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Distribution map of the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) showing the six tiger landscape complexes in India. Adopted from Singh and Sen (2015).
Source publication
Tigers are endangered in the wild and face increasing threats from habitat loss and fragmentation.
The majority of their range occurs in the Indian subcontinent, which is therefore a critical area for
tiger conservation. Bengal tigers are distributed across many small protected areas in India. Two
important Bengal tiger landscapes – Terai Arc Lands...
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Objective:
Tiger beetles inhabiting sandy beaches and cliffs along the east coast of the United States are facing increasing habitat loss due to erosion, urbanization, and sea level rise. The northeastern beach tiger beetle Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis and Puritan tiger beetle Cicindela puritana are both listed as threatened under the Endangered Sp...
Citations
... As the Bengal tiger is the most numerous of the surviving tiger subspecies, it is probable that the genetic diversity has decreased to an even greater extent in the other tiger subspecies in historical times (cf. Singh 2017). ...
We describe a specimen of the extinct Javan tiger Panthera tigris sondaica in the Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS (FMNH) in Helsinki, Finland. This specimen has not previously been described in the literature. It consists of the complete skeleton of a subadult individual collected in the nineteenth century, supposedly in Java. We confirmed the specimen's identity as a Javan tiger with a DNA analysis, an identification which was supported by a morphological examination. In addition to this Javan tiger specimen, we also subjected a few other old, wild-caught tiger specimens in the collections of the FMNH to DNA analysis. Notable results of these analyses were the identification of two twentieth-century flat skin specimens of the South China tiger P. t. amoyensis, which still survives in captivity but is extinct in the wild, and a probable Malayan tiger P. t. jacksoni skull specimen. Results of a DNA analysis of one further nineteenth-century specimen, a mounted skin of a juvenile, were inconclusive beyond establishing that it originates from the Sunda Islands; however, certain features of this specimen's pelage suggest that it, too, may be a Javan tiger.
The Checklist of Mammalian fauna of West Bengal has been updated after more than two and half decades to include recent taxonomic changes, new additions and distribution records for West Bengal. In this checklist, 234 species (Extant 211, Extinct 23) and 215 sub-species, belonging to 137 genera, 39 families and 11 orders, are reported. The chiropterans represent maximum number of species (75) followed by rodents (50), carnivores (48), Artiodactyls (29), Eulipotyphla (11), Primates (8), Lagomorpha (5), Perissodactyla (3), Pholidota (2) Scandentia (2) and Proboscidea (1). Relative to the 1992 version, the gain in number of species is 46 (+24.46%), that of sub-species 70 (+48.27%), genera 31 (+29.24%) and families 7 (+21.87%). Following recent molecular evidences, Cetacea is reordered under Artiodactyla in the new version. There are, however, a few records that remain unresolved, doubtful or controversial.
The degradation of rivers and streams has led to world-wide efforts to restore freshwater habitats. A good understanding of the social-ecological context is considered key to successful restoration. In this thesis, a multidisciplinary framework was applied to study ecological and social dimensions of restoration success. First, the long-term performance of in-stream restoration measures was examined by conducting repeated cross-sectional surveys in restored streams up to 20 years post-restoration. Next, nationwide electrofishing data were used to assess the density responses of juvenile salmonids to habitat restoration and factors influencing restoration success were examined. Finally, changes in the provision of ecosystem services were evaluated by comparing the perceptions of restoration outcomes between two user groups and three study rivers. The results indicated that the restoration-induced increase in habitat heterogeneity persisted over time, initiating an overall positive development also in biological metrics (i.e. juvenile salmonids and aquatic mosses). However, overall substrate variability in restored streams remained lower than in near-pristine streams, with a shortage of gravel beds. Fish responses varied strongly between rivers, which was explained mainly by watershed scale (e.g. river basin size, dominant geology) and local (potential interspecific competition) factors. Site-specific differences were also observed in the delivery of ecosystem services, mainly reflecting stakeholder perceptions of landscape value and fish provisioning. Overall, the results show that setting indicators and target levels for restoration success is grounded on perspective. Socially conscious ecological restoration that acknowledges local specialities and needs in priority setting, planning and implementation has the potential to provide multiple benefits for river ecosystems and society.
Children start to use the Internet ever-earlier, which is problematic as it has not been established that young children have the capacity to engage online safely. In this thesis I concentrate on how Finnish children aged 10-12 approach and enact online safety, how their online safety is mediated at home and in schools, and how this mediation could be supported. I use mostly qualitative data collection and analysis methods. I use Nexus analysis as my theoretical lens, as it suits research where focus is on complex social action.
Children who participated in my research reported being skilled in online safety. They have confidence in their skills; as do parents and teachers, to a lesser extent. Children also mediate online safety within their own groups. At home, children’s Internet use is monitored and restricted, but parents favour active mediation such as talking and offering help. Technical parental controls are unpopular. To some extent, children and parents disagree on how much parental mediation is provided. In schools, restriction and monitoring are employed, e.g., concerning smartphones, but focus is on active mediation. Teachers believe the message is best received when tied to children’s experiences. Children say they like learning while doing, and hope for a positive tone and concrete advice from online safety education. Schools connect different actors in a dialogue concerning children’s online safety, but division of responsibilities seems blurry. Teachers feel alone in deciding how online safety is taught and wish for support.
My results provide implications regarding how we design mediational means for ensuring children’s online safety. When mediating online safety, adults are balancing between necessary control, loving trust, and involvement. While some control is called for, I encourage adults to become involved in children’s online lives, and to build trusting relationships. To support online safety mediation at home, I suggest a combination of technical and active mediation that serves both parents’ and children’s interests, gives parents tools for ensuring children’s safety, and facilitates trust building between family members. To support online safety mediation at school, I suggest a more systematic approach to online safety, as well as teaching practices that facilitate active mediation, fit the children's world, and appeal to teachers.
