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Distribution of SCPs of the different instar groups of H. hippophaecolus larvae from three populations.
Source publication
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Objective:
The primary aims of the current study were to explore the physiological mechanisms and adaptability of H. hippophaecolus to low temperatures.
Materials and methods:
Assessing supercooling point, freezing point, and cryoprotectants of different larval instars from three different populations.
Results:
Supercooling capacity of larvae...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... distributions of SCPs were different for H. hippophaecolus larvae from the three populations ( Fig. 2). In the 8-10 instar group, the range and coefficient of variation for the SCPs of JP larvae (CV = 14.82, range = 1.50) were lower than those of the PY (CV = 28.36, range = 2.50) and ZQ (CV = 21.53, range = 4.20) larvae. The highest SCP value appeared in PY larvae (−2.10°C), and the lowest value was found in ZQ larvae (−6.40°C). In the ...
Context 2
... distributions of FPs were different for H. hippophaecolus larvae from the three populations (Fig. 2). In the 8-10 instar group, the range and coefficient of variation of the FPs in the ZQ larvae (CV = 24.89, range = ...
Context 3
... distributions of SCP values for the three instar groups were different (Fig. 2). In the JP population, the widest range was found for the 11-13 instar group, which included the highest (−1.90°C) and lowest (−6.10°C) values; the lowest value was also found in the 14-16 instar group. The narrowest range of SCP values was in the 8-10 instar group. In the ZQ population, the widest range was in the 14-16 instar group, ...
Citations
... Other important components are synthesizing antifreeze proteins and removing ice-nucleating agents from the body (Somme, 1982;Duman, 2001). Low molecular weight sugar alcohols can enhance the cold hardiness of insects directly by increasing the hemolymph concentration and stabilizing membranes and proteins (Tian et al., 2016), or they can improve the content of bound water or interact with proteins to protect metabolic systems and defend the insect from damage potentially caused by freezing during overwintering . In this study, we have demonstrated, at least in part, some physiological adaptations for winter survival of Z. pyrina larvae. ...
Abstract: Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), is one
of the important woodboring pests whose larvae bore into twigs, branches,
and trunks of various woody species, weakening and sometimes killing trees
or shrubs. Recently it has caused severe losses of walnut trees in Iran. This
pest overwinters as different larval instars inside trees. Overwintering larvae
were collected monthly from October 2020 to March 2021 from Maragheh
walnut orchards, northwestern Iran, to determine the presence of
cryoprotectants and their changes during autumn and winter . Overwintering
larvae accumulated sorbitol, trehalose, and myo-inositol during winter.
During cold months there was approximately 11 fold and 7.5-fold increase
in trehalose and sorbitol contents, respectively. Glycogen content was the
highest in October and decreased significantly with decreasing ambient
temperature. Our results suggest that the accumulation of sorbitol, trehalose,
and myo-inositol plays an important role in the harsh-season survival of Z.
pyrina.
... There are many studies which show the latitudinal pattern of insects facing cold temperatures in winter. Higher latitude populations possess a stronger cold tolerance, a shorter chill-coma recovery time and a higher survival rate [29][30][31][32][33][34]. This research shows the overwintering location of the S. inferens population was closer to the ground with increasing latitude. ...
To escape or alleviate low temperatures in winter, insects have evolved many behavioral and physiological strategies. The purple stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker) is currently reported to be expanding their northern distributions and causing damage to summer maize in Xinxiang, China. However, their method of coping with the lower temperature in the new northern breeding area in winter is largely unknown. This paper investigates the overwinter site of S. inferens, and identifies the cold hardiness of larvae collected from a new breeding area in winter and explores a potential distribution based on low temperature threshold and on species distribution model MaxEnt. The results show that the overwintering location of the S. inferens population is more likely to be underground with increasing latitude and the population gradually moved down the corn stalk and drilled completely underground in later winter (February) in the north. The cold hardiness test shows the species is a moderate freeze-tolerant one, and Supercooling Points (SCP), Freezing Points (FP) and the incidence of mortality during the middle of winter (January, SCP: -7.653, FP: -6.596) were significantly lower than early winter (October) or late winter (March). Distribution in the new expansion area was predicted and the survival probability area was below N 35° for the Air Lower Lethal Temperature (ALLT50) and below N 40° for the Underground Lower Lethal Temperature (ULLT50). The suitable habitat areas for S. inferens with MaxEnt were also below N 40°. This study suggests the overwinter strategies of S. inferens have led to the colonization of up to a five degree more northerly overwintering latitude.
