still plays an important role in their whole economy in terms of employment and income. The similar situation can be found in many other countries in all the continents (Table 6). ...
While "agricultural and rural development" is one of the key policy areas, there is no universally accepted way on how to classify the urban and rural. On one hand, dissatisfied with the OECD approach in which a "rural area" is defined merely based on the population density, there has been a rich literature in the statistical discourse and policy debate on what other variables should be considered and included for the urban-rural typology. On the other hand, according to the rural areas observed in OECD countries, where the population has migrated to the urban and agricultural production has become less important, some people argue that the traditional way of thinking "rural" as the same of "agricultural" is not true anymore for the developed countries and the same transformation is going on in the developing countries. The salient feature of this paper is to apply an econometric logistic regression model to two datasets for Italy, an OECD country and China, a non-OECD country. The results of the model unambiguously demonstrate that, first, to classify the rural and urban, a multidimensional approach by taking into account both economic activities and geographic dimension along with population density is more appropriate; and second, agriculture is still highly relevant to the rural, and thus an important determinant factor in defining the rural area.
This paper aims to study the conflicts that arise from the ever-present need for housing and urban expansion, with a primary focus on creating an identity for these communities on the edge. It studies the shifting paradigm of the suburban community and proposes to reimagine the image of suburbia to balance out urban encroachment on rural landscapes through foodscaping the architecture. Concepts of communal living and communal food growing are explored spatially using design as a research tool to better understand how foodscaping can create a sense of place and social cohesion. The
capacity of design to bring people together and increase social cohesion is explored through architecture that encourages communal food growing. These ideas form a preface to help broaden views of
sustainable suburban living. These hypotheses are explored at different scales: from the urban scale to the building fabric scale. This
study reflects on how to make in-between spaces into places; thereby giving them an identity and further exploring the way people would interact within these places using food production as a mediator.
Thereby reflecting on how design at the urban scale affects the architecture of a building and vice versa. Conclusively, communal living could provide the necessary platform where the boundaries between the urban form and the building create opportune spaces to harmoniously manoeuvre the hierarchy of the private-semi-public-communal spaces while addressing food security of its citizens.
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