FIG 3 - uploaded by Mark Kiser
Content may be subject to copyright.
Distribution of Eumops perotis in North and South America (Barquez et al., 1993; Eger, 1977; Koopman, 1982; Polaco et al., 1992; Redford and Eisenberg, 1992; Sanchez H. et al.,
Source publication
Eumops perotis is the largest bat in the United States. The greater mastiff bat resembles other North American free-tailed bats, but is distinguished from other molossids by its large size and lack of long guard hairs on the rump (Barbour and Davis, 1969). E. perotis has the thinnest dentary of any Eumops (Freeman, 1981a).In the United States, E. p...
Similar publications
Moths (Lepidoptera) are major agricultural and forest pests in many parts of the world, including Europe, with many causing great economic damage to crops, horticultural plants, stored items, and wool products. Here, we focus on two ecologically similar inchworms, Operophtera brumata and Erannis defoliaria, known for their high foliage consumption...
Citations
... Scientific name Clutter (Faure, Fullard, & Barclay, 1990) Lasionycteris noctivagans Edge (Barclay, 1986) Eptesicus fuscus Clutter (O'Farrell & Studier, 1980) Myotis yumanensis Edge (Holloway & Barclay, 2001) Parastrellus hesperus Open (Best, Kiser, & Freeman, 1996) Euderma maculatum ...
• Wildfires are increasing in incidence and severity across coniferous forests of the western United States, leading to changes in forest structure and wildlife habitats. Knowledge of how species respond to fire‐driven habitat changes in these landscapes is limited and generally disconnected from our understanding of adaptations that underpin responses to fire.
• We aimed to investigate drivers of occupancy of a diverse bat community in a fire‐altered landscape, while identifying functional traits that underpinned these relationships.
• We recorded bats acoustically at 83 sites (n = 249 recording nights) across the Plumas National Forest in the northern Sierra Nevada over 3 summers (2015–2017). We investigated relationships between fire regime, physiographic variables, forest structure and probability of bat occupancy for nine frequently detected species. We used fourth‐corner regression and RLQ analysis to identify ecomorphological traits driving species–environment relationships across 17 bat species. Traits included body mass; call frequency, bandwidth, and duration; and foraging strategy based on vegetation structure (open, edge, or clutter).
• Relationships between bat traits and fire regime were underpinned by adaptations to diverse forest structure. Bats with traits adapting them to foraging in open habitats, including emitting longer duration and narrow bandwidth calls, were associated with higher severity and more frequent fires, whereas bats with traits consistent with clutter tolerance were negatively associated with fire frequency and burn severity. Relationships between edge‐adapted bat species and fire were variable and may be influenced by prey preference or habitat configuration at a landscape scale.
• Predicted increases in fire frequency and severity in western US coniferous forests are likely to shift dominance in the bat community to open‐adapted species and those able to exploit postfire resource pulses (aquatic insects, beetles, and snags). Managing for pyrodiversity within the western United States is likely important for maintaining bat community diversity, as well as diversity of other biotic communities.
Impacts of urbanization can affect bat species differently, some bat assemblages demonstrated differences in their activity and richness between forest environments and urban areas. Bats species can seek refuge in green areas (urban forest remnants, parks and groves) or in buildings within the urban landscape. Using bioacoustics, we examined habitat use of by non-phyllostomid bats in a large Metropolitan Region of João Pessoa-PB, northeastern Brazil, comparing the activity and species/sonotypes composition of bat assemblages documented in Atlantic Forest remnants (FF) with those in the urbanized matrix areas (UM). Fifteen species belonging to four families were recorded. Out of these records, 11 were documented in both UM and FF, while Neoplatymops mattogrossensis, Myotis cf. riparius, and Rhynchonycteris naso were exclusively found in FF, and Promops nasutus (first record for the state) was only found in UM. The richness and activity of bats differed between FF and UM. Molossops temminckii and Promops nasutus were observed solely in arboreal habitats, whether in the forest fragments or in the UM areas. Only Cynomops planirostris, Eumops sp., Molossus molossus, Molossus rufus, and Promops centralis were recorded in strictly urban habitats, and they did not show differences in activities between FF and UM. These results indicate the ability of these bats to adapt to structural habitat changes within an urban matrix, reaching the highest levels of synanthropy. Our results demonstrate that the impact of urbanization on bat assemblages can be mitigated by maintaining green areas within an urban matrix.