... Each individual larva was weighed on an electronic balance (FA1004, Shanghai Yueping Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd, China) before measuring the supercooling point. Each larva was fixed on a thermal detector with laboratory film (PM-996, Bemis Company, USA), which was then connected to the Insect Four-way Supercooling Point Test System (Jiangsu Senyi Economic Development Co., Ltd., China) following the procedures described in previous studies (Feng et al. 2014, Tian et al. 2016. A thermal detector was wrapped in absorbent cotton, placed in a temperature-controlled test chamber Beijing Yashilin Testing Equipment Co.,Ltd,China), and cooled at a rate of 1°C/ min from room temperature until the larva were frozen. ...
... This result differs from a previous study on Holcocerus hippophaecolus (H. hippophaecolus) larvae (Tian et al. 2016), in which temperature was found to have no significant influence on the supercooling point of H. hippophaecolus larvae. A plausible explanation can be that H. hippophaecolus larvae overwinter in the tunnel of underground roots, where the soil temperature is higher than the air temperature. ...
... Glycerol is an important anti-freeze agent, which can reduce the supercooling point of insects and improve cold tolerance (Sinclair and Marshall 2018). Lipids play an important role in the overwintering of the larvae of the borer pest, such as Dendroctonus armandi, Anoplophora glabripennis, and H. hippophaecolus (Feng et al. 2014, Tian et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2017). Our experimental results showed that prior to the end of the overwintering period (from October 2018 to February 2019), the supercooling point and total lipid content were negatively correlated, suggesting that total lipids play a positive role in cold tolerance. ...
Streltzoviella insularis (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is a woodboring pest that severely damages urban and plain afforestation trees in northern China. Cold hardiness is an important strategy for the insect to survived during low winter temperatures. Understanding the strategy of S. insularis might provide insights for pest management approaches. To assess the key factors affecting cold hardiness, we measured the supercooling point, freezing point, total water content, total fat content, glycogen content, and total protein content of overwintering larvae. The relationships between supercooling points, temperature, body size, and nutrients were analyzed. The results showed that the supercooling point and freezing point of the larvae decreased first, reached the lowest point in January, and then increased during the rest of the overwintering period. The supercooling point positively correlated with the daily average temperature and the daily minimum temperature. Total lipid content negatively correlated with the supercooling point, while glycogen content had a significant positive correlation with the supercooling point. The temperature may have a major impact on cold hardiness, whereas individual body size may have no significant influence over cold tolerance. During the overwintering process, glycogen and total lipid contents may directly affect cold hardiness. Therefore, the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism may play a role in the cold tolerance of S. insularis larvae. This study provides a physiological and biochemical basis for future metabolic studies on S. insularis larva and the research of overwintering strategies.
... There are many studies which show the latitudinal pattern of insects facing cold 318 temperatures in winter. Higher latitude populations possess a stronger cold tolerance, 319 a shorter chill-coma recovery time and a higher survival rate ( Hoffmann et al.,2002;320 David et al., 2003;Chen et al., 2004;Rochefort et al.,2011;Tian et al., 2016). This 321 research shows the overwintering location of the S. inferens population was placed 322 closer to the ground with increasing latitude. ...
To escape or alleviate low temperatures in winter, insects have evolved many behavioral and physiological strategies. The rice pest insect, the purple stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker) is currently reported to be expanding their northern distributions and causing damage to summer maize in Xinxiang, China. However, their method of coping with the lower temperature in the new northern breeding area in winter is largely unknown. This paper investigates the overwinter site of S. inferens , and identifies the cold hardiness of larvae collected from a new breeding area in winter and explores a potential distribution based on low temperature threshold and on species distribution model, MaxEnt. The results show that the overwintering location of the S. inferens population is more likely to be underground with increasing latitude and,in the north, with the temperature decreasing, the larvae gradually moved down the corn stalk and drilled completely underground by February 18th. Those who were still above ground were all winterkilled. The cold hardiness test shows the species is a moderate freeze-tolerant one, and Supercooling Points (SCP), Freezing Points (FP) and mortality rate during the middle of winter (January, SCP: -7.653, FP: -6.596) were significantly lower than early winter (October) or late winter (March). Distribution in the new expansion area was predicted and the survival probability area was below N 35° for the Air Lower Lethal Temperature (ALLT 50 ) and below N 40° for the Underground Lower Lethal Temperature (ULLT 50 ) , The suitable habitat areas for S. inferens with MaxEnt were also below N 40°. This study suggests the overwinter strategies have led to the colonization of up to a five degree more northerly overwintering latitude. This behavior of S. inferens could help maize producers to propose a control method to increase pest mortality by extracting the maize stubble after harvest.
