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The increase in water demand causes overpumping of groundwater resulting in seawater intrusion and deterioration of the water q uality in coastal aquifers. Especially in summer months, the consumption of groundwater increases owing to human settlements in seashores. Due to the salinity probl ems, application of membrane processes increased in recen...
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... samples for chemical analyses were obtained from drilled wells located in different parts of the aquifer system. Most of the drilled wells are located in upper aquifer system that is formed by Neogene aged rocks. The good positive correlation observed between Cl -and Na + constituents corroborate that high Cl -concentrations have arised due to the contribution of seawater. Cl -/HCO 3 - , Revelle coefficient, (Petalas, and Diamantis, 1999) is another indicative method to evaluate salinization in coastal aquifer systems. The HCO 3 -concentrations of seawater are less than that of local groundwaters. Therefore as a result of seawater intrusion through to the coastal aquifers, Cl -concentrations of groundwater increase while HCO 3 -concentrations decrease. Cl -/HCO 3 -values are around 590 and 0.2 for seawater and local fresh water, respectively. Figure 3 shows Cl -/HCO 3 -relations in the study area. In the coastal parts of aquifer and along the faults and karstified zones Cl -/HCO 3 - values increases. Areas having a value of more than 0.5 are considered as affected by seawater intrusion. The proportion of seawater in cold groundwater in areas that were affected by seawater intrusion reaches up to 18%. Değirmenci and Altın (2001) investigated salinization in Mersin -Erdemli coastal region. In the study area which is densely settled for holiday purposes, each site supplies the water from its water wells. Study showed that within the 30 km length of the coastal region, in a 3-4 km distance between Mersin and Mezitli, seawater intrusion has started (Figure 4). Electrical conductivity values are between 2850 and 23000 µmho/cm (Figure 4). Cl -/HCO 3 -ratios for fresh groundwater are about 0.15-0.5. However this ratio reaches to 41.7 in seawater contaminated groundwaters (Değirmenci and Altın, 2001). Another salinization problem was studied by Barut and Eroskay (1977) in Tuzla Springs (Istanbul). Tuzla springs that have historical importance were affected negatively by gradually worsening environmental conditions. The reservoir rocks of Tuzla Springs are Devonien Limestones. Meteoric waters penetrating through to the karstic limestones move up to the surface along a barrier by mixing seawater. As a result, groundwaters from the Tuzla spring mix with seawater at a proportion of sea around 10% ( Barut and Eroskay, ...
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... Over the last 16 years these processes have shown considerable development. The capacities of membrane process systems in (Gemici et al, 2006). Table 2 gives comparative costs of reverse osmosis (RO) desalination for several Latin American and Caribbean countries Seawater desalination has some advantages as indicated below: ...
Northern Cyprus (NC) lives water scarcity problems and it is expected to increase in future due to the reduction in rainfall owing to the climate change. In Northern Cyprus, the annual water consumption is about 100 MCM, in which the share of the agricultural water is 70 %, whereas domestic water consumption is 30 %. The small industry in the country is supplying water from the municipal networks. Despite the water limitation in the country, the water consumption is 250 l/day/capita, and the share of the householders, industry and water trade is 80%, 12% and 8% respectively. The water in the country is mainly supplied from the groundwater resources (95 %), dams, ephemeral springs, desalination plants and transported water. Poor water management has impacts on aquifers of the region, which end up with salinization problems due to the seawater intrusion. In this study, salinity problems in NC and desalination applications have been mentioned.
This study examines the risks of seawater intrusion (SWI) in data scarce aquifers along the Eastern Mediterranean by quantifying the interaction of the main natural, anthropogenic and climatic drivers, while also considering varying abilities of implementing adaptation and mitigation measures. For this purpose, we conducted a semi-quantitative Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis representing a first attempt at integrating a complex physical process with multi layered influences in a SWOT analysis model that was tested at 26 coastal aquifers with varying levels of SWI severity. The analysis results showed alarming signs of SWI at several eastern and southeastern aquifers, particularly those underlying densely populated centers (i.e. Beirut, Lebanon; Magoza, Cyprus; Gaza, Palestine and the Nile Delta, Egypt). The analysis also highlighted adaptive capabilities that appear to be strong in Cyprus, Israel and Turkey, emerging in Egypt, and weak in Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine. The risks exhibited a strong and statistically significant positive relationship with the reported status of SWI at the tested aquifers thus providing an effective decision-making tool towards the preliminary assessment of SWI in regions with data scarcity. The study concludes with proposing a framework for sustainable aquifer management in the East Med region with emphasis on controlling SWI risks.