An annotated checklist of the terrestrial mammals of Los Angeles County was compiled, based on over 10,000 museum records spanning over 100 years of scientific research. Part 1 covered 42 species in the orders Didelphimorphia, Lagomorpha, and Rodentia. Part II provides an annotated list and abbreviated synonymies for 46 species of terrestrial mammals in the orders Eulipotyphla, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, and Chiroptera.
El conocimiento sobre los mamíferos presentes en la Provincia
de Entre Ríos se caracteriza por ser precario e incompleto. Los estudios
sistemáticos son escasos y los registros más conocidos corresponden
a roedores y a algunas especies de murciélagos. En razón
de ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una lista actualizada
comentada de las especies de mamíferos de la Provincia.
Bat conservation has been impeded by a lack of basic information about species’ distributions and abundances. Public participation in closing this gap via citizen (community) science has been limited, but bat species that produce low-frequency calls audible to the unaided human ear provide an overlooked opportunity for collaborative citizen science surveys. Audible bats are rare in regional faunas but occur globally and can be under-surveyed by traditional methods. During 2019-2020, we were joined by community members to conduct aural surveys and expand our knowledge of rare audible desert bats in western North America through a structured survey design broadly adaptable for practitioners across the globe where audible bats occur. Our study was integrated into a statistically robust but flexible master sample in use by the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat), ensuring representativeness of data contributions. We used survey results to update a Bayesian species distribution model for the rare spotted bat, Euderma maculatum, accounting for imperfect detection and including land cover occupancy predictors. Detection probability was estimated ~ 0.7 ± 0.1. Informative priors from a previous attempt to model E. maculatum were leveraged with the new citizen science data to support spatial predictions of occurrence previously impeded by data sparsity and which reinforced the biogeographic importance of arid cliffs and canyons. Our results are preliminary but encouraging, and future surveys can scale up through the NABat design structure and Bayesian modelling framework. We encourage future surveys to use recording devices to obtain voucher calls and double-observer methods to address false-positive detection errors that arise with inexperienced volunteers. Our design and model supported approach to integrating citizen science surveys into bat conservation programs can strengthen both the scientific understanding of rare species and public engagement in conservation practices.
en
• Sexual dimorphism is the condition in which males and females of the same species are easily distinguished by specific traits (secondary sex characteristics), often related to body size, colour patterns, weapons, and ornaments. Males of many mammal species tend to be larger or more ornamented than females, and these characteristics tend to be more pronounced in polygynous, diurnal, and open‐habitat species.
• Bats have long been considered a largely non‐sexually dimorphic group due to lack of conspicuous differences in body size and other cranial and skeletal characters. However, bats, like many mammals, exhibit a diverse array of soft‐tissue integumentary glands and non‐glandular odour‐producing structures with intense odorous substances that have not been thoroughly investigated, although postulated functions include facilitating mate selection in their generally polygynous associations.
• To date, there has been no systematic assessment of the occurrence or expression of sexually dimorphic traits in bats, many of which show intriguing sexual dimorphism in soft tissue, and most of which involve intense odours. In this study, we review evidence of integumentary glands and non‐glandular odour‐producing structures known in bats, as a first step towards identifying future research pathways to study sexual dimorphism in bats.
• Highly variable glands and non‐glandular odour‐producing structures have been noticed in ten different regions of the body, but are most frequently found on the head and the ventral region of the neck. They have been described in nearly 9% of bat species and in 70% of 21 extant bat families.
