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Distribution of Paratetilla bacca. Red dot: type locality, Stelletta bacca Selenka, 1867, American Samoa. Green dots: Indonesian localities where the species was collected recently. Yellow triangles: Records from localities outside Indonesia, Zanzibar, Southwest Madagascar, Seychelles, Thailand, Singapore, Christmas Island, and Philippines. Circled numbers: type localities of synonymized species, 1Tethya merguiensis Carter, 1873, Mergui Archipelago 2Tetilla ternatensis Kieschnick, 1896, Ternate Island 3Tetilla amboinensis Kieschnick, 1898, Ambon Island 4Tetilla violacea Kieschnick, 1898, Ambon Island 5Tetilla rubra Kieschnick, 1898, Ambon Island 6Paratetilla cineriformis Dendy, 1905, Gulf of Manaar, Sri Lanka. 7Paratetilla eccentrica Row, 1911, Tella Tella Kabira, Red Sea 8Paratetilla lipotriaena de Laubenfels, 1954, Matalanim, Eastern Pohnpei, Micronesia.
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Paratetillabacca (Selenka, 1867) and Cinachyrellaaustraliensis (Carter, 1886) occur in a broad range of marine environments and are allegedly widely distributed species in the Indo-Pacific. We coin the term ‘moon sponges’ for these species as they are spherical in shape with numerous porocalices resembling the lunar surface. Both species have a com...
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Citations
... As such, marine lakes contain saline water and harbour marine species communities [6][7][8][9], some of which are anchialine as defined by Holthuis [10]. Marine lakes may contain endemic species of crustaceans [11,12], echinoderms [13,14], sponges [15][16][17], sea anemone [18,19], and benthic forams [20], some of which were observed to be involved in unique species interactions [18,19]. ...
Tropical marine lakes are small land-locked marine waterbodies occurring in karstic coastal areas. During biodiversity surveys in 12 marine lakes in Raja Ampat, Southwest Papua province, Indonesia, we recorded at least 37 species belonging to 29 genera of hard corals. Their observed associated symbiont fauna consisted of bivalve molluscs and polychaete worms. Marine lake temperature ranged from 30.0 to 32.5 °C, acidity from pH 7.6 to 8.1, and salinity from 26.4 to 33.2 ppt. This study provides the first inventory of the marginal coral communities in the extreme habitat of marine lakes, under chronic extreme environmental conditions of higher temperatures, land-based nutrient loads, and sedimentation.
... The Palawan/North Borneo marine ecoregion consists of the nations Indonesia, The Philippines, Brunei, and Malaysia, and all classes of Porifera have been observed here. At least 12 species of Calcarea, 79 species of Demospongiae, 16 species of Hexactinellida, and one species of Homoscleromorpha (Alvarez et al. 2016;Arndt 1943;Becking 2013;Becking & Lim 2009;Bergquist & Kelly 2004;Burton 1930b;Gray 1867;Ijima 1927;Kennedy 2000;Lévi 1961;Lévi & Lévi 1989;Reid 1969;Santodomingo & Becking 2018;Schulze 1887;van Soest et al. 2010van Soest et al. , 2021van Soest & de Voogd 2015;de Voogd 2004;Wilson 1925;Zainuddin et al. 2000). At least 49 species description species recorded originally from this marine ecoregion, but mainly from the Philippines area (Gray 1867;Lévi 1961;Wilson 1925). ...
... (Carter, 1849) from Batur Lake (freshwater lake), Bali, Lesser Sunda. Image sources (Becking & Lim 2009;Santodomingo & Becking 2018;Sokolova et al. 2021;de Voogd 2003). ...
