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Distribution of Census Metropolitan Area population (CMA) by ethnic origin, Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver, 2006 and 2031 (%). 

Distribution of Census Metropolitan Area population (CMA) by ethnic origin, Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver, 2006 and 2031 (%). 

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The number of lifetime international migrants worldwide has increased greatly in recent decades. Canada currently ranks as the fourth largest immigrant-receiving country with 8 million foreign-born residents in 2015. Most international migrants reside primarily in large metropolises, with more than 60 percent of Canada’s foreign-born living in the...

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In many cities in Western Europe inhabitants without a migration background have become a local minority group among many others in so-called majority-minority neighbourhoods. These inhabitants remain the numerical and cultural majority in their respective countries as a whole. Being a (local) numerical minority does not automatically mean experiencing one’s position as that of a minority, a position related not only to the numerical representation of a group, but also to the group’s experience of (lower) status within society. Using a Social Identity Theory framework, I investigate the characteristics of people without a migration background that feel like a local minority while they remain a national majority. The results show only a minority of respondents who live in majority-minority neighbourhoods actually feel like a minority. Those who do tend to perceive a larger outgroup size in their surroundings, feel socially marginalised, and have a more exclusive understanding of national identity. Thus, people without a migration background who feel like a minority see the ingroup as a truer reflection of the national community and at the same time see the ingroup’s position as disadvantaged.