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Distribution of Amazona pretrei, Amazona brasiliensis and Amazona aestiva in Brazil and South America and sampling areas.
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South America presents the greatest Psittacidae diversity in the world, but also has the highest numbers of threatened parrot species. Recently, exotic viruses have been detected in captive native psittacine birds in Brazil, however, their impacts on the health of wild parrots are still unknown. We evaluated the presence of Chlamydia psittaci, Psit...
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... study comprised three species of parrots in four states of Brazil (Figure 1). Amazona pretrei nestlings were sampled in a fragmented area of the southern fields, in the municipality of Pontão, state of Rio Grande do Sul. ...
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Many bird species such as parrots and parakeets are held in captivity in various cities in Mexico as ornaments and pets. This study aimed to record the number of Psittacid species kept in captivity in the city of Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, along with assessing their welfare conditions. Information was obtained from 195 bird keepers from March to May...
Citations
... brasiliensis e papagaio-charão -A. pretrei) em vida livre em quatro estados brasileiros, no qual todas as aves analisadas foram negativas para circovírus por meio da PCR (Vaz et al., 2021). ...
O circovírus é um DNA vírus, não envelopado, de fita simples e o agente etiológico da circovirose em aves, que acomete comumente os psitacídeos causando a Doença do Bico e das Penas dos Psitacídeos (Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease - PBFD). A enfermidade é altamente contagiosa e letal, sendo considerada exótica no Brasil. O objetivo da presente revisão é descrever as principais características virais e clínicas do circovírus na Ordem Psittaciformes. O circovírus é de fácil disseminação e sua transmissão ocorre principalmente por aerossóis e pelo pó das penas. Os principais sinais clínicos envolvem alterações e distrofias de penas e, em menor ocorrência, alterações em bico. Sua manifestação clínica ocorre de acordo com a idade e a condição imunológica da ave, podendo se apresentar na forma hiperaguda, aguda ou crônica. Devido sua característica imunossupressora, o óbito por infecções secundárias é comumente relatado. O principal método de diagnóstico laboratorial na atualidade é a reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR). Não existe tratamento efetivo para a circovirose (PBFD) e a eutanásia é indicada como forma de controle da doença. Medidas de quarentena e higiene rigorosa devem ser aplicadas para evitar a disseminação do agente em um plantel e, principalmente, o escape viral para vida livre. Isso se faz necessário sobretudo no Brasil, país que detém uma rica diversidade de espécies de psitacídeos.
... Another group of papers deals with little-known aspects of parrot ecology, such as diseases, movements, or ecological functions. A study on selected bacteria and viruses found Chlamydia but not beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in Brazil [14]. A retrospective study also failed to find BFDV in Australia, Argentina, and New Zealand [15], while a new BFDV genotype has recently been found in non-native Spanish parakeet populations [16], and a three-decade study investigated the diversification of this virus and the subsequent waves of infection in Mauritius [17]. ...
Parrots (Psittaciformes), with about 400 species widely distributed across continents and oceanic islands, stand out among birds for their poor conservation status [...]
... Despite the various threats to conservation, such as illegal trafficking and emerging diseases (Vaz et al., 2021), the species Amazona aestiva, A. xanthops, and Ara chloropterus still have viable populations in Mato Grosso do Sul, notably in the Pantanal Plain. The management of Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus in the Pantanal, conducted by the Arara Azul project, has considerably increased its population in the region, estimated at more than 6,500 individuals (Scherer-Neto et al., 2019). ...