... Simultaneously pressure from anthropogenic activity probably alters the sponge community ). Only a few species are substrate generalists, such as Axinyssa mertoni (Hentschel, 1912), Biemna fortis (Topsent, 1897), Chondrilla australiensis Carter, 1873, Cinachyrella australiensis (Carter, 1886), Cinachyrella porosa (Lendenfeld, 1888), Higginsia mixta (Hentschel, 1912), Paratetilla bacca (Selenka, 1867), Placospongia melobesioides Gray, 1867, Placospongia mixta Thiele, 1900, Stylissa carteri (Dendy, 1889), and Suberites diversicolor Becking & Lim, 2009(Becking 2013Becking et al. 2013;Becking & Lim 2009;Santodomingo & Becking 2018). Most coral-associated sponges appear to have higher ecological specialization and are thus endemic to specific regions (Hooper et al. 2000). ...
Sponges in Indonesia have been studied since the 19th century during several historical expeditions and international collaborations. Hundreds of new species were reported from various locations, e.g., Ambon, Ternate, Sulawesi, Aru, and Kei Islands. This study aimed to create a sponge (Porifera: Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, and Homoscleromorpha) species checklist from Indonesia based on World Porifera Database. With a total of 731 species, our checklist comprises approximately 45 species of Calcarea, 566 species of Demospongiae, 115 species of Hexactinellida, and five species of Homoscleromorpha. The number of species are recorded from 12 marine ecoregions across the Indonesian Archipelago and freshwater habitats (Spongillida) between 1820–2021. The species composition indicates higher regional endemism or poorly studied since no other report after the original description. However, several marine ecoregions of Indonesia remain highly overlooked (e.g., Northeast Sulawesi, Papua, Southern Java, Western Sumatra), including freshwater habitats. Therefore, a taxonomic biodiversity baseline study, particularly on Porifera, is necessary to better understand the aquatic and marine biodiversity in the Indonesia Archipelago.
... For this reason, the distinction from this study of S. inconstans in the two sites can be used as a bioindicator to estimate the physiochemical condition of Pacitan coast in future studies, for example, the effect of ocean acidification or anthropogenic activities at the localities. The presence of other species such as P. bacca at the two sites corroborates that this "ball or moon" sponge, is a conspicuous sponge that inhabits a broad range of marine ecosystems from reefs, shores, mangroves, and marine lakes (Becking et al. 2013a;Santodomingo and Becking 2018). ...
Setiawan E, Chodiantoro MR, Insany GF, Subagio IB, Dewi NK, Muzaki FK. 2021. Short Communication: Diversity of sponges associated in seagrass meadows at coastal area of Pacitan District, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3105-3112. Sponges are sessile organisms and aquatic filter feeders that play an important role in marine ecosystems. They are also secondary metabolite compounds that exhibit promising novel properties. Indonesia has been categorized as a hot spot for sponge diversity. Despite this fact, some Indonesian coastal areas, especially in the southern area of East Java, have not yet been comprehensively explored to understand its diversity and potential value. For this reason, we investigated species richness of sponges associated with seagrass meadows in the southern coastal area of Pacitan District, in East Java. Seagrass meadows are important coastal areas that have been recognized as buffer zones for sustainable marine conservation because it provides safe shelter and acts as a nursery for many fishes and other invertebrates, including sponges. We identified 16 genera out of 12 families from two selected beaches in Pacitan. Boring sponges belonging to the Clionaidea family were dominant in those areas, covering more than 20 percent of the total recorded specimens. Moreover, conspicuous boring sponges in this study can be used for further environment alert since this group plays a vital role and negatively impacts destroying the calcium carbonate of marine organisms.
... Tetillid sponges are classified under family Tetillidae of order Tetractinellida, class Demospongiae. They generally possess a globular morphology with crater-like depressions (Rützler & Smith, 1992) and are commonly referred to as ''moon sponges' ' (Chambers et al., 2013;Santodomingo & Becking, 2018). The pronounced circular configuration of their megascleres, minimal basal attachment, and almost solid spicule core allow tetillid sponges to inhabit environments that are influenced by frequent disturbances (Byrne, 1987). ...
... Tissue sections were prepared to examine the sponge skeleton structure. Diagnostic characters were matched to descriptions in the Thesaurus of Sponge Morphology (Boury-Esnault & Rützler, 1997), Systema Porifera (Hooper & Van Soest, 2002) and the work of Santodomingo & Becking (2018) to verify sponge identities. ...