• Our review, based on extremely scattered and unevenly detailed literature, unveils the extraordinary sexual dimorphism that has been observed in Chiroptera to date, identifying not only target body parts where sexually dimorphic traits are likely to be found, but also critical avenues for future investigation and discoveries, and stressing the importance of the timing of secondary sexual trait observations, behavioural studies, and chemical analyses.
RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL
es
• El dimorfismo sexual es la condición en la que machos y hembras de la misma especie se distinguen fácilmente por rasgos específicos (características sexuales secundarias), a menudo relacionados con el tamaño corporal, patrones de color, elementos de defensa/competencia y ornamentos. Los machos de muchas especies de mamíferos tienden a ser más grandes o más ornamentados que las hembras, y estas características tienden a ser más pronunciadas en especies poligínicas, diurnas y de hábitat abiertos.
• Durante mucho tiempo se ha considerado a los murciélagos como un grupo en su mayoría sexualmente no dimórfico debido a la ausencia de diferencias notables en el tamaño corporal y otros caracteres craneales y esqueléticos. Sin embargo, los murciélagos, como muchos mamíferos, exhiben una gama diversa de glándulas tegumentarias (tejidos blandos) y estructuras no glandulares odoríferas con sustancias de olor intenso que no se han investigado a fondo, aunque las funciones postuladas incluyen facilitar la selección de pareja, en sus asociaciones generalmente poligínicas.
• Hasta la fecha no se ha realizado una evaluación sistemática de la aparición o expresión de rasgos sexualmente dimórficos en murciélagos, muchos de los cuales muestran un dimorfismo sexual intrigante en tejidos blandos, y la mayoría de los cuales involucran olores intensos. En este estudio, revisamos evidencia de glándulas tegumentarias y estructuras no glandulares odoríferas conocidas en murciélagos, como un primer paso hacia la identificación de futuras vías de investigación para estudiar el dimorfismo sexual en murciélagos.
• Se ha observado glándulas y estructuras no glandulares odoríferas muy variables en diez regiones corporales diferentes, pero se encuentran con mayor frecuencia en la cabeza y la región ventral del cuello. Estas han sido descritas en 9% de las especies y en 70% de las 21 familias de murciélagos existentes.
• Nuestra revisión, basada en literatura extremadamente dispersa y desigualmente detallada, revela el extraordinario dimorfismo sexual que se ha observado en Chiroptera hasta la fecha, identificando no sólo las partes del cuerpo clave donde es probable que se encuentren rasgos sexualmente dimórficos, sino también rumbos críticos para investigación y descubrimientos futuros, y enfatizando la importancia del instante de las observaciones de rasgos sexuales secundarios, de los estudios de comportamiento y de los análisis químicos.
The form-function paradigm postulates the existence of a correlation between form and function; a remarkable example of this is the transformation of the forelimb of bats into wings. The wings of bats are complex structures made of membranes, muscles, tendons, cartilages, bones, and joints. Forelimb bones are critical elements of wings because they forman essential part of the alar mass, serve to support soft tissue, and resist deformations. Only a few studies have attempted to detect relationships between morphology and ecology of the forelimb bones in bats in an assemblage context. Here,we explored ecomorphological patterns of 180 specimens belonging to 22 genera and 37 species of four families, occurring in northern Argentina. We quantitatively characterized bones and analyzed their relation with wing shape, as described by aerodynamic parameters, and ecological habits in a phylogenetic context. For the analyses, we used eight ecological categories, five wing variables that included three aerodynamic indexes, 29 linear measurements of the bones (humerus, radius, and scapula), and lengths of digits III and V. As expected, specimens distribution in morphospace showed that species tend to be segregated on the basis of size and morphology. Interestingly, Molossidae and Lasiurini occupy nearby areas in the morphospace, which can reveal patterns of functional convergences between them. A significant correlation between wing shape and morphology of forelimb bones was detected, showing a link between the latter and aerodynamic variables. We observed a remarkable morphological variation in the structures of the proximal and distal ends of the humerus, the proximal end of the radius, and in the acromion of the scapula. Our results highlight that these variations reflect the degrees of specialization in different modes of flight and ecological habits. We also observed that phylogeny explained in part the morphological patterns and shows a strong covariation with ecological habits, finding different phylogenetic patterns among the main lineages (Molossidae, Vespertilionidae, and Phyllostomidae).