... 13.057 day degrees, and the optimum temperature for pupal development = 21 ? C. Tian et al. 29 found that the subcooled point for larvae of E. hippophaecolus was ?3 to 4 ? C. ...
... Using information from a study of cold tolerance of E. hip- pophaecolus larvae by Tian et al. 29 combined with the actual dis- tribution range of E. hippophaecolus in the north-western part of Liaoning Province and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, the cold stress temperature threshold (TTCS) and the cold stress tempera- ture rate (THCS) were set to ?5 and 0.0003, respectively. The heat stress temperature threshold (TTHS) was set to the intermediate value of the temperate template and semi-arid template, and the heat stress initiation rate (THHS) was set to 0.005 in the temperate template, based on the climate conditions in the habitat of E. hip- pophaecolus. ...
BACKGROUND
The international invasive and quarantined defoliating insect Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) causes huge ecological and economic losses in the world. Furthermore, future climate change may alter the distribution of H. cunea and aggravate the damage. In the present study, we used CLIMEX to project the potential global distribution of H. cunea according to both historical climate data (1961–1990) and future climate warming estimates (2011–2100) to define the impact of climate change.
RESULTS
Under the historical climate scenario, we found that H. cunea can survive on every continent, and temperature is the main factor that limits its establishment. With climate change, suitability will increase in middle and high latitude regions, while decrease in the low latitude regions. Moreover, tropic regions will be the most sensitive to climate change impacts for the pest to survive. The impacts of climate change will also increase over time, whether they be positive impacts or negative impacts.
CONCLUSION
The projected potential distributions provide a theoretical basis for quarantine and control strategies for the management of this pest in each country. Furthermore, these results provide substantial guidance for studies of the effects of climate change on other major forest pests. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
... At present, E. hippophaecolus is distributed mainly in Ningxia, Gansu, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Liaoning, and eight further provinces in China, but has not yet been reported and recorded in other regions of the world. 29 found that the subcooled point for larvae of E. hippophaecolus was −3 to 4 ∘ C. ...
... Using information from a study of cold tolerance of E. hippophaecolus larvae by Tian et al. 29 combined with the actual distribution range of E. hippophaecolus in the north-western part of Liaoning Province and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, the cold stress temperature threshold (TTCS) and the cold stress temperature rate (THCS) were set to −5 and 0.0003, respectively. The heat stress temperature threshold (TTHS) was set to the intermediate value of the temperate template and semi-arid template, and the heat stress initiation rate (THHS) was set to 0.005 in the temperate template, based on the climate conditions in the habitat of E. hippophaecolus. ...
BACKGROUND
Seabuckthorn carpenter moth, Eogystia hippophaecolus (Hua, Chou, Fang, & Chen, 1990), is the most important boring pest of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in the northwest of China. It is responsible for the death of large areas of H. rhamnoides forest, seriously affecting the ecological environment and economic development in north‐western China. To clarify the potential distribution of E. hippophaecolus in China, the present study used the CLIMEX 4.0.0 model to project the potential distribution of the pest using historical climate data (1981–2010) and simulated future climate data (2011–2100) for China.
RESULTS
Under historical climate condition, E. hippophaecolus would be found to be distributed mainly between 27° N–51° N and 74° E–134° E, with favorable and highly favorable habitats accounting for 35.2% of the total potential distribution. Under future climate conditions, E. hippophaecolus would be distributed mainly between 27° N–53° N and 74° E–134° E, with the possibility of moving in a northwest direction. Under these conditions, the proportion of the total area providing a favorable and highly favorable habitat may decrease to about 33%.
CONCLUSION
These results will help to identify the impact of climate change on the potential distribution of E. hippophaecolus, thereby providing a theoretical basis for monitoring and early forecasting of pest outbreaks. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
... In China, seabuckthorn carpenter moth is considered a major threat to sea buckthorns, and it can also feed on other plants, such as elms [33,34]. In preliminary studies measuring physiological indices (e.g., SCP, freezing point, etc.) of cold resistance in E. hippophaecolus, we classified the seabuckthorn carpenter moth as a highly freeze-tolerant organism [35]. ...