Sponges are predicted to dominate future reef ecosystems influenced by anthropogenic stressors and global climate change. The ecological success of sponges is attributed to their complex physiology, which is in part due to the diversity of their associated prokaryotic microbiome. However, the lack of information on the microbial community of many sponge species makes it difficult to gauge their interactions and functional contributions to the ecosystem. Here, we investigated the population dynamics and microbial community composition of two tetillid sponges identified as Cinachyrella sp. and Paratetilla sp., which are common on coral bommies in a reef lagoon in Bolinao, northwestern Philippines. The sponges ranged in size from 2.75 ± 2.11 to 6.33 ± 3.98 cm (mean ± standard deviation) and were found at an average density of 1.57 ± 0.79 to 4.46 ± 3.60 individuals per sq. m. on the bommies. The tetillid sponge population structure remained stable over the course of four years of monitoring. Prokaryotic communities associated with the sponges were distinct but had overlapping functions based on PICRUSt2 predictions. This convergence of functions may reflect enrichment of metabolic processes that are crucial for the survival of the tetillid sponges under prevailing conditions in the reef lagoon. Differentially enriched functions related to carbon, sulfur, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism, cellular defense, and stress response, may influence the interactions of tetillid sponges with other biota on the bommies.
Plasmid-mediated transfer of genes can have direct consequences in several biological processes within sponge microbial communities. However, very few studies have attempted genomic and functional characterisation of plasmids from marine host-associated microbial communities in general and those of sponges in particular. In the present study, we used an endogenous plasmid isolation method to obtain plasmids from bacterial symbionts of the marine sponges Stylissa carteri and Paratetilla sp. and investigated the genomic composition, putative ecological relevance and biotechnological potential of these plasmids. In total, we isolated and characterized three complete plasmids, three plasmid prophages and one incomplete plasmid. Our results highlight the importance of plasmids to transfer relevant genetic traits putatively involved in microbial symbiont adaptation and host–microbe and microbe–microbe interactions. For example, putative genes involved in bacterial response to chemical stress, competition, metabolic versatility and mediation of bacterial colonization and pathogenicity were detected. Genes coding for enzymes and toxins of biotechnological potential were also detected. Most plasmid prophage coding sequences were, however, hypothetical proteins with unknown functions. Overall, this study highlights the ecological relevance of plasmids in the marine sponge microbiome and provides evidence that plasmids of sponge bacterial symbionts may represent an untapped resource of genes of biotechnological interest.
Microbial ammonia oxidation plays a central role in nitrogen cycling. Hitherto, four types of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms are identified, including aerobic ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), aerobic partial-nitrification ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (parAOB), aerobic complete-nitrification AOB (comAOB), and anaerobic AOB (AnAOB). However, revelation and comparison of the active ammonia-oxidizing community in the marine sponges and their ambient environments is scarce. Here, transcribed ammonia oxidation phylomarker gene amoA of AOA, parAOB, and comAOB and hzsB of AnAOB were amplified to investigate the active ammonia-oxidizing populations in a representative marine sponge Cinachyrella australiensis , ambient seawater, and sediment niches. Ammonia-oxidizing population in C. australiensis consists of AOA, parAOB, and AnAOB, significantly different from that in seawaters comprising of AOA and in sediments containing AOA, parAOB, comAOB, and AnAOB. The quantitative assay demonstrates that AOA amoA transcripts are exclusively detectable or higher in abundance than parAOB amoA , comAOB amoA , or AnAOB hzsB transcripts by orders of magnitude in C . australiensis , seawater, and sediment niches. This transcript-based analysis clarifies the remarkable niche differentiation of putatively active ammonia-oxidizing microbiota in C. australiensis and the ambient environments. Such a work further contributes to the understanding of in situ active ecological functions of sponge microsymbionts in nitrogen cycling.
