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The authors inspected approximately 300 primary and secondary schools in 87 municipalities of Molise. About 40% were masonry structures, 40% were reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, and the remaining 20% were a variety of structures. Almost all of them were built without seismic criteria and most had no more than three stories. In this paper...
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... 40% were constructed between 1946 and 1971, and only about 10% were constructed after 1971 (an important year in Italy for the design rules of RC structures, because a new and revised code for RC struc- tures was enforced). About 30% of the buildings have a volume of less than 2,000 m 3 , 35% have volumes between 2,000 and 5,000 m 3 , and about 10% are very large buildings with volumes 10,000 m 3 ( Figure 2). Information on building types is drawn from Sec- tion 3 of the AeDES form, mainly devoted to masonry structures. ...
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During the L’Aquila seismic sequence (Italy, 2009) we had the opportunity to install temporary accelerometric stations to study the role of seismic site amplification in damage enhancement. Two of the monitored sites, Castelnuovo and Navelli were also a good test for the recently introduced Italian seismic code (NTC08 2008) that prescribes an aggra...
On August 24, 2016 a ML 6.0 earthquake struck central Italy region, nearly completely destroying some small ancient towns as Amatrice, Accumoli, Arquata and Pescara del Tronto. In the following days thousands of aftershocks have been recorded by the INGV National Seismometric Network, 16 of them with a magnitude greater than 4.0. A Quick RCMT solut...
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... In the literature, there are many studies in which the earthquake behavior of school buildings is discussed and the precautions to be taken are interpreted [46][47][48][49][50]. Among these studies, especially Kaltakcı et al. [47] claimed that school buildings built in 1998 and before with a typical architectural project (or type design projects) in Turkey should be strengthened with a fast and practical method. ...
... Within the Italian framework, the seismic vulnerability of school buildings was largely investigated, often in the aftermath of a seismic event [3][4][5][6][7]. ...
... Recent studies have also reported the vulnerability of existing school buildings in earthquake-prone regions during historical earthquakes, such as in Italy [e.g., [7][8][9], Portugal [e.g., 10], Turkey [e.g, 11,12], Nepal [e.g., [13][14][15], Iran [e.g., [16][17], Venezuela [e.g., 18,19], Perú [e.g., 20], Colombia [e.g., 21], Ecuador [e.g., 22], and Mexico [e.g., 23], and other countries worldwide. Among several types of damage, it has been highlighted that shear failure of captive reinforced concrete (RC) columns [24], which refers to RC columns surrounded by partial-height infill masonry walls for window openings, could lead to severe damage, and even collapse, in school buildings. ...
... Structures xxx (xxxx) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] associated to shear failure characterized by a fully-formed X-shaped diagonal cracking on the column surface along with concrete spalling. Damage State 4 (DS4: loss of axial load carrying capacity). ...
This paper presents the results of a study focused on evaluating the seismic performance of school buildings located in a region of high seismicity in the Pacific Coast of Mexico. For this purpose, a family of three archetype school buildings having typical plan view with one-, two-, and three-story height were designed with out-of-date 1990s seismic requirements. Detailed analytical models representative of the archetype school buildings included modelling the nonlinear behaviour of captive reinforced concrete (RC) columns and the adjacent partial-height infill masonry walls commonly found in this type of structures. The analytical models were subjected to a set of 22 as-recorded mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences gathered at stations placed on the subduction zone of the Mexican Pacific Coast. Drift-based fragility curves for captive RC columns failing in shear, which represent the probability of reaching or exceeding four damage states, based on experimental tests are introduced in this study for evaluating their seismic performance. This investigation revealed that the two-and three-story school buildings exhibit larger inter drift demands at the ground story than those exhibited by the one-storey school building, which led to a weak first-storey mechanism under some mainshock earthquake ground motions. Furthermore , it was noted that aftershocks increased the state of damage at the ground storey due to the increase of damage in the captive RC columns. Findings of this investigation highlight the priority of implementing retrofit strategies, mainly for three-storey school buildings.
... Particular attention should be devoted to existing strategic buildings, such as schools or hospitals (Savoia et al. 2017;Caprili et al. 2012;Clementi et al. 2015;Di Ludovico et al. 2018;Hannewald et al. 2020), considering that these structures are of high importance to the community. For example, the collapse of the school building in San Giuliano during the 2002 Molise earthquake (Augenti et al. 2004;Maffei and Bazzurro 2004) induced the Italian Government to issue a national plan for assessing and mitigating risk for classes of buildings having a strategic role or significance for the community. ...