Eight bat species were known and documented from the California Channel Islands when J.C. Von Bloeker (1967) presented at the First California Islands Symposium in 1965. Additional bat surveys by P.E. Brown (1980) in the 1970s resulted in "Distribution of bats of the California Channel Islands," which was presented at the second symposium in 1978. Methods of detecting and identifying bats have changed over the past century. Museum collection methods using shotguns have been replaced by mist-netting and recording of echolocation calls. Currently, capture or acoustic records have identified 14 bat species (56% of the 25 species known to occur in California) on 6 of the 8 California Channel Islands, with occasional sightings of flying bats on Anacapa and San Miguel Islands. Bats now compose 78% of the native mammals on the islands (Collins 2012). Acoustic recording equipment has become smaller and easier to use in the field, and recorded echolocation signals are now recognized as valid "vouchers" if the species emits calls that are separable from others. For example, echolocation signals have identified western red bat (Lasiurus blossevillii), hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), western yellow bat (Lasiurus xanthinus), and Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) from San Nicolas Island, and western mastiff bat (Eumops perotis) and canyon bat (Parastrellus hesperus) from Santa Cruz Island. Acoustic data have identified 3 new species for the California Channel Islands, as well as several new records on individual islands. As acoustic monitoring and other techniques are used more extensively, the number of species documented will increase and the proportions that are resident, vagrant, or transient on each island can be better resolved.
The bat Eumops perotis (Schinz, 1821) is broadly distributed in the Americas. Studies on its biology are still scarce and the few studies available are relatively outdated. In the present study, we describe the biology of Eumops perotis in an artificial roost in the municipality of Pindorama, State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, which was monitored for 12 months. We captured 50 individuals; 43 adults (34 males and 9 females) and seven juveniles (three males and four females). Nineteen adults were recaptured throughout the year (15 males and four females) during samplings. Males were ~33% heavier than females. Males remained in the roost throughout the year, while females were absent in June, July, and August. The presence of males with scrotal testes and pregnant females from July to November and the presence of pregnant females and pups from February to April suggest monoestry for this colony. Inside the roost, the behavior of E. perotis was similar to other molossid bats (e.g. contact posture, formation of groups, and presence of isolated males). During winter, the individuals of this colony consumed mostly coleopterans, but their diet also included orthopterans and lepidopterans, mainly in the summer. Therefore, this study contributes to increase the knowledge of the natural history of this species in the Neotropical region.
Mist nets are commonly used to capture free-flying bats; however, some bat species are very difficult to capture because of their flight behavior, habitat preferences, and ability to avoid nets. High-flying, open-space foragers are especially underrepresented by mist-net surveys. Few studies have investigated the effectiveness of using acoustic lures (playbacks of conspecific vocalizations) to increase capture success of bats in mist nets. We tested the efficacy of an acoustic lure to capture a high-flying rare molossid, the endangered Florida bonneted bat (Eumops floridanus), which had been captured only once away from a known roost prior to our research. We used a crossover experimental design with 2 lure treatments (nets with lures playing social call recordings from 2 different roosts) and 2 control nets (no lures) in 6 sites for 2 nights each. We captured 15 Florida bonneted bats in our treatment nets and 0 in our control nets. One lure had greater capture success (n = 13) than the other (n = 2), with a trend for greater captures of males (n = 11) than females (n = 4). We suggest that these differences were due to the social context in which the calls used in the lures were recorded. Our study demonstrated the utility of acoustic lures to capture Florida bonneted bats and expands research opportunities critical to the species’ conservation, such as the ability to use radio telemetry to track captured bats to unknown roosting and foraging areas. Our study also lays the foundation for future research into social call playbacks as a technique to lure other high-flying and elusive bat species into mist nets.