Seabuckthorn carpenter moth, Eogystia hippophaecolus (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), is an important pest of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), which is a shrub that has significant ecological and economic value in China. E. hippophaecolus is highly cold tolerant, but limited studies have been conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying its cold resistance. Here we sequenced the E. hippophaecolus transcriptome using RNA-Seq technology and performed de novo assembly from the short paired-end reads. We investigated the larval response to cold stress by comparing gene expression profiles between treatments. We obtained 118,034 unigenes, of which 22,161 were annotated with gene descriptions, conserved domains, gene ontology terms, and metabolic pathways. These resulted in 57 GO terms and 193 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. By comparing transcriptome profiles for differential gene expression, we identified many differentially expressed proteins and genes, including heat shock proteins and cuticular proteins which have previously been reported to be involved in cold resistance of insects. This study provides a global transcriptome analysis and an assessment of differential gene expression in E. hippophaecolus under cold stress. We found seven differential expressed genes in common between developmental stages, which were verified with qPCR. Our findings facilitate future genomic studies aimed at improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of insects to low temperatures.
The Chinese white pine beetle, Dendroctonus armandi Tsai & Li (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), is considered the most destructive forest pest in the Qinling and Bashan Mountains of China. In recent years, winter temperature has dropped in these regions, and extremely low temperatures are hard to survive for insects. Cold hardiness becomes a crucial strategy because temperature change often leads to fluctuations in insect abundance, and the metabolism rate is a key index of resistance to cold in overwintering insects. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the change in respiratory rate and the activity of metabolism‐related mitochondrial enzymes in D. armandi larvae under cold conditions. We found that the respiratory rate decreased, and it was matched with the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, aconitase, and lipase during overwintering. Among the various test times under cold conditions, the respiratory rate also decreased with decreasing temperature and increased under very low temperatures. At all cold stress periods, glutamate dehydrogenase and lipase showed increased activity at higher temperatures and decreased activity under lower temperatures, but the activity of NAD‐malic enzyme, NADP‐malic enzyme, mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase, and aconitase were contrary. Under all low temperatures, the activity of enzymes – except for NADP‐malic enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenase, and lipase – increased in short‐term cold stress and decreased in long‐term cold stress at 4, 0, −4, −6, −8, and −10 °C. However, at −2 °C, the activity of enzymes showed a decreasing trend in short‐term treatments and an increasing trend in long‐term treatments, except for mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase. The results not only improve our understanding of the metabolic mechanism of cold adaptation in D. armandi, but also provide an important experimental basis for further study and biological pest control.
Spodoptera exigua is a secondary target pest of Bt cotton commercialized in China. With the continuous adoption of Bt cotton, populations of S. exigua have gradually increased. However, the cold tolerance ability of Bt-resistant S. exigua and the effect of continuous Bt diet on anti-cold materials are unknown. In our study, it was found that Bt-resistant S. exigua (Bt10) developed better with shorter larval and pupal duration and higher pupation rate compared to CK at the suboptimal low temperature. The supercooling points and freezing points of the Bt-resistant S. exigua strain were determined, and body water content and anti-cold materials such as total sugar, trehalose and glycogen, glycerol and fat were examined to explore the effect of Bt toxin on overwintering and on population increase. The results showed that the supercooling point and the freezing point of the Bt-resistant S. exigua pupae were both significantly lower than that of the Bt-susceptible strain. No difference was found in the body water content of pupae and adults between the two strains. Total sugar content of the Bt-resistant strain at both the pupal and adult stages was higher than that of the susceptible strain at the corresponding stages, and glycogen content of the Bt-resistant strain at the larval stage was higher than that of the susceptible larval S. exigua. Fat content of the Bt-resistant larvae, pupae and adults was for each higher than that of the susceptible strain, but the difference was not significant except for that of the 3rd instar larvae. Glycerol content of the Bt-resistant strain at larval, pupal and adult stages was for each higher than that of the corresponding life stages of the susceptible strain. It can be seen that more glycerol was accumulated in Bt-resistant S. exigua. The results indicate that Bt-resistant S. exigua has better cold tolerance. The contents of the anti-freeze substances of progeny, especially glycerol, were increased after previous generations were continuously fed on Bt protein, which means that the Bt-resistant secondary target pests could more easily overcome the overwinter season and become a source of crop damage the following year.
