Figure 10
Distribution of Standard Microfacies (SMF) types in the Facies Zones (FZ) of the rimmed carbonate platform model (Flügel, 2004) (A: evaporitic, B: brackish).
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Citations
... This sea level drawdown around the boundary is not limited in the Gondwana is also observed on the American mid-continent (Yu et al., 2020;Bishop et al., 2009). The impact of the glacioeustatic activities on the Middle-Late Mississippian strata was recently evaluated by Atakul-Özdemir (2006) and Demirel (2012) based on the investigation of several sections in the Hadim Nappe. The current dating (Late Serpukhovian and Early Moscovian ages) of the shallow marine carbonate blocks within the matrix of mélange located to the southwest of Karaman City (Fig. 12) support the deposition at a relative lower sea level, which is very congruous to the sealevel curve of Haq and Schutter (2008) during the Viséan-Early Moscovian time interval. ...
The Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes, one of the tectonostratigraphic units of the Taurides, are thought to be originated from the Izmir-Ankara Ocean (northern branch of Neotethys). In this study, Late Paleozoic rock units from the blocks of Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes were studied in detail using foraminiferal assemblages in two different locations from the southwest of Karaman City (southern Turkey).
In both places, blocks/slices and pebbles of various origins are embedded within a highly sheared matrix of Late Cretaceous age, and the whole unit can be regarded as a sedimentary mélange. The ages of the blocks from the southwest of Karaman City range from the Late Serpukhovian (Late Mississippian) to Late Capitanian (Middle Permian) with some depositional breaks (e.g., Bashkirian, Kasimovian).
Combined with the previous data from the Mersin Mélange, which also include the remnants of the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes, our new findings suggest that a shallowing-upward sequence, characterized by a shallow water environment with foraminifera-bearing limestones, was deposited over the Tournaisian pelagic sequence in the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes till the Early Moscovian (Early Middle Pennsylvanian). This shallowing-upward sequence in the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes could be related to the Late Paleozoic Glaciation on the Gondwana supercontinent (Glacial II), which resulted in a sea-level drop and deposition of platform carbonates during the Viséan–Early Moscovian (Middle Mississippian to Early Middle Pennsylvanian) time interval. The absence of the main part of the Middle–Upper Pennsylvanian deposits (continental phase during the Middle Moscovian – Middle Gzhelian) in the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes can be mainly attributed to the occurrence of a mantle plume and partially to the effect of Late Paleozoic Gondwanan Glaciation (Glacial III). Progressive uplifting by the buoyant mantle plume material
has resulted in rifting at the center of the basin where the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes have deposited. The rifting process led to tectonic destabilization of the platform in the basin, causing accumulation of the upper Gzhelian (uppermost Pennsylvanian) detrital limestone with broken and abraded foraminiferal shells. Following this, deep basinal conditions prevailed during the Late Asselian–Kungurian (Early Permian), as revealed in the Mersin Mélange, where radiolarian cherts are associated with continental within-plate lavas of extreme incompatible trace element enrichment. Similar processes were responsible for the continual deposition of detrital limestones in the same basin until the end of Late Capitanian (Middle Permian). Based on all these, the uplifting process followed by rift-related volcanic rocks and
detrital limestones can be interpreted as the opening of the Izmir-Ankara Ocean (northern Neotethys).
... The nature of glaciation on Gondwana has been the subject of many studies (e.g., Isbell et al., 2003;Jones and Fielding, 2004;Fielding et al., 2008;Rygel et al., 2008;Henry, 2013). In Turkey, the mid-Carboniferous boundary and Middle-Late Mississippian strata recently were studied by Atakul-Özdenir (2006) and Demirel (2012) based on stratigraphic sections studied in the Hadim Nappe. Based on these studies, it has been suggested that cycles in Carboniferous boundary and Middle-Late Mississippian strata have been controlled by glacioeustatic activities. ...