A study is presented on the seismic fragility of a sample of 15 reinforced-concrete school
buildings built between 1960 and 1980s in the province of Foggia, Southern Italy, for
which near-perfect information is provided on geometrical and mechanical parameters. In
particular, the focus is on the application of two probabilistic methods, employing different compromises in terms of complexity versus accuracy. First, a Eurocode 8 compatible nonlinear static approach is employed, which is augmented via the use of the regression expressions of the SPO2FRAG tool to incorporate record-to-record variability. Second, a nonlinear dynamic approach is used to directly account for record-to-record variability via a constrained multi-stripe analysis. In particular, in view of practitioners’ needs (analysis time, computational efforts, software used), a practical mode for application of the multi-stripe analyses is proposed, based on conducting few stripe analyses, in order to predict the behavior of structures in both the elastic and inelastic ranges of response. Both the static and the dynamic approaches are shown to be viable alternatives, offering fairly matching results at the individual building-level and even closer predictions at the level of ensemble regional fragility curves that incorporate both inter-building and intra-building uncertainties.
... Additionally, the evaluation of structural vulnerability of school buildings has focused the attention of researchers worldwide and hundreds of studies have been carried out around the world in terms of earthquake damage reports and vulnerability assessments of school buildings (Rodgers 2012). One of the countries in which more research has been conducted in last decades is Italy, since several earthquakes have strongly affected the school buildings recently and extensive damage has been observed in such structures (L'Aquila 2009: EEFIT 2009EERI 2009;Molise 2002: Augenti et al. 2004). In the last decade, some of the conducted research has been focused in the assessment of damaged school buildings by means of qualitative method (Formisano 2012); the evaluation of retrofit schemes (Formisano et al. 2017) and the use of detailed advance numerical modeling techniques (Maracchini et al. 2017 andO' Reilly et al. 2019). ...
The island of Hispaniola, shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti, is located in a subduction zone between the North America plate and the Caribbean plate. In addition, there are 13 geological faults in the interior of the island, some of which have shown the potential to generate earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 and higher. Thus, the whole island is considered to be a high seismic risk region. In the past 100 years, several earthquakes have affected both parts of the island. In the case of the Dominican Republic, two earthquakes stand out: a magnitude 8.1 earthquake on August 4, 1946, north of the Samaná Province, which caused a tsunami, soil liquefaction, and the loss of about 100 lives, and a magnitude 6.5 earthquake on September 22, 2003, in the city of Puerto Plata, which caused significant damage for infrastructures. Among the observed effects, the partial and total collapse of several school buildings had a remarkable impact on local communities. In addition to the high seismic risk, a large part of the national infrastructure may exhibit high vulnerability to earthquakes because the seismic regulations had been the same for 32 years, namely from 1979 to 2011. During these three decades, thousands of structures were built nationwide, including essential facilities such as hospitals and schools. Considering that the current student population in public schools in the Dominican Republic is over 2 million, with the majority attending buildings that were designed with the 1979 seismic code and which proved to be highly vulnerable during the Puerto Plata earthquake, it is vital to take measures that reduce the risk and minimize potential earthquake damage to school buildings. In this context, the Technological Institute of Santo Domingo (INTEC) has undertaken recently a project with the main objective to assess the seismic vulnerability of 22 schools located in the San Cristóbal Province, in the south of the Dominican Republic. The latter schools were all built prior to the adoption of the current updated seismic code. This paper presents the results of the assessment of the Fernando Cabral Ortega School. Although only the results of a single RC building are presented, the response of such structure can be considered representative of a portfolio of existing schools in Dominican Republic.
... Previous studies of seismic vulnerability of educational institutions follow one of two directions (i) evaluating the damages determined by specific earthquakes [4], [5]; or (ii) estimating the possible damages that may be caused by a future seismic event [6]- [15]. Also, there is an extended scientific literature volume regarding the matter of retrofitting of school buildings [16]- [22]. ...
... Seismic vulnerability assessments of schools or loss studies tend to focus on the physical component, taking into account the damage that may occur or that has already occurred at the level of structural and/or non-structural elements [4], [5], [9], [12], [21], [23]. This tendency may be linked to OECD's concern that the collapse of school buildings from around the world is caused by human induced failures, like avoidable construction and design errors, improper use of technology and lack of regulations enforcement [24], [25]. ...