Abstract. Several phytogeographic regions (Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, Gran Chaco, and Chiquitano Dry Forests) converge in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and influence regional biodiversity. Despite a list of birds in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul being published by Nunes et al. (2017), it is necessary to update and critically review avifauna records. In this study, we gathered the results of several records obtained from species lists and online data platforms of the 336 sites in this state over the last decades and grouped them into Main (Primary and Secondary) and Tertiary Lists. The avifauna of Mato Grosso do Sul is composed of 678 species, of which 643 (95%) have records proving their occurrence (Primary List), whereas 34 still lack documentation (Secondary List). The number of related species for Mato Grosso do Sul represents 34% of the Brazilian avifauna. Some species stand out for their unique occurrence in Mato Grosso do Sul, such as Melanerpes cactorum, Celeus lugubris, Phaethornis subochraceus, and Cantorchilus guarayanus, reflecting the influence of different phytogeographic regions of the Chaco and Chiquitano Dry Forests. Migrants represent 20% of the bird community occurring in the state, of which 93 species correspond to migrants from various regions of South America (south and west) and 40 to boreal migrants. Thirty-three species perform nomadic movements across the Pantanal Plain and other regions of the state. Thirty-one species are included in some conservation-threatened categories of global and/or national endangered species lists. Other 30 species are included in the near-threatened category at the global level and 23 at the national level. In addition, species typical of dry forests (in Serra da Bodoquena and Urucum Massif) and those from the Atlantic Forest in the south of the state deserve attention due to their restricted distribution and the high anthropogenic pressure on their habitat.
... Studies on diseases, health and pathogens of captive parrots are published regularly [15,18,19]. Nevertheless, there is limited information on pathogenic infection in free-living Psittaciformes [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. This paucity of studies on pathogens and diseases among free-living parrots makes it clear that we only partially understand their role as a threatening factor. ...
... The beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a small circular single stranded DNA virus in the family Circoviridae [30,31], often cited as a pathogen of conservation concern for parrots in the wild, as well as in captivity [6,8,29,32], given its immune-suppressive effect in infected birds [33,34]. Abnormal plumage and morphological development, anaemia, damage of the lymphoid tissue, feather loss and weight loss among infected birds are common symptoms associated with this viral infection [35]. ...
... Recent studies are starting to fill those gaps. Vaz et al. [29] using pathogen-specific PCR, evaluated the presence of BFDV. As in our study, Vaz et al. [29] detected no BFDV DNA in a large sample of 205 wild nestlings and 90 nestlings from the illegal trade. ...
The beak and feather disease virus (family Circovirdae) is a virus of concern in the conservation of wild Psittaciformes globally. We conducted a PCR screening for the beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) using samples collected during previous field studies (1993–2014) in five populations of parrots of the Southern Hemisphere: Eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) and Crimson rosellas (Platycercus elegans) from Australia, Burrowing parrots (Cyanoliseus patagonus) and Monk parakeets from Argentina (Myiopsitta monachus), and Forbes’ parakeet from New Zealand (Cyanoramphus forbesi). A total of 612 samples were screened. BFDV was not detected in any of the sampled birds. Our results provide a retrospective screening, covering three different tribes of Old and New World parrots, including two of the most numerous species, and contributing a large set of negative results. Furthermore, our results suggest that geographical and temporal differences in BFDV distribution may exist and merit further research, as a critical component in the efforts to manage the disease and its epidemiological aspects. The results presented here hold the potential to provide a baseline for future studies investigating the temporal evolution and the spread of BFDV.
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is one of the most important viral diseases affecting parrot species worldwide. Outbreaks of PBFD have been reported in wild endemic and endangered South African Cape Parrots (Poicephalus robustus), most recently in 2008. A previous study of wild Cape Parrots in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa in 2010-2011 found 34/49 birds positive for beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), the causative agent of PBFD, showing that the outbreak was still ongoing. The present study (2015-2016) screened 30 blood samples from the same Cape Parrot population for BFDV infection by PCR: all parrots were found to be BFDV DNA-negative, which showed both that BFDV infection in the region has declined and that the parrot population has recovered. Our data contribute to the important negative data set which permits monitoring the progress of BFDV infections in wild Psittaciformes. We recommend a PCR method with universal BFDV primers as a quick, easy, and consistent diagnostic test for BFDV detection.