The Mersin Mélange, a sedimentary complex in southern Turkey, includes blocks of various origins within a Late Cretaceous matrix. Two blocks in the Mersin Mélange are herein recognized to be of Carboniferous age. One block (the Kozan Block) is composed of alternating chert and mudstone, and includes radiolarian and conodont assemblages revealing a late Tournaisian (Early Mississippian) age. The other (Keven-West Block) consists of platform carbonate containing abundant foraminifera indicating Bashkirian (Early Pennsylvanian) age. These dates are so far the oldest obtained from the blocks within the Mersin Mélange. A correlation of the lithostratigraphies of blocks in the Mersin Mélange with the coeval Tauride sequences indicates that they correspond to the successions in the Beysehir-Hoyran Nappes. In these nappes, the late Tournaisian is characterized by radiolarian rich chert and mudstone of an open marine environment, whereas the Bashkirian succession represents a shallow water environment with Foraminifera-bearing limestone. The Tournaisian deepening can be ascribed to the opening of a deep marginal basin to the north of the Tauride Platform and uplifting of the northern Tauride-Anatolide Platform margin during the Late Mississippian and Early Pennsylvanian. A shallowing upward sequence started in the Tournaisian with a pelagic sequence followed by platform carbonates of Bashkirian age in the Beysehir-Hoyran Nappes, and could be related to a major glaciation event during late Visean–Serpukhovian resulting in a sea-level drop and deposition of platform carbonates in the Bashkirian. Given the stratigraphic properties of northerly originated nappe packages (Cataloturan, Hadim and Bolkardag) and parautochthonous/autochthonous sequences in Taurides, sedimentation on the Tauride-Anatolide Platform mainly terminated after the Moscovian, except in the Hadim Nappe with sedimentation in a very shallow sea conditions until the end of the Permian. A depositional break corresponding to the Kasimovian–Wordian time interval in these sequences in the Tauride-Anatolide Platform could be related to the effects of both late Paleozoic Gondwanan glaciation and a possible mantle plume occurrence evidenced by the geochemistry of lavas in the Mersin Mélange causing major uplift in the Northern NeoTehys Ocean. However; at the center of the plume, pelagic sequences (e.g., ribbon chert and pelagic limestone) were deposited associated with these lavas due to a progressive developing rift system during the Permian, based on previous studies. © 2018 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Elsevier B.V. and Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS
A relatively complete succession of the Bashkirian to Moscovian rocks is exposed in the Hadim Nappe, central Taurides, where rich and diverse fusulinid assemblages have been analysed in three sections (Yassıpınar, Gölbelen and Bademli). The Bashkirian–Moscovian successions mainly consist of medium-bedded sandstones, medium–thick-bedded oolitic limestone and thin–medium bedded fossiliferous limestones with medium–thick-bedded dolomite levels (Bademli section). Eight first occurrence fusulinid biozones are identified in three sections in the Bashkirian to Moscovian strata. The Bashkirian Stage comprises in ascending order the Plectostaffella jakhensis-Plectostaffella bogdanovkensis, Pseudostaffella antiqua-Pseudostaffella sofronizkyi, Staffellaeformes staffellaeformis-Staffellaeformes parva parva, and Tikhonovichiella tikhonovichi- Verella spicata zones, the Moscovian Stage contains in ascending order the Aljutovella aljutovica-Solovievaia ovata ovata, Aljutovella priscoidea-Eofusulina triangula, Fusulinella vozhgalensis devexa-Beedeina schellwieni, and Fusulinella bocki bocki zones. These fusulinid zones, and their characteristic index species, allow to correlate the Bashkirian–Moscovian strata in the Hadim Nappe with coeval strata in the Donets Basin, southern China, southern Urals, and especially, with the Russian Platform.
The Late Paleozoic ice age (LPIA) span from latest Devonian to Late Permian (Lopingian) and was one of the three major Phanerozoic glaciations. Large continental ice sheets covered wide parts of Gondwana at high latitudes of the southern hemisphere during the Pennsylvanian and Cisuralian/Early Permian. Many paleoclimate reconstructions have been based on direct evidence of glacial deposits or indirect evidence (far-field effects) of stable isotope proxies and facies analysis of carbonate successions. In this study, we present for the first time Late Mississippian to Middle Pennsylvanian lithostratigraphy,
microfacies analysis and stable isotope analyses (δ13C and δ18O) of the stratigraphic units in the Hadim Nappe sections in the Taurides of southern Turkey. Based on detailed sedimentological studies, 12 microfacies and 9 sub-microfacies were defined for this stratigraphic interval. The main microfacies types indicate restricted to open marine, shoal and lagoon or peritidal zones. Evidence from the microfacies and sedimentology, as well as isotope data (δ13C) recovered from the stratigraphic units (Yassıpınar, Gölbelen and Bademli sections) indicate that upper Serpukhovian-Moscovian successions of the Hadim Nappe were indirectly affected by Gondwana glaciation and during the Glacial Period II–III and C3 and C4 of the Australian glacial periods. Late Paleozoic global paleoclimatic changes are recorded in the stable isotope (δ13C and δ18O) record of the
studied succession in Tauride Platform in Hadim area and correlate with Russian and Chinese Platforms.