In the context of an earthquake impact, school units are particularly vulnerable because of the specific age group of the population that studies there. This means that the earthquake mitigation strategies targeting schools should be carefully elaborated, starting from a proper assessment of their seismic vulnerability. Such assessments should be extensively conducted, especially in the case of urban settlements that are disadvantaged in terms of economic potential, social development and media image, like Vaslui City, Romania. This paper aims to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of school units in Vaslui City using a combination of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Unlike other assessments of this type, the proposed framework integrates both aspects related to the physical vulnerability of the school buildings, and social elements concerning the educational personnel, the age profile of the pupils, school hours and other factors. The methodology also includes a systemic vulnerability component that offers better insights about the access emergency services would have to the educational institutions in case of a powerful earthquake. The physical, social and systemic vulnerability factors/criteria are weighed via Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), while the 25 school units in the study area are evaluated using Weighted Product Model (WPM). The results are combined with GIS techniques in order to obtain a map that shows the seismic vulnerability level of the school units. The most vulnerable school units are the ones with tall old buildings located along narrow streets, with significant number of very young or disabled pupils. These findings represent the stepping stones for the retrofitting works and the educational programmes related to seismic hazards that should be implemented by local authorities. Although restricted by the low number of educational institutions in the study area, the proposed framework may be further on used in seismic vulnerability research.
... To convert the three-level damage scale adopted by the AeDES into the five level damage scale adopted by the European Macroseismic Scale, EMS 98 (Grunthal 1998), and to attribute an overall damage grade to the building accounting for the damage to its structural components, the procedures proposed by some of the authors in (Augenti et al. 2004;) were applied. The AeDES procedure (see Table 3) accounts for both the damage levels and its extension. ...
This paper presents an overview on the response of the healthcare system in the area mostly affected by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake based on specific surveys and information from local health authorities. The authors collected in the field information on the seismic response capacity of the healthcare system. They surveyed five hospital complexes from medium to small dimension whose maximum capacity was up to 50 beds. This type of hospitals are representative of those ones present in the small towns located along the Apennines mountain range, usually including few buildings (i.e. 3–5) constructed in different periods and with different structural types. In all the surveyed hospitals there were partially or totally unusable buildings causing severe limitations to the functionality of the healthcare services, forcing to move many patients to other hospitals and to stop outpatient treatment. This was due mainly to severe damage to non-structural components and, in some cases, to moderate damage to structural components. In the present paper, two hospital case studies, namely “Tolentino” and “San Severino” hospitals, both located in Marche region, are analysed and discussed in detail in order to better understand their performance to the earthquakes, by also estimating their seismic risk via simplified methods, including the WHO Safety Index and the Cosenza and Manfredi (in: Fajfar and Krawinkler (eds) Seismic design methodologies for the next generation of codes, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1997) damage index.
... That is why a large proportion of buildings in Italy have been designed without seismic provisions or in compliance with obsolete codes, with underestimation of the seismic actions and of their effects. This was clearly and tragically demonstrated by the Molise earthquake that occurred in southern Italy in October 2002: 27 children and one teacher were killed in the collapse of a primary school in San Giuliano (Augenti et al. 2002;Bazzurro and Maffei 2004). After the Molise earthquake, the public opinion focused on the problem of high seismic vulnerability of schools. ...
The seismic assessment of the vulnerability of existing public structures, especially school buildings, is a crucial issue in seismic prone countries. Recently, several national and regional programs and activities have focussed on the mitigation of Italian public buildings. They promote the scheduling of public buildings’ structural safety assessment and, when needed, the design and execution of strengthening interventions. Nevertheless, the three strong earthquakes that occurred in the last decade in Italy, Abruzzo (2009), Emilia (2012), and Central Italy (2016), confirmed the vulnerability of school buildings and the social importance of their quick re-opening after a damaging earthquake. In the present paper, the activities carried out on 1514 school building structures in the aftermath of the 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence are reported and analysed. According to survey data collected by post-earthquake usability inspections, the paper analyses the school buildings characteristics, damage level and extent to structural and non-structural components as well as the correlation between seismic intensity and observed damage.
... Additionally, the evaluation of structural vulnerability of school buildings has focused the attention of researchers worldwide and hundreds of studies have been carried out around the world in terms of earthquake damage reports and vulnerability assessments of school buildings (Rodgers 2012). One of the countries in which more research has been conducted in last decades is Italy, since several earthquakes have strongly affected the school buildings recently and extensive damage has been observed in such structures (L'Aquila 2009: EEFIT 2009EERI 2009;Molise 2002: Augenti et al. 2004). In the last decade, some of the conducted research has been focused in the assessment of damaged school buildings by means of qualitative method (Formisano 2012); the evaluation of retrofit schemes (Formisano et al. 2017) and the use of detailed advance numerical modeling techniques (Maracchini et al. 2017 andO' Reilly et al. 2019). ...
The island of Hispaniola, shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti, is located in a subduction zone between the North America plate and the Caribbean plate. In addition, there are 13 geological faults in the interior of the island, some of which have shown the potential to generate earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 and higher. Thus, the whole island is considered to be a high seismic risk region. In the past 100 years, several earthquakes have affected both parts of the island. In the case of the Dominican Republic, two earthquakes stand out: a magnitude 8.1 earthquake on August 4, 1946, north of the Samaná Province, which caused a tsunami, soil liquefaction, and the loss of about 100 lives, and a magnitude 6.5 earthquake on September 22, 2003, in the city of Puerto Plata, which caused significant damage for infrastructures. Among the observed effects, the partial and total collapse of several school buildings had a remarkable impact on local communities. In addition to the high seismic risk, a large part of the national infrastructure may exhibit high vulnerability to earthquakes because the seismic regulations had been the same for 32 years, namely from 1979 to 2011. During these three decades, thousands of structures were built nationwide, including essential facilities such as hospitals and schools. Considering that the current student population in public schools in the Dominican Republic is over 2 million, with the majority attending buildings that were designed with the 1979 seismic code and which proved to be highly vulnerable during the Puerto Plata earthquake, it is vital to take measures that reduce the risk and minimize potential earthquake damage to school buildings. In this context, the Technological Institute of Santo Domingo (INTEC) has undertaken recently a project with the main objective to assess the seismic vulnerability of 22 schools located in the San Cristóbal Province, in the south of the Dominican Republic. The latter schools were all built prior to the adoption of the current updated seismic code. This paper presents the results of the assessment of the Fernando Cabral Ortega School. Although only the results of a single RC building are presented, the response of such structure can be considered representative of a portfolio of existing schools in Dominican Republic.
... Many international studies have highlighted the high seismic risk of school buildings and the need to intervene with appropriate measures (Augenti et al., 2004;Clementi, Quagliarini, Maracchini, & Lenci, 2015;Eshghi & Naserasadia, 2005;Irfanoglu, 2009;Milutinovic, Trendafilsoki, Bozinovski, & Olumceba, 2002;Miranda & Vera, 2000;Muñoz, Quiun, & Tinman, 2004). Interesting and recent prioritisation strategies to reduce the seismic risk of school buildings on a large territorial scale with limited economic resources have been carried out (Anelli, Santa-Cruz, Vona, & Laterza, 2017;Grant et al., 2007;Rinc on, Yamin, & Becerra, 2017;Santa-Cruz, Palomino, & Arana, 2017;Vona, Anelli, Mastroberti, Murgante, & Santa-Cruz, 2017). ...
Different methods and procedures have been developed to define prioritisation strategies of retrofit interventions aimed at reducing the seismic risk of school buildings on a large territorial scale. However, these approaches fail to demonstrate how risk analysis has been used successfully to quantitatively assess and select the optimal risk management decision. This article proposes innovative and useful metrics to measure the potential costs and benefits related to the prioritisation of retrofit intervention and the resilience of the analysed school system by directly integrating engineering, organisational, socio-economic and political aspects in the realm of seismic resilience assessment. Based on probabilistic risk assessments considering the new vulnerability of the prioritised school buildings, these measures could predict the expected economic and functional losses associated with a disastrous seismic event, as well as the possible post-disaster recovery of the system. In order to help decision-makers in selecting the optimal mitigation strategy with a multidisciplinary and multidimensional perspective, different political scenarios, the relative prioritisations of interventions and their intervention options are also defined. The proposed framework is demonstrated in a complex case study of 1,825 public schools in the Lima metropolitan area, Peru. Policymakers, planners and engineering professionals could benefit from results.
